伸缩机翼变体飞机气动布局初步研究

针对侦察-打击一体化飞机的性能需求,提出了一种伸缩机翼变体飞机气动布局概念方案,采用气动力计算、风洞试验、缩比飞行模型研究等手段,对其机翼展开与收缩等不同状态的气动特性进行了分析,验证了机翼展开状态升阻比高、续航时间长和机翼收缩状态阻力小、加速冲刺性能好的设计思想。研究结果表明,伸缩机翼变体飞机能够适应侦察-打击一体化飞机的需要,具有广阔的应用前景。     

伸缩机翼变形技术研究

变体飞机可以根据需要改变气动外形,以便在不同的飞行状态都能获得最佳的气动性能,提高飞机的任务适应能力。伸缩机翼变形技术在国外已经过几十年的研究和探索,是变体飞机技术的主要发展方向之一。本文综述了伸缩机翼技术的发展历史及国内外研究情况,阐述了伸缩机翼变形原理及其优缺点,提炼了设计伸缩机翼所涉及的关键技术,展望了伸缩机翼技术在飞机、导弹、地效翼飞行器以及飞行汽车等方面的应用前景。     

一种提高载重量的新型气动布局设计研究

为了兼顾大载重飞机的气动性能和结构特性,针对刚度特性较好的厚翼型提出和发展了一种新型气动布局形式,在有限的翼展限制下,通过多排翼的设计思路,提高主机翼的升力性能。数值模拟结果表明,采用新的气动布局后,与传统较薄机翼的单翼布局比较,升力特性可普遍提高50%左右。通过加装偏转角、缩小后翼弦长等进一步优化,升阻比性能也优于传统薄翼,从而表明所提出的设计方案对大载重飞机的设计和发展具有重要的参考价值。     

基于CFD／CSD的大展弦比机翼气动弹性分析

大展弦比飞机在飞行过程中受气动载荷影响,其大展弦比机翼产生弯曲和扭转变形,这种弹性变形严重影响飞机的飞行性能和飞行安全,不能将此种飞机机翼当作传统的刚性机翼进行气动分析。针对一大展弦比机翼,采用气动／结构耦合分析方法,利用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件CFX和计算结构动力学（CSD）软件ANSYS联合求解,研究了在不同载荷情况下大展弦比机翼静气动弹性变形对机翼气动特性的影响。结果表明,大展弦比无人机机翼受载变形后升阻比降低,升力下降明显,阻力略有上升,机翼翼尖容易失速。     

大展弦比桁架支撑机翼静气动弹性问题研究

桁架支撑机翼构型能够显著减轻结构重量,增大机翼展弦比,进而提高飞机升阻比,降低油耗,是一种很有潜力的未来运输机布局方案。目前国内尚无关于桁架支撑布局形式飞机的系统研究。为研究某大展弦比桁架支撑布局飞机的静气动弹性问题,本文采用基于面元法的静气动弹性分析法,依据估算刚度建立了其静气动弹性计算模型,与常规构型机翼进行了对比计算与分析。结果表明,采用桁架支撑布局形式的大展弦比机翼变形量较小,弹性变形对气动特性的影响量也较小,还能够有效降低内翼部分承受的力与力矩,有利于结构减重设计,从而为大展弦比桁架支撑机翼设计提供参考。     

基于超单元的大展弦比机翼建模方法

<正>机翼的展弦比指的是翼展的平方与机翼面积之比或翼展与机翼弦长之比。一般认为,展弦比大于5的机翼就是大展弦比机翼。近十多年来高空长航时飞机越来越受到重视,在长期侦察监控、环境监测和通讯等军民用方面具有广阔的发展前景。为了满足高空长航时的性能和追求高的气动效率,飞机机翼大多采用大展弦比机翼。超单元分析方法是求解大型问题的一种十分有效的手段,该方法把整体结构分化成多个子部件进行分析,每个超单元的处理都形成一组减缩矩阵(质量、阻尼、刚度和     

平面形状对MAV气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验研究了平面形状(后掠角)对展长/根弦长之比为1.0的机翼的气动特性的影响,实验结果表明,模型后掠角在很大程度上影响小展弦比机翼的气动特性,当模型后掠角Λ≤35°时,能增大模型的最大升力系数和失速迎角,推迟失速;当模型后掠角Λ=56°~64°时,能得到较好的升力曲线,改善机翼的失速特性。此外,实验结果表明模型前缘背风面倒角与迎风面倒角相比,有效地提高了模型的最大升阻比和失速后的升力系数。     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.      

Z型翼变体飞机的纵向多体动力学特性

机翼变形时,变体飞机的翼面积、惯性特性、全机焦点和重心位置等均会发生较大的变化,从而引起飞机的动态特性也随之改变。为此对机翼变形过程中的Z型翼变体飞机进行了纵向多体动力学建模仿真;推导了变形过程中变体飞机的六自由度非线性动力学方程,并通过简化得到了解耦后的纵向动力学方程。机翼折叠动态过程的气动特性数值模拟结果表明,不同折叠角速度下飞机的气动力相差不大。在机翼折叠角速度较小且忽略非定常气动效应的情况下,采用气动力准定常假设对变形过程中不同机翼折叠角速度下变体飞机的纵向响应进行了数值仿真,并研究了重心位置移动和气动特性变化对飞机变形过程动态特性的影响规律。结果表明,折叠过程中气动特性的变化是影响飞机动态特性的主要因素,机翼折叠后飞机的速度和迎角增加,且飞行高度下降较大。     

翼梢小翼后缘舵面偏转对机翼气动特性影响研究

以大型客机某方案机翼为基本翼,基于N-S方程数值模拟的方法,研究融合式翼梢小翼后缘操纵舵面偏转对机翼空气动力特性影响。研究发现,翼梢小翼舵面偏使得机翼气动特性发生显著变化。一方面,偏转舵面导致了机翼最大升阻比的降低,然而它可以优化不同飞行阶段升阻比。其中,舵面外偏,机翼在阻力增加不大的条件下,升力明显增大,有利于提高起飞、爬升性能;舵面不偏条件下升阻比最大,有利于提高巡航效率;舵面内偏,机翼阻力明显增大,有利于提高飞机着陆性能。另一方面,舵面偏转可以控制机翼翼梢涡的发展,有助于耗散机翼尾涡及激发翼梢涡自身的不稳定性而加速耗散。     

小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机垂直面机动性研究

比较分析了某小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机与典型的常规布局战斗机F16在亚、跨、超声速范围的气动特性,相对而言,飞翼布局飞机具有较大的升阻比和较低的翼载荷.计算并分析了该飞翼布局作战飞机与F16在垂直机动面内的平飞加速性能和跃升性能,得到了由于布局和气动特性不同引起的飞翼布局作战飞机机动性的新特点.研究结果对飞翼布局作战飞机的设计和作战使用均具有一定的参考意义.     

变体翼梢小翼的减阻机理数值模拟

总结了对翼梢小翼减阻效果影响最大的几何参数,在此基础上采用数值模拟方法研究了这些几何参数的最佳变化范围,为变体翼梢小翼设计提供理论依据.并从气动性能、气动载荷分布和翼尖涡的角度探讨了变体翼梢小翼相对传统翼梢小翼的优缺点.结果表明:在飞机的起飞阶段,变体翼梢小翼的减阻效率比传统翼梢小翼高2.2%,同时将翼尖涡强度降低了15%,有利于提高飞机的燃油效率和机场空域安全;但也会增大机翼的翼根弯矩,因此必须权衡变体翼梢小翼带来的气动收益与结构强度不利因素.     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

MDO环境下的BWB气动模型及在概念设计中的应用

提出了MDO环境下分析亚音速BWB布局的气动模型建立途径,以升力面理论为基础,修正型阻、波阻与涡升力的影响,来分析非常规布局的气动特性,实现了比传统概念设计方法更高的分析精度和比CFD快得多的计算速度。通过与大展弦比平直机翼和小展弦比三角翼实验数据的对比,验证了分析模型的有效性;并将其应用于一个亚音速BWB布局的概念设计优化过程,实现了基本的气动／结构一体化设计。可靠的分析模型的建立将成为BWB布局飞机多学科设计优化的坚实基础。     

折叠翼变体飞行器非定常气动特性实验研究

折叠翼变体飞行器是一种可以在飞行中改变自身气动外形的新型飞行器。研制出了一种折叠翼变体飞行器的风洞实验模型,在风洞实验中测得了模型不同变体位置下的气动力以及进行变体运动时气动力的动态变化过程,并通过PIV实验手段获得模型周围的流场在变体运动过程中的变化情况。结果表明：在机翼变形过程中,折叠翼模型有明显的非定常气动现象产生,而且折叠变形的速度越大,非定常现象越明显。出现非定常现象的主要原因是变体运动对机翼前缘涡的影响。     

Experimental validation of a new morphing trailing edge system using Price – Païdoussis wind tunnel tests

This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

飞机亚跨声速飞行操纵特性分析

针对中等展弦比、中等后掠角机翼布局的超声速飞机在亚跨声速飞行时遇到的操纵特性异常现象,通过估算飞机在海拔5 km高空的气动特性,获得了飞机的纵向平衡性能和静操纵性的变化规律.通过数值计算,得到了飞机在低空跨声速飞行时的操纵特性;分析了造成飞机在某些飞行速度下操纵跟随性较差、大速度飞行时俯仰操纵过于灵敏、不同速度下杆力变化大等现象的原因.针对亚跨声速区的飞行与操纵特点,给出了飞行操纵建议,以提高飞行安全.