考虑间隙非线性的控制舵非线性气动弹性分析

间隙结构的气动弹性系统非线性颤振问题是飞行器气动弹性力学工程领域的研究热点和难点,研究 考虑间隙非线性的控制舵系统的气动弹性特性具有重要意义。基于最小状态拟合方法获得时域降阶气动力模 型,并通过Lagrange方程获得系统非线性气动弹性方程;对比分析三种不同非线性控制舵系统的极限环颤振 及非线性动力学响应特性,并与等效线化法和时域仿真的结果进行一致性对比。结果表明:俯仰和扑动弹簧刚 度的变化对系统颤振边界有显著影响,当俯仰和扑动两个方向同时含有间隙非线性时,系统在线性颤振速度内 存在倍周期、混沌等复杂非线性动力学现象。     

非线性气动弹性模型参考自适应控制

 首先将含有前/后缘双控制面二元机翼的动态方程以状态空间形式描述,然后考虑俯仰方向的迟滞非线性模型存在参数不确定性的情况下,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论进行了结构化模型参考自适应控制律设计。仿真结果显示：所设计的控制律能够使开环不稳定的气动弹性系统快速地达到稳定状态。由于最大控制面偏转的存在,来流速度较高时闭环系统仍会发生颤振;根据控制面最大偏转的不同取值,文中给出了闭环临界颤振速度的变化曲线。     

控制面间隙非线性对机翼颤振控制系统的影响

<正>控制面间隙非线性由控制面与主翼的铰链处各附件的松动等因素导致,是一种常见的非线性问题。这种非线性会导致机翼发生混沌运动等不稳定现象。在飞行器飞行速度大于机翼的颤振速度的情况下,会使机翼发生极限环振荡。R.Vasconcellos等人通过线性等效的方法仿真了开环系统的状态变化。S.Fichera等人对含控制面间隙非线性的T-tail型机翼的开环系统做了数值仿真,并进行了实验验证,得到控制面间隙会导致极限环振荡。李道春     

具有操纵面间隙非线性二维翼段的气动弹性分析

 基于Theodorsen 理论和Wagner 函数,提出了不可压缩流作用下三自由度二维翼段任意运动非定常气动力表达式。对操纵面自由度具有的间隙非线性,建立了二维翼段气动弹性系统无量纲分段线性运动方程。数值仿真预示了系统极限环振动的相轨迹、无量纲振动幅值和频率,表明操纵面铰链处存在的间隙非线性将导致整个系统的极限环振动;随着来流速度的增加,系统极限环振动的幅值和频率都存在跳跃现象。     

迟滞非线性二元机翼颤振特性分析

 采用多项式迟滞非线性模型建立二元机翼气动弹性运动方程，并用数值积分法进行求解。通过系统响应振幅随来流速度变化的分叉图和频谱分析发现，俯仰方向由于含有非线性因素，振动中的高阶分量随速度提高不断增加，并引起高次分叉。重点研究“机翼/空气”质量比以及“沉浮/俯仰”两个自由度的自然振动频率比对非线性颤振速度边界的影响，并提出可以通过提高自然振动频率比来减小迟滞非线性因素的不利影响。     

含间隙折叠舵面的主共振响应分析

研究了含间隙折叠舵面的主共振响应.建立具有沉浮和俯仰间隙的二元舵面振动微分方程,两个运动方向受到同频简谐外激力.采用平均法求解系统的主共振周期解,结合数值法对方程组进行数值求解,研究系统主共振,得到振动幅频响应曲线.分析间隙、外激力、固定预载对于折叠舵面主共振的影响,结果表明：随着间隙增大,主共振响应曲线整体向左移动,非线性特点越来越突出,开始出现振幅跳跃和滞后现象;随着外激力增大,间隙范围内响应所占比例降低,非线性的影响也随之降低,系统振动特点接近线性;随着固定预载增大,共振形态变化较大.     

大惯量下电动伺服机构非线性特性与控制方法研究

针对高超声速飞行器非线性影响飞行姿态控制问题,分析了电动伺服机构中传动间隙、刚度、摩擦力矩等非线性因素的影响,并讨论了由间隙引起极限环的定义及产生条件。针对传动间隙引起的极限环振荡和较大惯量的翼面加剧振荡问题,建立了系统间隙极限环模型和非线性振动模型,并提出了间隙补偿器设计方法。重点研究了间隙、翼面转动惯量、刚度及干扰力对伺服控制系统的影响规律。通过在内环增加间隙补偿器的基础上,在外环引入速度、加速度负反馈设计方法,解决了大惯量舵面下控制系统抖动问题,仿真和试验结果证明了这一理论是正确的。     

某型飞机操纵面间隙非线性颤振时域分析

操纵面间隙作为一种常见的结构非线性,是由飞机设计、制造、装配等众多环节产生,有可能引起极限环振荡（LCO）。极限环振荡通常表现为等幅振动,如果其振幅过大,也会影响机体结构完整性,引发结构失效。本文对操纵面间隙非线性颤振的时域分析方法进行研究,采用时域分析方法计算某型飞机的非线性颤振响应,并与频域描述函数法计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：极限环振荡的临界速度和频率基本一致,时域分析方法能够准确计算全机操纵面间隙的非线性颤振临界速度,用来预测操纵面的极限环振荡是可行的,可以将其作为民用飞机适航符合性验证的理论分析方法之一。     

基于Wash-out滤波器技术的机翼颤振控制

研究应用wash-out滤波器技术对具有立方非线性俯仰刚度的二元机翼颤振的控制。首先,确定需要引入Hopf分岔的点,并在该点将原系统方程Jordan化;其次,对于引入的wash-out滤波控制器,先按Hopf分岔条件确定线性控制增益,再用规范型直接法得到受控系统的规范型,由分岔类型与规范型系数的关系确定非线性控制增益,从而将原系统的亚临界Hopf分岔变为超临界Hopf分岔;最后通过数值模拟验证了控制的有效性,并发现受控系统的颤振幅值（极限环大小）大大降低。     

带结构刚度非线性的全动操纵面跨音速颤振特性研究

主要的研究工作是建立了以三维非定常N—S方程为主管方程的计算非定常气动力的高效计算方法，采用颤振方程和N—S方程耦合求解，时间推进的方法计算结构响应特性。发展了一种对既带有结构非线性又含有气动非线性的多重非线性的复杂颤振系统响应特性的分析方法。对全动操纵面转轴带有硬弹簧和间隙型非线性刚度的颤振系统进行了分析，计算结果表明这类系统具有复杂的极限环特性。     

Nonlinear flutter wind tunnel test and numerical analysis of folding fins with freeplay nonlinearities

The flutter characteristics of folding control fins with freeplay are investigated by numerical simulation and flutter wind tunnel tests. Based on the characteristics of the structures, fins with different freeplay angles are designed. For a 0° angle of attack, wind tunnel tests of these fins are conducted, and vibration is observed by accelerometers and a high-speed camera. By the expansion of the connected relationships, the governing equations of fit for the nonlinear aeroelastic analysis are established by the free-interface component mode synthesis method. Based on the results of the wind tunnel tests, the flutter characteristics of fins with different freeplay angles are analyzed. The results show that the vibration divergent speed is increased, and the divergent speed is higher than the flutter speed of the nominal linear system. The vibration divergent speed is increased along with an increase in the freeplay angle. The developed free-interface component mode synthesis method could be used to establish governing equations and to analyze the characteristics of nonlinear aeroelastic systems. The results of the numerical simulations and the wind tunnel tests indicate the same trends and critical velocities.     

Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of airfoils: bifurcation and chaos

Different types of structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities commonly encountered in aeronautical engineering are discussed. The equations of motion of a two-dimensional airfoil oscillating in pitch and plunge are derived for a structural nonlinearity using subsonic aerodynamics theory. Three classical nonlinearities, namely, cubic, freeplay and hysteresis are investigated in some detail. The governing equations are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations suitable for numerical simulations and analytical investigation of the system stability. The onset of Hopf-bifurcation, and amplitudes and frequencies of limit cycle oscillations are investigated, with examples given for a cubic hardening spring. For various geometries of the freeplay, bifurcations and chaos are discussed via the phase plane, Poincaré maps, and Lyapunov spectrum. The route to chaos is investigated from bifurcation diagrams, and for the freeplay nonlinearity it is shown that frequency doubling is the most commonly observed route. Examples of aerodynamic nonlinearities arising from transonic flow and dynamic stall are discussed, and special attention is paid to numerical simulation results for dynamic stall using a time-synthesized method for the unsteady aerodynamics. The assumption of uniform flow is usually not met in practice since perturbations in velocities are encountered in flight. Longitudinal atmospheric turbulence is introduced to show its effect on both the flutter boundary and the onset of Hopf-bifurcation for a cubic restoring force.     

Structural Nonlinear Flutter Characteristics Analysis for an Actuator-fin System with Dynamic Stiffness

The flutter characteristics of an actuator-fin system are investigated with structural nonlinearity and dynamic stiffness of the electric motor. The component mode substitution method is used to establish the nonlinear governing equations in time domain and frequency domain based on the fundamental dynamic equations of the electric motor and decelerator. The existing describing function method and a proposed iterative method are used to obtain the flutter characteristics containing preload freeplay nonlinea...     

间隙非线性气动弹性系统的辨识

间隙非线性气动弹性系统有非常丰富的动力学特征。由于工程实际中间隙不易准确测量甚至无法测量,通常需要通过辨识来建立其数学模型,其中间隙开关点位置是辨识问题中的难点。本文利用间隙开关点将间隙非线性系统区分为3个线性子系统,用Hammerstein模型表示其非线性部分,构造了开关点的迭代序列;并采用非迭代和迭代相结合的方法进行求解,从而成功获得包含间隙开关点在内的该系统所有模型参数;以间隙非线性的二元翼段为例,验证了该辨识方法的有效性。     

基于模态综合法的含间隙折叠舵面动态特性分析

基于模态综合法对含间隙折叠舵面的非线性动态特性进行了研究。首先根据折叠舵面的结构特性建立含铰链连接的有限元模型，并采用双协调自由界面模态综合法对折叠舵面的有限元模型进行降阶。其次对不含间隙的折叠舵面进行扫频和模态实验，检验有限元模型及其降阶动力学模型的精度，并基于模型修正得到铰链的等效线性连接刚度。最后将等效线性连接刚度和间隙值进行组合，得到不同间隙下铰链的非线性连接刚度，完成含间隙折叠舵面的非线性动力学模型建立。基于非线性动力学模型对含间隙折叠舵面进行数值扫频，计算结果与实验扫频结果吻合良好，验证了所建立非线性动力学模型的精度及其在含间隙折叠舵面非线性动态特性分析中的可行性。     

Nonlinear dynamics of a two dimensional airfoil with freeplay in an inviscid compressible flow

A state space model for the aerodynamic loads calculated by means of a linearized CFD code which models the inviscid compressible flow is used to analyze the dynamic behavior of a two dimensional airfoil with a freeplay structural nonlinearity in pitch. The state space aeroelastic equations of motion are utilized to study the existence of Hopf bifurcation points and of limit cycle oscillations. Comparisons between the solutions of the coupled Euler-structural equations and the state space equations are provided.     

Nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of the folding fin with freeplay under thermal environment

The nonlinear aeroelastic behavior of a folding fin in supersonic flow is investigated in this paper. The finite element model of the fin is established and the deployable hinges are represented by three torsion springs with the freeplay nonlinearity. The aerodynamic grid point is assumed to be at the center of each aerodynamic box for simplicity. The aerodynamic governing equation is given by using the infinite plate spline method and the modified linear piston theory. An improved fixed-interface modal synthesis method, which can reduce the rigid connections at the interface, is developed to save the problem size and computation time. The uniform temperature field is applied to create the thermal environment. For the linear flutter analyses, the flutter speed increases first and then decreases with the rise of the hinge stiffness due to the change of the flutter coupling mechanism. For the nonlinear analyses, a larger freeplay angle results in a higher vibration divergent speed. Two different types of limit cycle oscillations and a multiperiodic motion are observed in the wide range of airspeed under the linear flutter boundary. The linear flutter speed shows a slight descend in the thermal environment, but the effect of the temperature on the vibration divergent speed is different under different hinge stiffnesses when there exists freeplay.     

Nonlinear system identification framework of folding fins with freeplay using backbone curves

Due to wear and manufacturing tolerance, the freeplay is unavoidable in the hinges of folding fins, which exerts significant effects on the aerodynamic characteristics. This paper proposes a backbone-curve-based framework for the dynamical identification of folding fins containing the freeplay nonlinearity. With no need to measure the input force signal and the response signals of nonlinear related Degrees of Freedom (DOFs), the proposed method is more direct and elegant than most existing nonlinear identification approaches, and it contains three steps: Firstly, the underlying linear model of the folding fin structure is obtained through the modal test on its linear sub-parts, and then, the harmonic approximation solves the analytical expressions of the backbone curves of measurable DOFs. Secondly, response data measured from the sine-sweep test are used to extract the fitting points of backbone curves for these DOFs. Finally, the curve fitting approach is applied to identify the freeplay parameters. A series of numerical experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. A real-life folding fin structure is also employed to illustrate how the method can be applied. These examples demonstrate that the identification framework can give an accurate dynamic model of the folding fin structure.