Motion synchronization in a dual redundant HA/EHA system by using a hybrid integrated intelligent control design

This paper presents an integrated fuzzy controller design approach to synchronize a dis-similar redundant actuation system of a hydraulic actuator (HA) and an electro-hydrostatic actu-ator (EHA) with system uncertainties and disturbances. The motion synchronous control system consists of a trajectory generator, an individual position controller for each actuator, and a fuzzy force tracking controller (FFTC) for both actuators. The trajectory generator provides the desired motion dynamics and designing parameters of the trajectory which are taken according to the dynamic characteristics of the EHA. The position controller consists of a feed-forward controller and a fuzzy position tracking controller (FPTC) and acts as a decoupled controller, improving posi-tion tracking performance with the help of the feed-forward controller and the FPTC. The FFTC acts as a coupled controller and takes into account the inherent coupling effect. The simulation results show that the proposed controller not only eliminates initial force fighting by synchronizing the two actuators, but also improves disturbance rejection performance.     

Friction compensation for low velocity control of hydraulic flight motion simulator: A simple adaptive robust approach

Low-velocity tracking capability is a key performance of flight motion simulator (FMS), which is mainly affected by the nonlinear friction force. Though many compensation schemes with ad hoc friction models have been proposed, this paper deals with low-velocity control without friction model, since it is easy to be implemented in practice. Firstly, a nonlinear model of the FMS middle frame, which is driven by a hydraulic rotary actuator, is built. Noting that in the low velocity region, the unmodeled friction force is mainly characterized by a changing-slowly part, thus a simple adaptive law can be employed to learn this changing-slowly part and compensate it. To guarantee the boundedness of adaptation process, a discontinuous projection is utilized and then a robust scheme is proposed. The controller achieves a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy in general while obtaining asymptotic output tracking in the absence of modeling errors. In addition, a saturated projection adaptive scheme is proposed to improve the globally learning capability when the velocity becomes large, which might make the previous proposed projection-based adaptive law be unstable. Theoretical and extensive experimental results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed adaptive robust control strategy.     

Fuzzy robust nonlinear control approach for electro-hydraulic flight motion simulator

A fuzzy robust nonlinear controller for hydraulic rotary actuators in flight motion simulators is proposed. Compared with other three-order models of hydraulic rotary actuators, the proposed controller based on first-order nonlinear model is more easily applied in practice, whose control law is relatively simple. It not only does not need high-order derivative of desired command,but also does not require the feedback signals of velocity, acceleration and jerk of hydraulic rotary actuators. Another advantage is that it does not rely on any information of friction, inertia force and external disturbing force/torque, which are always difficult to resolve in flight motion simulators. Due to the special composite vane seals of rectangular cross-section and goalpost shape used in hydraulic rotary actuators, the leakage model is more complicated than that of traditional linear hydraulic cylinders. Adaptive multi-input single-output(MISO) fuzzy compensators are introduced to estimate nonlinear uncertain functions about leakage and bulk modulus. Meanwhile, the decomposition of the uncertainties is used to reduce the total number of fuzzy rules. Different from other adaptive fuzzy compensators, a discontinuous projection mapping is employed to guarantee the estimation process to be bounded. Furthermore, with a sufficient number of fuzzy rules, the controller theoretically can guarantee asymptotic tracking performance in the presence of the above uncertainties, which is very important for high-accuracy tracking control of flight motion simulators.Comparative experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can guarantee transient performance and better final accurate tracking in the presence of uncertain nonlinearities and parametric uncertainties.     

Electromechanical flight actuators for advanced flight vehicles

The aircraft flight quantities and success of the mission depend to a great extent upon the actuator performance, and flight actuators must be designed to achieve the specified criteria. Electromechanical flight actuators driven by electric motors have begun to displace hydraulic technology in advanced flight vehicles. In aerospace application, permanent-magnet stepper motors are perfectly suited due to their efficiency and reliability, low volume-, weight-, and size-to-torque ratios, high power and torque densities, low cost and maintenance, simplicity and ruggedness, etc. Conventional open-loop stepper motor servos do not ensure the required accuracy and dynamic performance. An innovative method in motion control of advanced electromechanical flight actuators is developed, and nonlinear controllers are designed. The specified tracking accuracy, desired stability margins, microstepping capabilities, and disturbance attenuation are ensured by the robust nonlinear controllers synthesized. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results are documented to study the performance of flight actuators directly driven by stepper motors and to demonstrate the efficiency of control algorithms     

航空机电作动器神经网络快速终端滑模控制

目前机电作动器由于具有干净、维护方便等优点,越来越受到航空业的青睐。航空机电作动器的特点是控制精度、稳定性和响应速度要求高,针对以上特点,提出了一种基于多层神经网络的快速终端滑模控制策略。为了提高航空作动器响应速度和跟踪精度,设计了快速终端滑模控制策略,不仅可以加快系统响应而且可以在无扰动情况下实现系统的有限时间稳定。针对系统参数不确定性和外部扰动,设计多层神经网络进行估计并通过前馈方法加以补偿。针对神经网络的重构误差,设计了非线性鲁棒项加以克服。利用李亚普洛夫稳定性定理证明了控制系统在有扰动情况下可以实现有界稳定。实验结果表明：所设计的控制器具有良好的参数自适应和抗干扰能力,同时具有更高的跟踪精度和更快的响应速度。     

SE(3)上航天器姿轨耦合固定时间容错控制

针对相对运动航天器姿轨一体化控制问题,考虑执行器故障和控制输入饱和的影响,提出了一种基于滑模的模糊自适应固定时间容错控制方法。首先,在李群SE（3）的框架下建立并推导相对运动航天器姿轨一体化误差动力学模型;其次,引入执行器故障和控制输入饱和的问题,采用双幂次快速终端滑模面,并结合模糊自适应方法设计了固定时间稳定的容错控制器,可以实现执行器故障情况下相对运动航天器的高精度快速跟踪控制;然后,运用Lyapunov方法证明了系统的稳定性,该控制器不仅能不依赖于系统的初始状态实现滑模趋近和到达阶段的固定时间稳定性,而且由于采用模糊逼近方法结合自适应更新策略可以实时高精度地估计系统的总扰动信息,因此可以达到快速高精度的容错控制目标;最后,对所提出的的控制方法进行数值仿真分析,结果验证了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Concepts for position and load control for hybrid actuation in primary flight controls

Moving towards the More Electric Aircraft, a hybrid actuator configuration, in which an electromechanical actuator (EMA) and an electrohydraulic servoactuator (EHSA) operate on the same control surface, provides an opportunity to introduce electromechanical actuators into primary flight controls. Besides the operation in active/passive or active/active mode, an “active/no-load” mode is promising. In this mode the EMA is controlled such that it actively follows the movement of the control surface without carrying external air loads, thereby reducing power dissipation compared to active/active mode and failure transients compared to active/passive mode. However, force fighting will occur if both actuators are actively controlled. In this paper, control concepts for a hybrid configuration, extending the original actuator control loops, are presented, enabling active/active as well as active/no-load operation. Nonlinear as well as linear models for an EMA, an EHSA, and a control surface structure are derived from technical data for an airworthy EHSA and combined to a model of the hybrid configuration. These models are used for matching of actuator dynamics and simulation of the developed control laws. For active/active mode, maximum force fighting between the actuators is reduced from about 500% to 7% of the stall load. For active/no-load mode, a force control loop is added to the EMA control, causing the EMA to follow movements of the control surface such that the external loads on the EMA are zero in steady-state. Force fighting is reduced to 30% of the stall load.     

压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性自适应混合补偿控制方法

压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞蠕变非线性特性严重影响了控制系统的稳定性及动态跟踪精度。针对其迟滞蠕变非线性补偿控制问题,提出了一种高精度动态补偿压电陶瓷叠层作动器非线性特性的自适应混合补偿控制方法,即迟滞蠕变前馈补偿与自适应滤波反馈补偿结合的前馈-反馈混合控制方法。采用改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MPI）模型对压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性特性进行精细化建模,并得到其逆补偿模型进行前馈补偿。根据前馈补偿误差,采用自适应滤波反馈控制对输入信号进行实时调控,实现对压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞非线性及lg（t）型蠕变特性的实时精确补偿控制。数值仿真与实验结果表明,相比于常规前馈迟滞蠕变补偿,所提出的自适应混合补偿控制方法可以有效降低压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞补偿误差,极大提高了迟滞蠕变非线性动态跟踪精度以及自适应性。     

被动式寻的导弹的运动跟踪变结构制导

应用运动跟踪变结构控制理论设计被动式寻的导弹的制导律。这种运动跟踪变结构制导律（ＭＴＶＳＧ）可以令导弹－目标相对视线角速度按照给定的运动规律变化,从而增强被动跟踪问题（等价于一个非线性系统）的可观性,同时保证导弹有很高的命中精度。仿真研究表明,在ＭＴＶＳＧ下,系统的可观性明显增强,因此系统状态的估计精度较高。进一步的研究表明,ＭＴＶＳＧ对系统状态估计误差有很强的鲁棒性。ＭＴＶＳＧ的上述各种优点使得导弹有很高的命中精度。     

使用变速控制力矩陀螺的航天器鲁棒自适应姿态跟踪控制

 研究以变速控制力矩陀螺群（VSCMGs）为执行机构的航天器姿态跟踪问题。采用四元数描述姿态, 在姿态误差的描述中引入了现时姿态与期望姿态之间的方向余弦矩阵。考虑执行机构模型参数不确定和有外干扰的情况, 姿态误差动力学方程为多输入多输出(MIMO)的非线性系统。基于Lyapunov理论设计了鲁棒自适应控制器, 运用光滑投影算法避免了估计参数陷入奇异。仿真结果表明, 设计的鲁棒自适应控制律明显地缩小了姿态跟踪误差, 很好地解决了外部环境干扰和执行机构由于安装误差或机械磨损造成的轴承方向未对准的问题。     

Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Force Control of Hydraulic Load Simulator

This paper deals with the high performance force control of hydraulic load simulator. Many previous works for hydraulic force control are based on their linearization equations, but hydraulic inherent nonlinear properties and uncertainties make the conventional feedback proportional-integral-derivative control not yield to high-performance requirements. In this paper, a nonlinear system model is derived and linear parameterization is made for adaptive control. Then a discontinuous projection-based nonlinear adaptive robust force controller is developed for hydraulic load simulator. The proposed controller constructs an asymptotically stable adaptive controller and adaptation laws, which can compensate for the system nonlinearities and uncertain parameters. Meanwhile a well-designed robust controller is also developed to cope with the hydraulic system uncertain nonlinearities. The controller achieves a guaranteed transient performance and final tracking accuracy in the presence of both parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities; in the absence of uncertain nonlinearities, the scheme also achieves asymptotic tracking performance. Simulation and experiment comparative results are obtained to verify the high-performance nature of the proposed control strategy and the tracking accuracy is greatly improved.     

碟形飞行器复合控制方式研究

针对用两种方法控制的碟形飞行器,提出了三种不同的控制方式。按两执行机构之间的分配关系分为不分配、伪逆控制分配和比例控制分配。考虑执行机构动态,分别设计了三种控制方式下的变结构控制律,并研究了三种控制律下系统的跟踪性能。仿真结果表明比例控制分配法的控制效果最佳。     

Application of SMA in Membrane Structure Shape Control

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators have found a wide range of applications due to their unique properties such as high force, long stroke, small size, light weight, and silent operation, etc. However, their strong nonlinear properties make them a challenge to achieve accurate actuations. A simple control strategy is presented based on the idea of adjusting the SMA wire temperature as rapidly as possible. This strategy is simple, stable, and requires no hysteresis model or thermal model. The strategy is tested first on tracking displacement outputs, and effects of updating rate and input current on control accuracy are also discussed. It is then used for active shape control of a membrane structure model by adjusting its boundary tensions. Results indicate that under the developed control strategy, SMA wire actuators can offer very good accuracy in tracking displacement outputs and tension outputs. For the membrane structure shape control, the structure shape precision is improved greatly.     

弹性飞行器操纵机构最优位置的确定

本文研究了弹性飞行器操纵机构最优位置的确定。在具有速率反馈的控制系统中,把控制作用看作等效阻尼,推导了由气动弹性效应所决定的舵面最优位置准则,给出了表征舵面位置与陀螺位置协调关系的公式。附有实例验证。     

Fractional order modeling and control of dissimilar redundant actuating system used in large passenger aircraft

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to address the issue of force fighting and to achieve precise position tracking of control surface driven by two dissimilar actuators. The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models. Based on the identified models, three fractional order controllers are proposed for the whole system. Two Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers are dedicated to improving transient response and are designed in a position feedback configuration. In order to synchronize the actuator dynamics, a third fractional order PI controller is designed, which feeds the force compensation signal in position feedback loop of both actuators. Nelder-Mead (N-M) optimization technique is employed in order to optimally tune controller parameters based on the proposed performance criteria. To test the proposed controllers according to real flight condition, an external disturbance of higher amplitude that acts as airload is applied directly on the control surface. In addition, a disturbance signal function of system states is applied to check the robustness of proposed controller. Simulation results on nonlinear system model validated the performance of the proposed scheme as compared to optimal PID and high gain PID controllers.     

敏捷卫星的联合执行机构控制策略

 针对对地观测敏捷卫星大角度快速机动、高控制精度的任务需求,提出了联合推力器与飞轮作为执行机构的控制策略。该控制策略综合利用2种执行机构的优点:推力器以前馈的形式提供机动过程中所需的主要力矩以实现航天器大角度的快速机动,而飞轮以反馈的形式提供精准的控制力矩以提高机动过程中的姿态控制精度。为补偿由于初始状态偏差和推力器输出力矩不准确所带来的控制误差,采用变结构控制设计了2种姿态跟踪控制器,使航天器能够渐进地跟踪上参考轨迹。并对姿态机动控制过程中,飞轮力矩及转速可能出现的饱和问题作了相应的修正。仿真结果表明了所提控制策略及所设计控制算法的可行性和有效性。     

Reconfigurable fault-tolerant control for supersonic missiles with actuator failures under actuation redundancy

Aircraft undergoing actuator failures into under-actuation have been seldom studied in literature. Aiming at addressing actuator failures of Total Loss of Effectiveness (TLOE) as well as Partial Loss of Effectiveness (PLOE) resulting in different system actuations, reconfigurable Fault-Tolerant Control (FTC) is proposed for supersonic wingless missiles under actuation redundancy. The under-actuated system of TLOE failure patterns is solved by transformation to cascade systems through a ‘shape variable’. Meanwhile, actuator TLOE faults of different unknown failure patterns from proper actuation to under-actuation are accommodated by a reconfigurable adaptive law on a multiple-model basis. The backstepping technique with the Extended State Observer (ESO) method adopted as a basic strategy is applied to an established symmetric coupled missile system with actuator PLOE faults, modeling errors, and external disturbances. Additionally, the nonlinear saturation characteristics of actuators are settled by an auxiliary system with the Nussbaum function technique. The stability of the control system is analyzed and proven through Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations are implemented in the presences of aerodynamic uncertainties, gust disturbance, and actuator failures. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method with satisfactory tracking performance and actuator fault tolerance capacity.     

基于布谷鸟搜索算法的一类变体飞行器容错控制

针对一类存在执行机构故障的分布式结构变体飞行器的控制分配问题,结合整数规划理论,提出一种基于布谷鸟搜索算法的容错控制方法。首先,设计虚拟控制指令,使得系统状态能够很好地跟踪参考模型;然后,将执行器概率性故障与饱和约束转换为整数规划问题中决策变量的约束,从而将执行器控制分配问题转化为一类整数规划问题;最后,采用改进的布谷鸟搜索算法进行求解,得到实际的执行器控制分配指令。仿真结果表明,在执行器存在概率性故障的情况下,该容错控制方法较无容错策略的情况能够有效提升系统的跟踪性能;与遗传算法相比,该算法得到的执行器控制分配结果更加精确。     

Robust Control for Static Loading of Electro-hydraulic Load Simulator with Friction Compensation

Load simulator is a key test equipment for aircraft actuation systems in hardware-in-the-loop-simulation. Static loading is an essential function of the load simulator and widely used in the static/dynamic stiffness test of aircraft actuation systems. The tracking performance of the static loading is studied in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear mathematical models of the hydraulic load simulator are derived, and the feedback linearization method is employed to construct a feed-forward controller to improve the force tracking performance. Considering the effect of the friction, a LuGre model based friction compensation is synthesized, in which the unmeasurable state is estimated by a dual state observer via a controlled learning mechanism to guarantee that the estimation is bounded. The modeling errors are attenuated by a well-designed robust controller with a control accuracy measured by a design parameter. Employing the dual state observer is to capture the different effects of the unmeasured state and hence can improve the friction compensation accuracy. The tracking performance is summarized by a derived theorem. Experimental results are also obtained to verify the high performance nature of the proposed control strategy.     

Postcapture stabilization of space robots considering actuator failures with bounded torques

Space robotics is regarded as one of the most impressing approaches for space debris removal missions. Due to the residual momentum of debris, it is essential to stabilize the base rapidly after capture. This paper presents a novel control strategy for stabilization of a space robot in postcapture considering actuator failures and bounded torques. In the control strategy, the motion of the manipulator is not regarded as a disturbance to the base; in contrast, it is utilized to compensate for the limitation of the control torques by means of an inverse dynamical model of the system. Different scenarios where actuators are external mechanisms or momentum exchange devices have been carried out, and for actuator failures, both single- and two-actuator failures have been considered. Regarding to the performance of actuators, control torques are bounded. In cases that either single or two actuators have failed, the base can be stabilized kinematically when actuators are external mechanisms, but can only be stabilized dynamically when only momentum exchange devices are used. Finally, a space robot with a seven-degree-of-freedom manipulator in postcapture is studied to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed control scheme. Simulation results show that the whole system can be stabilized rapidly.