翼尖涡流场特性及其控制

大型运输飞机的尾涡系是诱发后继小型飞机空难的重要原因,需要有效的涡控制装置来削弱其强度.通过风洞实验,研究了翼型为NACA23016的矩形半机翼模型翼尖尾涡流动结构和控制方法.应用七孔探针空间流场定量测试技术研究了翼尖涡的流动结构,给出了翼尖尾涡在下游两倍弦长距离内的速度和压力场分布随迎角变化的规律.在机翼翼梢布置不同组合方式的翼梢涡扩散器,来控制翼尖涡.研究结果表明,正负90°和60°安装角的双翼梢涡扩散器可将翼尖涡涡核的静压增加60%以上.其旋涡强度削弱机理为:翼梢涡扩散器将集中的翼尖涡破碎分成两个或多个强度更弱的旋涡.在流体粘性的作用下,旋涡能量耗散更快,可有效地削弱翼尖尾涡的强度.     

一种预测平板尾迹噪声的时域无网格方法

基于离散涡方法和涡声理论建立了一种预测二维平板尾迹发声的时域无网格方法。该方法应用解耦方式完成声场计算,首先使用离散涡方法计算了均匀来流作用下的平板尾迹流场,得到了流场中点涡的涡量、位置和速度等关键参数,然后基于涡声理论建立了自由空间中点涡发声模型,并引入了时域边界元方法来模拟平板表面对声场的散射作用,计算得到了平板尾迹涡发声的偶极子声场分布和指向性等关键特征。通过对上下表面涡以及平板散射对声场贡献的深入分析表明,从平板尾缘上下角点脱落并卷起的涡团均为偶极子源,平板的散射作用使得声场在一定程度上得到加强,并且使声场具有极大值方向垂直于平板表面的偶极子指向性特征。所建立的无网格方法计算快速,能同时获得流场和声场分布的关键特征,可提升对气动噪声产生机理的基本认识,同时还为尾迹噪声的理论研究提供了一种具有工程应用价值的可靠计算方法。     

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

连接翼布局气动特性研究

在一个小型低速风洞中进行了五种不同布局形式的连接翼方案实验研究。利用油流法研究了三种连接翼的流谱,初步分析了具有连接翼飞机的气流流动机理。为比较,同时对三角翼常规布局方案进行了实验,所有方案使用相类似的隐身布局机身。实验结果表明,连接翼布局有其特有的流型:翼面分前翼、后翼及外翼三部分,其流型受前翼涡、后翼涡、翼端涡、机身边条涡以及它们互相缠绕形成的新涡的控制。这些涡的产生、发展、离体和破裂的情况不同,形成不同方案气动特性的差别。连接翼布局气动特性优于常规翼布局,特别是最大升阻比可达12以上,失速迎角超过30°。通过前后翼后缘操纵面的有利组合,可以达到提高升阻比,满足纵、横向稳定性和操纵性要求的目的。结果显示,具有扁平机身的连接翼方案是一个有潜力的无人机布局形式。     

旋涡运动研究的某些进展

 本文简要介绍研究旋涡运动在以下问题上的某些结果:低速不同后掠角三角翼在各个迎角下的九种分离流类型及其边界;应用微分方程定性论与拓扑学对三维分离流与旋涡流的分析;旋涡破裂形态,对三角翼前缘涡破裂的实验研究与理论分析;受控分离与旋涡的干扰,二旋涡的位移、绕转与合并等。     

求解非定常空气动力系数主导极点的近似方法

在计算与风洞实验的基础上, 提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局, 对平面形状与翼型进行了 优化设计, 达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向 分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法, 既能考虑气动力的非线性因素, 又有较高的计算精度与速度。计 算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到, 在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪 切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比, 且可改变展向环量分布, 使其接近椭圆分布; 剪切翼梢上的前缘 涡可抑制翼端涡的作用(使翼端涡强度变弱) , 并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力。     

Experimental investigation of counter-rotating four vortex aircraft wake

An experimental investigation on the wake vortex formation and evolution of a four vortex system of a generic model in the near field and extended near field as well as the behaviour and decay in the far field region has been conducted by means of hot-wire anemometry in a wind tunnel. The results were obtained during an experimental campaign as part of the EC project “FAR-Wake”. The model used consists of a wing–tail plane configuration with the wing producing positive lift and the tail plane negative lift. The circulation ratio of tail plane to wing is ?0.3 and the span ratio is 0.3. Thus, a four vortex system with counter-rotating neighboured vortices exists. The model set-up was chosen on the condition to create a most promising four vortex system with respect to accelerate wake vortex decay by optimal perturbations enhancing inherent instability mechanisms. The flow field has been investigated for a half plane of the entire wake up to a distance of 48 span dimensions downstream of the model. The results obtained at 1, 12, 24 and 48 span distances are shown as non-dimensional axial vorticity and vertical turbulence intensities. A significant decay in peak vorticity, swirl velocity and circulation is observable during the downward motion of the vortices. Spectral analysis of the unsteady velocity data reveals a peak in the power spectral density distributions indicating the presence of a dominating instability. Using two hot-wire probes cross spectral density distributions have also been evaluated, which highlight the co-operative instability leading to a rapid wake vortex decay within 30 span dimensions downstream.     

后缘喷流对三角翼绕流影响的N-S方程数值分析

本文用拟压缩性方法求解不可压流雷诺平均拟压缩Ｎ－Ｓ方程组,对带有后缘喷流的三角翼粘性绕流进行了数值模拟,求解中采用了Ｂｅａｍ－Ｗａｒｍｉｎｇ隐式近似因子分解格式以及ＭＭＬ代数湍流模型。计算结果说明,后缘喷流使涡核压强降低,使涡核速度增大,从而对三角翼前缘分离涡有稳定作用,并能增大上翼面的负压值和下翼面的正压值,从而可以增加部分升力。计算结果还说明,喷口面积或喷流下偏会使上述作用增强。     

Unsteady flow phenomena associated with leading-edge vortices

This paper presents selected results from extensive experimental investigations on turbulent flow fields and unsteady surface pressures caused by leading-edge vortices, in particular, for vortex breakdown flow. Such turbulent flows may cause severe dynamic aeroelastic problems like wing and/or fin buffeting on fighter-type aircraft. The wind tunnel models used include a generic delta wing as well as a detailed aircraft configuration of canard-delta wing type. The turbulent flow structures are analyzed by root-mean-square and spectral distributions of velocity and pressure fluctuations. Downstream of bursting local maxima of velocity fluctuations occur in a limited radial range around the vortex center. The corresponding spectra exhibit significant peaks indicating that turbulent kinetic energy is channeled into a narrow band. These quasi-periodic velocity oscillations arise from a helical mode instability of the breakdown flow. Due to vortex bursting there is a characteristic increase in surface pressure fluctuations with increasing angle of attack, especially when the burst location moves closer to the apex. The pressure fluctuations also show dominant frequencies corresponding to those of the velocity fluctuations. Using the measured flow field data, scaling parameters are derived for design purposes. It is shown that a frequency parameter based on the local semi-span and the sinus of angle of attack can be used to estimate the frequencies of dynamic loads evoked by vortex bursting.     

一个计算喷气翼的考虑非线性效应的涡格法

 本文发展了确定喷气翼气动性能的三维非线性方法。用附着涡和自由涡系统代表翼面、喷流、尾流和翼尖涡,解出弦向和展向载荷分布;同时解出喷流、尾流和翼尖涡的形状。所得结果在大展弦比条件下与实验及其他理论结果相符。本法可应用于各种展弦比、喷流角以及部分喷气情况下。     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

飞机尾流的快速建模方法

尾流的强度主要由飞机的飞机重量、飞行速度和机翼形状所决定和仿真尾流的保守被动模型可很好的描述尾流系统中水蒸汽、位温等保守被动量的运动演化规律,但这种参数仿真时间长、对计算机要求高,不能实时预测任一机型所产生的尾流的状态分布特性.为此提出了一种尾流的快速建模方法,很好的解决了以往尾流实时仿真时的缺点,为飞机飞行过程中实时预测前机尾流的影响区域提供理论依据,从而减少尾流事故的发生.      

Excitation of instabilities in the wake of an airfoil by means of active winglets

Strong wake vortices that develop behind every aircraft as a byproduct of lift production pose a threat where aircraft fly in close staggering such as in the vicinity of airports. One approach to alleviate these vortex wakes is the use of high lift systems or control surfaces of the wing to create an unstable vortex system. The inherent instability of this vortex system shall then lead to an accelerated decay of the vortex wake, triggered for example by a periodic motion of the control surfaces. In the work presented here a simple wing model with winglets able to produce a vortex system of up to six distinct vortices is investigated in towing tank experiments. Theoretical studies show that these vortex systems potentially have a high degree of instability. By means of active oscillation of rudders integrated into the winglets, these vortex systems are to be excited to initiate an accelerated decay of the vortices. It is shown that configurations exist which exhibit strong instabilities, that lead to a significantly lower hazard level behind the vortex generating wing, even when not actively excited. However, an additional oscillation does not seem to accelerate decay of these vortex systems in relation to the statical reference case.     

喷流对飞机尾流涡影响的试验研究

飞机产生的尾流涡,特别是大尺度的翼尖涡,对尾随其后的飞行器是非常有害的,本文旨在探索利用飞机发动机产生的喷流加速尾流涡消亡的方法。试验采用简化的飞机模型(有尾翼),建立了包含一对翼尖涡及一对反向旋转的尾翼涡(通过以负迎角安装尾翼得到)的4涡尾流系统。在无外来扰动的情况下,不同的尾翼设置下得到的尾翼涡对翼尖涡的作用效果不同,有的能导致翼尖涡提前消亡,有的则不能。考察了不同强度的喷流对不同4涡尾流系统的影响,且作为对比,对无尾翼(2涡系统)及无喷流下的各种情况也分别作了观测。试验在拖曳水槽中进行,运用体视粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术,观测了与模型拖曳方向垂直的、从机翼后缘到下游约45翼展间均布的一系列切面。结果表明:当喷流直接作用于涡时,其效果主要取决于两者之间的初始距离及相对强度;而当喷流作用于整个4涡尾流系统时,其引入的扰动对不同的系统均能起到一定程度的改善作用,这种作用的关键在于利用喷流优化对翼尖涡进行扰动的机制,而不仅仅取决于喷流的强度。     

细长翼分离涡的布涡计算法

 细长翼在迎角稍大时,前缘卷起螺旋状分离涡,使上表面压力降低,升力增加。涡襟翼技术也是利用前缘涡的这一特性提高升阻比的。为计算有分离涡的机翼特性,须研究分离涡层的卷起和涡层之间相互干扰的计算方法。早期Brown和Michael,Smith等在锥形流假设下,应用细长体理论计算过三角翼的气动特性。Sack和尹协远等放弃锥形流假设,用离散涡代替脱体涡层,但仍用保角转绘法处理横流面内绕翼面流动。这类方法对横截面形状较复杂的细长翼（如带涡襟翼的机翼）,因转绘函数复杂,计算困难。本文为避免转绘带来的困难,采用直接布涡法计算有分离涡的机翼气动特性。     

二维涡轮叶栅流场的直接数值模拟

采用高精度有限差分格式求解非定常N-S方程组,对低雷诺数下二维涡轮叶栅流动进行了直接数值模拟,计算了雷诺数为10000,VKI涡轮叶栅在0°,8°以及-8°攻角下的流场,对涡轮叶栅非定常流动机理做了初步的探讨。计算结果表明:在叶栅尾缘处,逆时针方向和顺时针方向的主涡交替在壁面产生,并和主流相互作用产生二次涡,而当二次涡与主流连通发生掺混时,将引起主涡被分割并从叶片表面脱落;攻角在一定范围内的变化对VKI涡轮叶片表面边界层发展影响不明显。文中还对尾迹区的统计量特性和速度亏损特性等进行了研究。      

超声速X形鸭翼-弹身组合体涡迹发展

应用蒸汽屏方法研究超声速X形鸭翼-弹身组合体涡迹发展。观察了起源于鸭翼后缘的四个翼涡在横截面上形成的“蛙跃”和上反角二翼涡与弹身一对对称脱体涡形成的“混合式蛙跃”现象。在临近蛙跃距离时,有不稳定特性发生。文中还给出了细长体理论计算的涡迹路径跟实验数据比较,结果表明:如果各个旋涡的初始位置和相对强度适合,这种数学模型可计算导弹上的各个旋涡路径,二者存在的差别,可能是由于计算未能模拟涡面和涡量耗散的缘故。为了有助于理解导弹的气动特性,用少量的离散涡计算涡迹路径,作为工程估算是适宜的。     

翼型—扰流片的分离气动特性计算

本文介绍了用涡面元法模拟带扰流片的翼型低速无粘分离绕流。在翼型和扰流片的面元上分布线性变化涡。在扰流片后的上下分离流线的面元上分布等强度的涡。上分离流线始自扰流片的梢部，下分离流线自翼型的后缘引出。分离所泡由两离散涡结尾。气泡内总压为常值，它与涡强大小一同求解。分离气泡的形状在迭代求解过程中确定。压强分布和升力系数的计算值与现存文献的数值结果和实验数据是一致的。     

飞机尾涡对飞行安全的影响

针对一次夜间双机编队飞行时发生的空中相撞事故,根据机载黑匣子记录的飞机飞行参数,判明机进入了长机尾涡,利用记录的飞行参数,阐明了飞机进入尾涡的征兆,以及尾涡对飞机仪表,动态和操纵的影响,找出了飞机发生相撞的原因,为防止类惟事故发生,提出了僚机进入长机尾涡后应采取的措施,以供飞行行人员参考。