机翼大迎角涡破裂时气动特性计算方法的研究

本文计算了小展弦比机翼纵向和横侧气动特性,并计及涡破裂的影响。本方法以Purvis升力面理论和Polhamus吸力比拟为基础。并参照Lan方法进行大迎角特性修正。算例表明,本方法适用于小展弦比机翼气动特性的计算。     

侧滑双三角翼大迎角气动特性与旋涡的关系

 本文对不同展弦比双三角翼有侧滑时的气动力进行了实验研究,α=--3°～42°,β=--20°～20°,雷诺数为1.3×10~6。为分析测力结果,作了测压、空时流场及油流等实验。研究表明,不对称来流使机翼迎风侧旋涡绕合推迟,涡破裂提前,背风侧则相反。有侧滑时机翼不对称涡破裂对气动力影响显著,引起大迎角时滚转不稳定。     

机翼低雷诺数流动的数值模拟

通过SIMPLE方法求解非定常不可压N-S方程,研究了小展弦比机翼在低雷诺数下的流场特征,并分析其对气动特性的影响。研究对象为展弦比为1.0的平板矩形翼,进行了不同攻角的数值模拟,模拟雷诺数为1×105。分析表明:在小攻角时,主涡不断的从机翼上表面脱落;在大攻角时,受翼尖涡的影响,分离涡保持在机翼的背风面不脱落,形成驻涡。通过对流场分析,低雷诺数前缘层流分离和翼尖涡对小展弦比机翼的空气动力学特性起了决定性作用;使低雷诺数小展弦比矩形翼出现非定常、非对称和驻涡等现象。     

小展弦比飞翼标模纵航向气动特性低速实验研究

对小展弦比飞翼气动布局外形,通过常规测力风洞实验方法得到其纵向气动特性和偏航控制特性,在分析其气动特性后,选取典型的状态采用 PIV 实验方法对其流动机理进行研究,研究表明小展弦比飞翼在较小的迎角下即出现前缘分离涡,随着迎角的增大,前缘分离涡强度增大,且逐渐往机体对称面方向移动,随着迎角进一步增大,分离涡变得不稳定,涡核开始摆动,最终破裂,破裂位置从后缘开始,逐渐前移。对小展弦比飞翼气动布局飞机的控制难点偏航控制进行研究,结果表明该飞翼布局模型在实验迎角范围内偏航方向是静稳定的,在小迎角下具有可操纵性,迎角大于6°后嵌入面处于破裂的前缘涡尾迹之中,操纵性降低。     

极小展弦比背鳍气动特性研究

对极小展弦比背鳍进行了风洞实验和CFD分析。研究表明：亚声速大迎角下背鳍涡破裂影响不严重,且涡破裂迎角较大;正侧滑通常使背鳍法向力增加,负侧滑使法向力降低;CFD分析证实了大负侧滑条件下翼片法向力会变成负值,从而引起十字翼在倾斜条件下滚转力矩发生突变。     

一种关于具有边缘脱体涡的细长机翼的气动力数值方法

本文给出了一种计及边缘脱体涡影响的小展弦比机翼的气动力数值计算方法。方法中用等效集中涡来模拟脱体涡的影响。使用涡格法对各种不同展弦比的三角翼、矩形翼的计算结果表明,本方法所计算的压力分布、纵向气动特性,与实验相比吻合较好;与其它计算方法相比,计算简单,收敛稳定,且不依赖于初值的选取。     

细长翼涡破裂对气动特性影响的计算

本文在简化的前缘涡模型基础上,沿涡轴分布点源,以模拟细长翼涡破裂对气动特性的影响。对一组不同平面形状细长翼的计算表明,用本方法得到的结果在定性上与机翼在失速迎角前后实际的气动特性变化趋势是一致的。     

小展弦比扭转机翼三维流场的数值模拟

以高速战斗机的气动特性分析为研究背景,对小展弦比带扭转机翼的亚跨超声速气动特性进行了数值分析,首先对机翼关键数据进行参数化,选取几何扭转角作为设计变量对机翼进行建模,然后利用数值模拟方法,对参数化建模后的机翼在不同扭转角下的气动力和流场结构进行了计算与分析,揭示了机翼不同扭转角对失速特性,机翼展向不同截面的压力系数分布的影响,同时,对最佳扭转角的机翼在不同马赫数下的三维流场进行了数值模拟,验证了小展弦比机翼在亚跨声速下的优越性能。     

伸缩机翼变体飞机气动特性研究

伸缩机翼变体飞机通过机翼伸缩调整机翼展长,从而改变机翼面积和展弦比,改变飞机的气动布局和机翼的气动特性,满足多任务点的设计要求。简要介绍伸缩机翼变体飞机的发展历史,重点研究一种采用伸缩机翼设计的超音速飞机的气动特性变化。研究结果表明：亚音速时机翼展长伸长,展弦比增大,飞机诱导阻力降低,升阻比提高,可以明显提高飞机的航程;超音速时机翼展长缩短,展弦比减小,飞机的波阻降低,升阻比增大,提高了超音速飞行性能。伸缩机翼概念用于超音速飞机设计时能很好地兼顾亚音速巡航和超音速冲刺。     

机翼弹性变形对气动特性影响的实验研究

在低速风洞中研究了弹性对40°切角三角翼气动特性的影响,用激光测振仪测量模型在气动载荷作用下的变形,实验结果表明:相对刚性机翼而言,弹性可以极大地改善低雷诺数下机翼的气动特性,使小迎角下的升力系数和升阻比明显提高,从而有利于飞行。另外,弹性机翼顶点最大平均变形出现的迎角为α=15°,这与刚性机翼前缘涡在机翼顶点破裂的迎角一致;而在失速迎角α=20°附近,机翼顶点和翼梢变形的方差最大。     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

Unsteady flow phenomena associated with leading-edge vortices

This paper presents selected results from extensive experimental investigations on turbulent flow fields and unsteady surface pressures caused by leading-edge vortices, in particular, for vortex breakdown flow. Such turbulent flows may cause severe dynamic aeroelastic problems like wing and/or fin buffeting on fighter-type aircraft. The wind tunnel models used include a generic delta wing as well as a detailed aircraft configuration of canard-delta wing type. The turbulent flow structures are analyzed by root-mean-square and spectral distributions of velocity and pressure fluctuations. Downstream of bursting local maxima of velocity fluctuations occur in a limited radial range around the vortex center. The corresponding spectra exhibit significant peaks indicating that turbulent kinetic energy is channeled into a narrow band. These quasi-periodic velocity oscillations arise from a helical mode instability of the breakdown flow. Due to vortex bursting there is a characteristic increase in surface pressure fluctuations with increasing angle of attack, especially when the burst location moves closer to the apex. The pressure fluctuations also show dominant frequencies corresponding to those of the velocity fluctuations. Using the measured flow field data, scaling parameters are derived for design purposes. It is shown that a frequency parameter based on the local semi-span and the sinus of angle of attack can be used to estimate the frequencies of dynamic loads evoked by vortex bursting.     

鸭翼位置对前掠翼气动特性的影响

本文依据在低速风洞所取得的测力、油流观察及旋涡测量结果,研究了前掠翼鸭式布局的鸭翼位置对气动性能的影响机理。研究表明,鸭翼位置对气动性能的影响是极为显著的。前掠翼鸭式布局大迎角性能的提高取决于鸭、主翼前缘涡的相对位置及其相互控制,也就是它们间的相互干扰。文中根据前掠及后掠鸭翼与主翼组合的实验结果,提出了采用鸭式布局时鸭、主翼应具有的平面形状及它们的相对位置。文中还对双前掠翼布局提出了一些看法。     

Equilibrium state of trailing vortices: two-dimensional model of a far-field vortex wake

The equilibrium statistical mechanics of a system composed of a large number of two-dimensional point vortices is employed to describe the vortex system shed from aircraft wings. According to this theory, these higher energy states of the vortex system can only be achieved by segregating the point vortices of like kind into two clusters that descend with a constant velocity. The solution is given in terms of the integral constraints for each cluster: total circulation, center of inertia, and kinetic energy. The negative non-dimensional inverse temperature of the system and the length scale related to angular momentum of a single trailing vortex are obtained versus initial interaction energy of the vortex system. Comparison of the theoretical results with available experimental data shows good agreement between the calculated tangential velocity distribution in the trailing vortex and the data. The flow characteristics for three different wing loads are also compared to emphasize the effect of initial circulation distribution along a lifting wing on the vorticity distribution in the equilibrium trailing vortices.     

Effects of wing locations on wing rock induced by forebody vortices

Previous studies have shown that asymmetric vortex wakes over slender bodies exhibit a multi-vortex structure with an alternate arrangement along a body axis at high angle of attack. In this investigation, the effects of wing locations along a body axis on wing rock induced by forebody vortices was studied experimentally at a subcritical Reynolds number based on a body diameter. An artificial perturbation was added onto the nose tip to fix the orientations of forebody vortices. Par-ticle image velocimetry was used to identify flow patterns of forebody vortices in static situations, and time histories of wing rock were obtained using a free-to-roll rig. The results show that the wing locations can affect significantly the motion patterns of wing rock owing to the variation of multi-vortex patterns of forebody vortices. As the wing locations make the forebody vortices a two-vortex pattern, the wing body exhibits regularly divergence and fixed-point motion with azimuthal varia-tions of the tip perturbation. If a three-vortex pattern exists over the wing, however, the wing-rock patterns depend on the impact of the highest vortex and newborn vortex. As the three vortices together influence the wing flow, wing-rock patterns exhibit regularly fixed-points and limit-cycled oscillations. With the wing moving backwards, the newborn vortex becomes stronger, and wing-rock patterns become fixed-points, chaotic oscillations, and limit-cycled oscillations. With fur-ther backward movement of wings, the vortices are far away from the upper surface of wings, and the motions exhibit divergence, limit-cycled oscillations and fixed-points. For the rearmost location of the wing, the wing body exhibits stochastic oscillations and fixed-points.     

细长翼绕流中的旋涡特性

 本文综述了细长翼绕流中由前缘分离形成的集中涡的各种运动特性。细长翼翼面上方的前缘集中涡是控制机翼绕流和影响机翼气动力特性的主要因素。为此本文详细介绍了前缘涡的形成及其基本流动结构;前缘涡的破裂现象及其对机翼气动力特性的影响;并给出前缘涡破裂的各种理论模型和它的估算方法。最后还简单介绍了绕流中旋涡之间的绕合现象和互相干扰的流动结构。     

三角翼跨声速动态失速与涡破裂特性研究

通过数值方法研究了高速气流中细长三角翼作匀速上仰机动飞行时的背风面分离流与涡破裂特性和气动力特性。结果表明,在三角翼匀速上仰非定常绕流中,涡破裂起始攻角与上仰速度关系比较复杂,在本计算速度范围内,涡破裂起始攻角变化很小;动态时涡破裂点发展速度随攻角变化规律与静态结果差别甚大;三角翼大攻角非定常绕流前缘涡涡轴附近的流动以不稳定涡和涡破裂为主要特征;在一定的上仰速度以后即使在中等攻角前非定常升力与定常升力仍有较大差别,与低速情况有所不同;上仰运动使涡破裂点发展速度被延缓,从而提高了失速攻角和最大升力,并使失速攻角与涡破裂起始攻角的间隔进一步拉大,同时不改变升阻比     

前/后掠机翼气动特性对比分析

基于NACA0012对称翼型设计了前掠机翼、后掠机翼和平直机翼,采用CFD方法计算了3种机翼的升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数,通过压力云图和流线图分析了3种机翼的气动特性及流动机理。研究结果表明:前掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼尖流向翼根,翼根首先出现分离,而后掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼根流向翼尖,翼尖首先出现分离,平直机翼由于受翼尖涡的下洗影响,翼根首先出现分离;在30°斜掠角下,前掠机翼形成了机翼前缘涡,表现出旋涡流态气动特性。研究结果揭示了不同机翼之间的流动差异,有助于在飞行器设计过程中选择合适的气动布局。     

一个计算喷气翼的考虑非线性效应的涡格法

 本文发展了确定喷气翼气动性能的三维非线性方法。用附着涡和自由涡系统代表翼面、喷流、尾流和翼尖涡,解出弦向和展向载荷分布;同时解出喷流、尾流和翼尖涡的形状。所得结果在大展弦比条件下与实验及其他理论结果相符。本法可应用于各种展弦比、喷流角以及部分喷气情况下。     

翼尖涡流场特性及其控制

大型运输飞机的尾涡系是诱发后继小型飞机空难的重要原因,需要有效的涡控制装置来削弱其强度.通过风洞实验,研究了翼型为NACA23016的矩形半机翼模型翼尖尾涡流动结构和控制方法.应用七孔探针空间流场定量测试技术研究了翼尖涡的流动结构,给出了翼尖尾涡在下游两倍弦长距离内的速度和压力场分布随迎角变化的规律.在机翼翼梢布置不同组合方式的翼梢涡扩散器,来控制翼尖涡.研究结果表明,正负90°和60°安装角的双翼梢涡扩散器可将翼尖涡涡核的静压增加60%以上.其旋涡强度削弱机理为:翼梢涡扩散器将集中的翼尖涡破碎分成两个或多个强度更弱的旋涡.在流体粘性的作用下,旋涡能量耗散更快,可有效地削弱翼尖尾涡的强度.