Characterization and Calibration of the CheMin Mineralogical Instrument on Mars Science Laboratory

A principal goal of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover Curiosity is to identify and characterize past habitable environments on Mars. Determination of the mineralogical and chemical composition of Martian rocks and soils constrains their formation and alteration pathways, providing information on climate and habitability through time. The CheMin X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument on MSL will return accurate mineralogical identifications and quantitative phase abundances for scooped soil samples and drilled rock powders collected at Gale Crater during Curiosity’s 1-Mars-year nominal mission. The instrument has a Co X-ray source and a cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) detector arranged in transmission geometry with the sample. CheMin’s angular range of 5^° to 50^° 2θ with <0.35^° 2θ resolution is sufficient to identify and quantify virtually all minerals. CheMin’s XRF requirement was descoped for technical and budgetary reasons. However, X-ray energy discrimination is still required to separate Co?Kα from Co?Kβ and Fe?Kα photons. The X-ray energy-dispersive histograms (EDH) returned along with XRD for instrument evaluation should be useful in identifying elements Z>13 that are contained in the sample. The CheMin XRD is equipped with internal chemical and mineralogical standards and 27 reusable sample cells with either Mylar^? or Kapton^? windows to accommodate acidic-to-basic environmental conditions. The CheMin flight model (FM) instrument will be calibrated utilizing analyses of common samples against a demonstration-model (DM) instrument and CheMin-like laboratory instruments. The samples include phyllosilicate and sulfate minerals that are expected at Gale crater on the basis of remote sensing observations.     

Astrophysical implications of higher-dimensional gravity

We review the implications of modern higher-dimensional theories of gravity for astrophysics and cosmology. In particular, we discuss the latest developments of STM theory in connection with dark matter, particle dynamics and the cosmological constant, as well as related aspects of quantum theory. There are also more immediate tests of extra dimensions, notably involving perturbations of the cosmic 3K microwave background and the precession of a supercooled gyroscope in Earth orbit. We also outline some general features of embeddings, and include pictures of the big bang as viewed from a higher dimension.     

Complexity,Forced and/or Self-Organized Criticality,and Topological Phase Transitions in Space Plasmas

The first definitive observation that provided convincing evidence indicating certain turbulent space plasma processes are in states of ‘complexity’ was the discovery of the apparent power-law probability distribution of solar flare intensities. Recent statistical studies of complexity in space plasmas came from the AE index, UVI auroral imagery, and in-situ measurements related to the dynamics of the plasma sheet in the Earth's magnetotail and the auroral zone. In this review, we describe a theory of dynamical ‘complexity’ for space plasma systems far from equilibrium. We demonstrate that the sporadic and localized interactions of magnetic coherent structures are the origin of ‘complexity’ in space plasmas. Such interactions generate the anomalous diffusion, transport, acceleration, and evolution of the macroscopic states of the overall dynamical systems. Several illustrative examples are considered. These include: the dynamical multi- and cross-scale interactions of the macro-and kinetic coherent structures in a sheared magnetic field geometry, the preferential acceleration of the bursty bulk flows in the plasma sheet, and the onset of ‘fluctuation induced nonlinear instabilities’ that can lead to magnetic reconfigurations. The technique of dynamical renormalization group is introduced and applied to the study of two-dimensional intermittent MHD fluctuations and an analogous modified forest-fire model exhibiting forced and/or self-organized criticality [FSOC] and other types of topological phase transitions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Modelling of Spall in an Anisotropic Aluminium Alloy

Spall caused by hypervelocity impacts at the lower range of velocities could result in significant damage to spacecraft. A number of polycrystalline alloys, used in spacecraft manufacturing, exhibit a pronounced anisotropy in their mechanical properties. The aluminium alloy AA 7010, whose orthotropy is a consequence of the meso-scale phase distribution or grain morphology, has been chosen for this investigation. The material failure observed in plate impact was simulated using a number of spall models. The Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength have been studied as a function of orientation, and compared to experimental results.     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

Early development of fern gametophytes in microgravity.

Dormant spores of the fern Ceratopteris richardii were flown on Shuttle mission STS-93 to evaluate the effects of micro-g on their development and on their pattern of gene expression. Prior to flight the spores were sterilized and sown into one of two environments: (1) Microscope slides in a video-microscopy module; and (2) Petri dishes. All spores were then stored in darkness until use. Spore germination was initiated on orbit after exposure to light. For the spores on microscope slides, cell level changes were recorded through the clear spore coat of the spores by video microscopy. After their exposure to light, spores in petri dishes were frozen in orbit at four different time points during which on earth gravity fixes the polarity of their development. Spores were then stored frozen in Biological Research in Canister units until recovery on earth. The RNAs from these cells and from 1-g control cells were extracted and analyzed on earth after flight to assay changes in gene expression. Video microscopy results revealed that the germinated spores developed normally in microgravity, although the polarity of their development, which is guided by gravity on earth, was random in space. Differential Display-PCR analyses of RNA extracted from space-flown cells showed that there was about a 5% change in the pattern of gene expression between cells developing in micro-g compared to those developing on earth.     

Scanning with charge-coupled devices

The 0.91-m Spacewatch Telescope of the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona on Kitt Peak is dedicated to scanning with charge-coupled devices (CCDs) during the dark half of the month. We explored six modes of using CCDs for searches of gamma-ray bursters, debris in geosynchronous space, satellites of asteroids, brown dwarfs, the tenth planet, comets, cometesimals, and various types of asteroids. In the process, we gained experience with cosmic rays and artifacts in CCD observations. Each of these topics is described. I especially note that the existence of cometesimals has not been confirmed by the Spacewatch Telescope, contrary to reports published by others.This paper describes a new discipline in astrophysics, scannerscopy, of surveying with a CCD rather than with photography at a Schmidt telescope. It uses the CCD in scanning rather than in sequencing of stare exposures as is done at most observatories. This may save telescope time, and flat-fielding is rarely needed. Usually we turn the drive off, but the scanning can be done with the telescope moving. In any case, the motion on the sky is precisely followed by slaving the charge transfer of the CCD to the drift rate of the image, while the CCD is read out continuously during the observing. Our primary application of CCD scanning is on moving objects such as comets and asteroids. We also do routine astronomy with CCDs, in a transit method, and this yields a precision of better than ±0.7 arc sec.We presently use a Tektronix 2048×2048 CCD, 38 arc min wide, to a limiting magnitude ofV=20.5 (6 detection). This is successful even for discovering rare and small near-Earth asteroids. 1990 UN with a diameter of 90 m and 1991 BA at 9 m are the smallest natural objects observed outside the Earth's atmosphere to date. In a month with good conditions we find typically 2000 new main-belt asteroids and, on average, nearly two near-Earth asteroids. Only the latter are followed up with astrometry. The goal is to study magnitude-frequency relations, as well as to complete the inventory of dangerous impactors on Earth. We are designing a new CCD-scanning telecope to become an order-of-magnitude more effective in the discovery of elusive objects than the Spacewatch Telescope. The paper also describes possibilities with cameras on spacecraft that pass through the asteroid belt; thousands of small asteroids can be observed with the CCDs of CRAF and CASSINI.     

意大利航空维修系统公司开启重振之旅

<正>在过去的一年中,意大利航空维修系统公司(AMS)可谓是披荆斩棘、格外艰辛,因为其主要客户意大利航空公司在2013年底遭受了严重的财务问题,一再缩减其发动机送修量。AMS位于罗马的维修厂房占地17000平方米,但其2013年的产能利用率却不足10%。在收入跌至谷底时,AMS不得不提出破产保护申请。直到AMS新任首席执行官Giorgio Danilo Pietra上任后,AMS才止步悬     

GANDER — a constellation of microsats designed to reduce risks at sea

If the community of users of satellite observations of the marine environment is to be widened to include those involved in daily commercial operations then special-purpose systems should be designed to meet their everyday requirements. For the last two decades the major customer for the observations from a succession of single satellite missions has been the community of marine scientists. A low-cost constellation of microsats that will allow information on sea state to be delivered to ships in real time is described.