基于热管技术的飞机电作动机构散热特性

针对飞机电作动机构在工作过程中发热严重的情况,开展了相关散热技术研究。利用试验数据拟合出电作动机构产热量的经验关系式,提出基于热管-燃油系统的飞机电作动机构冷却方法,建立描述电作动机构散热系统流动与传热过程的数值模型,并验证了其可靠性。通过数值模拟研究不同因素对散热系统散热性能的影响规律,结果表明:数值模拟与试验误差在14.6%以内;与自然对流散热相比,热管-燃油散热方式可使电作动器温升降低12.61%,对于驱动器,风扇冷却效果优于热管-燃油散热方式;当热管等效导热系数达到7 000 W/(m·K),电作动机构已达到较好的散热状态,继续增大热管等效导热系数对提高散热系统散热性能效果不明显。研究可为电作动机构高效散热系统的设计提供参考。     

后缘襟翼压电作动机构动特性影响因素分析

智能旋翼主动控制技术是直升机旋翼减振的前沿技术,准确预测与分析后缘襟翼压电作动机构的动特性是智能旋翼结构设计和调频优化的基础。针对后缘襟翼压电作动机构进行有限元建模、发展计及机电耦合和刚柔耦合系统的动特性计算方法并进行动特性分析,分析研究中考虑了压电作动器、离心力片、驱动连杆和后缘襟翼等组合的复杂系统;针对作动机构动特性影响因素如离心力片厚度、小翼力臂长度、机电耦合效应等参数进行了灵敏度分析,为后续智能旋翼调频优化提供技术支撑。     

基于压电陶瓷的空气作动器特性研究及应用仿真分析

提出了一种新型的基于压电陶瓷的非接触式空气作动器,对其静、动态特性进行了分析与实际测 试,并进一步对基于空气作动器的混合隔振系统进行了分析与仿真。     

飞机起落架收放作动器的设计方案与仿真分析

为了适应飞机多电化发展需求,针对某小型飞机的起落架收放机构特点,设计了一种能源双余度、集成一体化、高比功率起落架液压作动器,提出了一种具有到位缓冲功能的单出杆对称液压缸的设计方案。基于AMESim建立了起落架液压收放器和收放机构的模型,并对起落架收放运动进行了仿真。仿真分析结果表明,所设计的能源双冗余液压系统、作动器到位缓冲结构,原理合理可行,为实际工程应用奠定了基础。     

基于等效元素法的机电作动器传动机构动力学建模与分析

目前机电作动器传动机构存在刚体数目多、传动链长、动力学模型难以建立的问题。通过引入规范化的动力学建模方法——集中质量等效元素法,建立了某机电作动器传动机构的动力学模型,包括等效系统质量阵、等效系统力系和系统自由坐标与广义坐标之间的雅克比关系阵,并得到了其解析动力学方程;结合方程在ADAMS平台进行动力学逆求解仿真,得到了30°大行程位移信号和8Hz频率信号两种工况下的系统载荷响应曲线。随着负载转动惯量增加,电机动载系数达到1.34,丝杠动载系数达到1.55;外部负载不变时,随着驱动信号幅值增加,电机动载最大系数达到1.23。分析表明随着机电作动器系统外部惯性负载及系统运动速度的提高,由外部惯性负载及自身传动机构产生的动载效应明显,为机电作动器传动机构优化设计提供了理论依据。     

作动器输出机构刚度优化设计与仿真分析

作动器输出机构的变形可以看作是输出轴体扭转变形与摇臂变截面悬臂梁变形的综合。从材料力学的角度出发,详细推导了作动器输出机构机械刚度的理论计算方法,并以此理论为依据对作动器输出机构的结构进行优化设计。通过仿真对比确定优化设计的正确性,为工程应用提供了有力的理论支撑。     

飞机襟翼作动器维修测试系统方案设计

为了解决飞机襟翼维修测试问题,提出了一种飞机襟翼作动器维修与性能测试系统的设计方案。该系统采用伺服电机作为驱动端,采用液压加载来模拟飞机襟翼作动器的负载,由PLC控制液压加载并伺服驱动机构,实现了襟翼作动器负载模拟和性能测试。基于Win CC组态软件,开发了测试系统上位监控软件。模拟测试结果显示,襟翼作动器维修测试系统方案设计合理,能够满足飞机襟翼维修测试要求。     

EMA伺服控制系统研究

机电作动器（EMA）作为先进飞机的主要作动系统有着体积小、效率高、重量轻的优势，是未来航空作动器的主要发展方向。在介绍EMA的工作原理之后建立了EMA的机械传动机构与永磁同步电机（PMSM）的非线性模型，构建了含有电压前馈的三闭环EMA控制系统。考虑到机械传动系统对EMA位置环的影响，针对位置环构建了基于径向基（RBF）神经网络的PID控制器，将其与EMA三闭环PI控制系统进行仿真并比较控制结果，结果显示RBFPID控制器的控制精度与响应速率得到明显提高。     

航空发动机作动筒的伺服控制建模与分析

针对典型航空发动机阀控不对称作动筒的结构在带负载工况下的应用和理论分析情况,讨论了作动筒正、反向负载对伺服作动控制的影响,提出了1种阀控不对称作动筒的伺服控制系统建模与分析方法。将该方法在项目案例上的分析结果与实际项目试验数据进行对比,结果表明:该方法切实可靠,模型置信度高,对实际应用具有指导意义。同时,为了使作动筒往返控制效果一致,作动筒负载方向应设计为反向负载,负载力大小应设计在FL0附近。     

辅助动力装置系统进气风门位置控制设计与研究

辅助动力装置系统进气风门位置控制子系统用于地面和空中控制辅助动力装置进气风门的打开和关闭,通常由控制器,作动机构(电动作动器和连杆机构)组成。辅助动力装置系统进气风门位置控制子系统的设计是辅助动力装置控制系统设计的一部分,和辅助动力装置进气风门设计、进气风门气动载荷计算分析及辅助动力装置进气道设计同步进行,相互影响。对某型飞机的辅助动力装置系统进气风门位置控制设计方案进行了介绍,该风门位置控制采用单独的风门控制器,降低了辅助动力装置FADEC(Full Authority Digital Electrical Controller,全权限数字电子控制器,简称FADEC)软硬件设计复杂度,简化了接口设计;并且设计了一种新型辅助动力装置系统进气风门作动机构,该作动机构安装/拆卸方便,可达性好;具有力矩放大功能,且该机构可调节,能输出不同大小的力矩。该进气风门位置控制子系统经过型号验证,对后续型号研制具有较强的指导性。     

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.     

Sensor/actuator placement for flexible space structures

A new approach for the placement of sensors and actuators in the active control of flexible space structures is developed. The approach converts the discrete nature of sensor and actuator positioning problems to a nonlinear programming optimization through approximation of the control forces and output measurements by spatially continuous functions. The locations of the sensors and actuators are optimized in order to move the transmission zeros of the system further to the left of the imaginary axis. This criterion for sensor/actuator placement can be useful for optimal regulation and tracking problems, as well as for low authority controller designs. Two performance metrics are considered for the optimization and are applied to the sensor/actuator positioning of a large-order flexible space structure     

A high-safety active/passive hybrid control approach for compressor surge based on nonlinear model predictive control

Surge active control can expand the stable operating range of the compressor. However, the difficulty of flow measurement, dynamic uncertainty disturbance, actuator delay characteristics, hard constraints of control variable, and system security measures have not been fully considered in the existing active control system, which significantly hinders its engineering application. Therefore, a nonlinear model predictive surge active control method is first presented based on flow estimator designed by using a continuous-time Kalman filter for dealing with the hard constraint of control variable and the impact of actuator delay of compression system with dynamic uncertainty. Then, a high-safety active/surge passive hybrid control strategy is designed, dominated by the surge active control and supplemented by the surge passive control, to ensure the compression system’s safe and stable operation. Lastly, the simulation results suggest that the flow estimator accurately estimates the compressor flow. When considering the delay impact of the actuators and sensors and measurement noise on the system, the proposed method exhibits stronger robustness than the existing methods. The active/surge passive hybrid control strategy can successfully ensure the compression system's safe and stable operation. This paper is of high practical significance for the engineering application of future compressor surge active control technologies.     

Dynamic Modeling of Brushless dc Motors for Aerospace Actuation

A discrete time model for simulation of the dynamics of samarium cobalt-type permanent magnet brushless dc machines is presented. The similation model includes modeling of the interaction between these machines and their attached power conditioners. These are transistorized conditioner units. This model is part of an overall discrete-time analysis of the dynamic performance of electromechanical actuators, which was conducted as part of prototype development of such actuators studied and built for NASA-Johnson Space Center as a prospective alternative to hydraulic actuators presently used in shuttle orbiter applications. The resulting numerical simulations of the various machine and power conditioner current and voltage waveforms gave excellent correlation to the actual waveforms collected from actual hardware experimental testing. These results, numerical and experimental, are presented here for machine motoring, regeneration and dynamic braking modes. Application of the resulting model to the determination of machine current and torque profiles during closed-loop actuator operation were also analyzed and the results are given here. These results are given in light of an overall view of the actuator system components. The applicability of this method of analysis to design optimization and trouble-shooting in such prototype development is also discussed in light of the results at hand.     

Fractional order modeling and control of dissimilar redundant actuating system used in large passenger aircraft

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to address the issue of force fighting and to achieve precise position tracking of control surface driven by two dissimilar actuators. The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models. Based on the identified models, three fractional order controllers are proposed for the whole system. Two Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers are dedicated to improving transient response and are designed in a position feedback configuration. In order to synchronize the actuator dynamics, a third fractional order PI controller is designed, which feeds the force compensation signal in position feedback loop of both actuators. Nelder-Mead (N-M) optimization technique is employed in order to optimally tune controller parameters based on the proposed performance criteria. To test the proposed controllers according to real flight condition, an external disturbance of higher amplitude that acts as airload is applied directly on the control surface. In addition, a disturbance signal function of system states is applied to check the robustness of proposed controller. Simulation results on nonlinear system model validated the performance of the proposed scheme as compared to optimal PID and high gain PID controllers.     

基于布谷鸟搜索算法的一类变体飞行器容错控制

针对一类存在执行机构故障的分布式结构变体飞行器的控制分配问题,结合整数规划理论,提出一种基于布谷鸟搜索算法的容错控制方法。首先,设计虚拟控制指令,使得系统状态能够很好地跟踪参考模型;然后,将执行器概率性故障与饱和约束转换为整数规划问题中决策变量的约束,从而将执行器控制分配问题转化为一类整数规划问题;最后,采用改进的布谷鸟搜索算法进行求解,得到实际的执行器控制分配指令。仿真结果表明,在执行器存在概率性故障的情况下,该容错控制方法较无容错策略的情况能够有效提升系统的跟踪性能;与遗传算法相比,该算法得到的执行器控制分配结果更加精确。     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant control for supersonic missiles with actuator failures under actuation redundancy

Aircraft undergoing actuator failures into under-actuation have been seldom studied in literature. Aiming at addressing actuator failures of Total Loss of Effectiveness (TLOE) as well as Partial Loss of Effectiveness (PLOE) resulting in different system actuations, reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is proposed for supersonic wingless missiles under actuation redundancy. The under-actuated system of TLOE failure patterns is solved by transformation to cascade systems through a ‘shape variable’. Meanwhile, actuator TLOE faults of different unknown failure patterns from proper actuation to under-actuation are accommodated by a reconfigurable adaptive law on a multiple-model basis. The backstepping technique with the Extended State Observer (ESO) method adopted as a basic strategy is applied to an established symmetric coupled missile system with actuator PLOE faults, modeling errors, and external disturbances. Additionally, the nonlinear saturation characteristics of actuators are settled by an auxiliary system with the Nussbaum function technique. The stability of the control system is analyzed and proven through Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations are implemented in the presences of aerodynamic uncertainties, gust disturbance, and actuator failures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with satisfactory tracking performance and actuator fault tolerance capacity.     

Energy-saving and accurate motion control of a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads

Pump controlled hydraulic actuators are wildly used in the aerospace industry owing to the advantages of energy-saving and integrated configurations. Negative loads may occur to actuators due to external force loads or the inertial force when the actuator decelerates significantly. Uncertain negative load working conditions may cause cavitation, actuator vibration, and even instability to the motion control if the actuator is without sufficient meter-out damping. Various types of hydraulic configuration schemes have been proposed to deal with negative loads of hydraulic actuators. However, few of them can simultaneously achieve energy saving and high control accuracy. This study proposes an energy-saving and accurate motion tracking strategy for a hydraulic actuator with uncertain negative loads. The actuator’s motion is driven by a servomotor pump, which gives full play to the advantage of energy-saving. The meter-out pressure is controlled by proportional valves to provide the optimized meter-out damping. The nonlinear adaptive robust control law is designed, which guarantees the control stability and achieve high tracking accuracy. An integrated direct/indirect adaptation law obtains satisfactory parameter estimations and model compensation for asymptotic motion tracking. Comparative experiments under different working conditions were performed to validate the advantages of the proposed control strategy.     

压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性自适应混合补偿控制方法

压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞蠕变非线性特性严重影响了控制系统的稳定性及动态跟踪精度。针对其迟滞蠕变非线性补偿控制问题,提出了一种高精度动态补偿压电陶瓷叠层作动器非线性特性的自适应混合补偿控制方法,即迟滞蠕变前馈补偿与自适应滤波反馈补偿结合的前馈-反馈混合控制方法。采用改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MPI）模型对压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性特性进行精细化建模,并得到其逆补偿模型进行前馈补偿。根据前馈补偿误差,采用自适应滤波反馈控制对输入信号进行实时调控,实现对压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞非线性及lg（t）型蠕变特性的实时精确补偿控制。数值仿真与实验结果表明,相比于常规前馈迟滞蠕变补偿,所提出的自适应混合补偿控制方法可以有效降低压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞补偿误差,极大提高了迟滞蠕变非线性动态跟踪精度以及自适应性。     

Electromechanical flight actuators for advanced flight vehicles

The aircraft flight quantities and success of the mission depend to a great extent upon the actuator performance, and flight actuators must be designed to achieve the specified criteria. Electromechanical flight actuators driven by electric motors have begun to displace hydraulic technology in advanced flight vehicles. In aerospace application, permanent-magnet stepper motors are perfectly suited due to their efficiency and reliability, low volume-, weight-, and size-to-torque ratios, high power and torque densities, low cost and maintenance, simplicity and ruggedness, etc. Conventional open-loop stepper motor servos do not ensure the required accuracy and dynamic performance. An innovative method in motion control of advanced electromechanical flight actuators is developed, and nonlinear controllers are designed. The specified tracking accuracy, desired stability margins, microstepping capabilities, and disturbance attenuation are ensured by the robust nonlinear controllers synthesized. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results are documented to study the performance of flight actuators directly driven by stepper motors and to demonstrate the efficiency of control algorithms