复杂曲面铝反射镜磁流变抛光工艺优化

采用超精密车削加工的复杂曲面铝反射镜只能满足红外光学系统的应用需求,若要满足更高需求的应用场合,需要进一步提升反射镜面形精度。磁流变抛光能够进行确定性修形,在复杂曲面加工中具有独特优势,但是复杂曲面连续变化的面形特征,在磁流变抛光时会导致去除函数不稳定,影响误差收敛效率和加工精度。从高精度复杂曲面铝反射镜的应用需求出发,提出了复杂曲面局部区域磁流变抛光去除函数的动态建模方法,给出了驻留时间求解算法,以平均曲率变化最小为原则,设计了抛光路径优化算法,针对该算法计算速度慢的问题,提出了优化策略,并通过试验进行了验证,最终加工的复杂曲面铝反射镜的面形误差为0.216λ PV、0.033λ RMS （λ=632.8 nm）。     

切削速度对单晶锗脆塑转变的影响

采用纳米压痕仪对单晶锗(100)(110)(111)晶面进行了纳米划痕实验,分析不同划痕速度对单晶锗不同晶面脆塑转变临界状态变化规律的影响,采用原子力显微镜对样品表面进行扫描观测。结果表明:划痕速度增加,单晶锗产生塑性去除的区域增大;但划痕速度过大,就会降低单晶锗产生塑性去除的区域。预测了在超精密切削加工中切削速度对单晶锗发生脆塑转变时的临界状态的影响规律,为实际超精密切削加工单晶锗零件提供数据支持。     

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace, national defense, energy and precision physical experiments. However, the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools. In this paper, an elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) with active cutting edge shift (ACES) based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool. Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge, the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed. Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted. The evolutions of the surface roughness, surface topography, and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed. The reasonable parameters of ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined. It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography. The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge, so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed. A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter ∅240 mm, height 122 mm, and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method, and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2 μm and Ra less than 50 nm, respectively.     

控制力超精密研抛测控系统

简要介绍超精密抛光技术的发展动态,围绕精密研抛机的现有加工技术水平,开发可实现超精密抛光的控制力系统.     

非球面零件超精密加工技术

介绍了非球面零件超精密切削、超精密磨削、超精密抛光（研磨）、等离子体的CVM、复制等技术的超精密加工方法．     

Simulation of multi-axis grinding considering runout based on envelope theory

As one of the most important methods for machining process with high accuracy, ultra-precision grinding is widely used in fields such as aerospace, automotive and mold, etc. Simultaneously, it is common that wheel and spindle axis do not coincide with each other due to wheel settings, machining errors and so on. This could result in the generation of wheel runout, which may reduce the machining surface’s quality. In this paper, combining this phenomenon, an analytic algorithm method for the multi-axis grinding process is introduced according to the envelope theory. After that, the accuracy of this method is verified. Two experiments are carried out on a 5-axis machining center. The artificial runout is set up and calculated utilizing the least square method. Finally, using the presented method, two examples with and without runout are introduced to illustrate the validation of the proposed model. The error due to the runout effect is also analyzed.     

整体叶盘数控砂带磨削技术及其试验

针对航空发动机整体叶盘结构复杂、材料难加工,铣削加工后粗糙度无法达到设计要求,铣削纹理明显,目前的手工抛光难以满足整体叶盘表面质量和型面精度要求的现状,提出了整体叶盘数控砂带磨削技术及其工艺试验。概述了整体叶盘砂带磨削研究进展,分别从新型砂带磨削技术和自适应砂带磨削技术等方面阐述了整体叶盘全型面数控砂带磨削技术。介绍了整体叶盘全型面数控砂带磨削试验装置及其数控磨削加工软件,利用该装置完成了4种不同级别的整体叶盘精密磨削加工试验。结果表明:整体叶盘磨削后,表面粗糙度小于0.4μm,型线精度小于0.05mm,同时型面精度一致性显著提高。     

Improving performance of macro electrolyte jet machining of TC4 titanium alloy: Experimental and numerical studies

Electrolyte jet machining (EJM) is a promising method for shaping titanium alloys due to its lack of tool wear, thermal and residual stress, and cracks and burrs. Recently, macro-EJM has attracted increasing attention for its high efficiency in machining wide grooves or planes. However, macro-EJM generates large amounts of electrolytic products, thereby increasing the difficulty of rapid product removal with a standard tool and reducing the surface quality. Therefore, for enhanced product transport, a novel tool with a back inclined end face was proposed for macro-EJM of TC4 titanium alloy. For comparison, also proposed were ones with a standard flat end face, a front inclined end face, and both front and back inclined end faces. The flow field distributions of all proposed tools were simulated numerically, and experiments were also conducted to validate the simulation results. The results show that one with a 5° back inclined end face can decrease the low-velocity flow zone in the machining area and increase the high-velocity flow zone at the back end of tool, thereby promoting rapid product removal. A relatively smooth bright-white groove surface was obtained. The same tool also resulted in the highest machining depth and material removal rate among the tested ones. In addition, rapid product removal was beneficial to the subsequent processing. Because of its rapid product removal, the machining depth and material removal rate during deep groove machining using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face were respectively 7% and 14% higher than those produced using a standard one. Moreover, the lowest bottom height difference of 0.027 mm can be obtained when the step-over value was 8.2 mm, and a plane with a depth of 0.285 mm and a bottom height difference of 0.03 mm was fabricated using the tool with a 5° back inclined end face.     

整体叶盘抛光技术的研究现状及发展趋势

整体叶盘的表面质量和型面精度对航空发动机的气流动力性和使用性能影响巨大,而抛光是保证整体叶盘最终表面质量及型面精度的关键技术。针对目前国外对整体叶盘抛光技术及装备的严格保密、国内整体叶盘的抛光仍然广泛采用人工打磨的现状,对整体叶盘的抛光技术研究现状及发展趋势进行归纳总结,为整体叶盘的抛光及其自动化的发展提供参考。首先,概述了整体叶盘抛光加工的必要性及其重要性,分别从整体叶盘结构特性、材料特性和曲面特性等方面分析了整体叶盘的抛光工艺,并介绍了整体叶盘抛光工艺要求。然后,就整体叶盘磨料流加工、电解加工、砂带抛光等方面概述了国内外整体叶盘抛光技术及装备的研究现状,在此基础上提出了制约整体叶盘型面抛光技术发展的关键问题及其研究内容和解决方案。最后,根据整体叶盘的技术现状及核心关键问题指出了整体叶盘抛光技术的发展趋势。     

KDP晶体的磁流变抛光工艺研究

研究了磁流变液中水含量对KDP工件表面粗糙度的影响;通过在磁流变液循环系统中控制磁流变液的参数,实现了去除函数的稳定,为修形工艺奠定了基础;在自研的KDMRF-200磁流变机床上进行修形实验,口径为Φ75mm的KDP工件面形精度由0.936λ(PV)收敛到0.321λ(PV),低频误差明显改善。     

Investigation of anode shaping process during co-rotating electrochemical machining of convex structure on inner surface

A novel co-rotating electrochemical machining method is proposed for fabricating convex structures on the inner surface of a revolving part. The electrodes motion and material removal method of co-rotating electrochemical machining are different from traditional electrochemical machining. An equivalent kinematic model is established to analyze the novel electrodes motion,since the anode and cathode rotate in the same direction while the cathode simultaneously feeds along the line of centres. Acc...     

KDP晶体超精密加工机床静压主轴轴向变形分析

通过建立KDP晶体超精密加工机床气体静压主轴的三维有限元模型,在考虑主轴装配的接触关系和螺钉预紧力的情况下,计算得到了主轴结构在工作状态下的变形.计算结果表明,由于结合面和主轴受拉伸长,轴承气膜间隙增大;气体压力导致止推板从中心到边缘发生翘曲变形,止推轴承的气膜为楔形.实验结果表明,有限元模型的计算误差小于11%.     

低温等离子体辅助加工综述

随着航空航天、国防科技、能源等领域的快速发展,具有优良机械性能的高强度合金材料及复合材料得到广泛应用,实现这些材料的高效精密低损伤加工具有重要意义。低温等离子体富含活性粒子,能有效改善材料的可切削性,且较易产生、维持和控制,已被广泛应用于难加工材料的辅助加工过程中。在介绍低温等离子体基本特性及分类的基础上,结合国内外低温等离子体辅助加工技术的研究现状,以表面粗糙度、材料去除率、表面损伤、切削力等参数为评价指标,分别阐述了等离子体熔射成形技术、等离子体加热辅助切削技术、冷等离子体射流辅助抛光技术、冷等离子体射流辅助切削技术等的作用机理及效果,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

航空发动机钛材料磨削技术研究现状及展望

钛材料主要指钛合金、钛铝金属间化合物和钛基复合材料，具有密度低、强度高、抗氧化与蠕变性能好等优异特性，在航空发动机领域具有广泛应用前景。钛材料属于典型的难加工材料。磨削是高效精密加工钛材料的重要方法，可以获得良好的加工精度和表面质量。首先概述了钛材料在航空发动机中的应用及其磨削工艺技术总体情况。随后，从磨削力与磨削温度、砂轮磨损、材料去除机理、表面完整性等方面阐述了钛材料磨削技术的研究进展，并总结了针对钛材料磨削关键问题提出的新工艺和新方法。最后，对钛材料磨削技术未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Breakthrough detection in electrochemical discharge drilling to enhance machining stability

Film cooling holes are widely used in aero-engine turbine blades. These blades feature large numbers of holes with complex angles and require a high level of surface integrity. Electrochemical discharge drilling(ECDD) combines the high efficiency of electrical discharge drilling(EDD) with high quality of electrochemical drilling(ECD). However, due to the existence of a variety of energy for material removal, accurate and timely detection of breakthroughs is fraught with difficulties. An insuffic...     

薄壁叶片叶型多工序加工检验模型建立方法

为了提高叶片的加工质量、降低叶片成品的废品率和加工成本，以航空发动机薄壁叶片数控铣削、抛光、振动光饰、喷丸强化的典型加工工艺为研究对象，提出了一种面向多工序的加工变形误差补偿方法及加工检验模型的建立方法。分析各工序的加工变形规律，将多工序变形误差作为一个整体，利用反变形误差补偿方法建立数控精铣工序的加工模型。图纸要求的理论模型只作为最终检验模型，而工序检验模型根据后续加工误差累加对最终检验模型修改得到。通过实例验证，该方法有效地降低了叶片工序检验结论的误判率，保证了工序检验合格及最终检验合格的要求。     

超精密机床减振分析

良好的减振措施是提高机床,特别是超精密机床加工精度的重要技术之一.本文以亚微米超精密车床为研究对象,论述了该机床从结构到材料选取上的减振特点,并重点进行了空气弹簧和空气静压轴承主轴减振分析,由理论分析和实验表明:减振措施合理,减振效果良好.     

辊筒模具超精密加工机床液体静压导轨热变形分析

为了提高辊筒模具光学微结构的加工精度,本文对辊筒模具超精密加工机床的直线导轨系统进行了热变形分析。首先,根据液体静压导轨的结构特点提出了有限元分析中的油膜等效替代方法,建立了有限元分析模型。其次,应用有限元软件对机床直线导轨系统进行了热-结构耦合分析,得到了其直线导轨系统热变形误差,并给出了改善辊筒模具加工机床光学微结构加工精度的方法。最后,通过微结构刨削加工实验对有限元分析结果进行了验证。     

航空发动机叶片前后缘自由式砂带抛光技术

由于叶片前后缘(LTE)的轮廓形状和表面质量将对航空发动机的气动性能和叶片的疲劳性能产生直接影响,因此为提高前后缘的轮廓度和表面质量,通过对目前航空发动机叶片前后缘抛光所存在的问题进行分析,结合叶片前后缘抛光工艺要求,并基于自由式砂带抛光的工艺特点,提出了叶片前后缘自由式砂带抛光工艺方法;针对该抛光工艺方法,建立其砂带张紧力控制系统,确定了抛光加工中的砂带走刀步长计算公式及抛光轨迹规划方法;最后以某型号叶片的前后缘作为加工对象进行抛光实验研究。检测结果显示:叶片前后缘轮廓度误差小于0.01mm,其表面粗糙度小于0.4μm,证实了该抛光工艺方法对提高叶片前后缘的轮廓度和表面质量的有效性。     

复杂结构薄壁件小直径永磁球头磁流变抛光技术

针对一种复杂结构薄壁件的结构特点和加工精度要求,在磁流变抛光原理的基础上,设计了小直径永磁球头的加工工艺。本文详细分析了工件的磁流变抛光工艺要求,并在此基础上确立了工件的小直径永磁球头磁流变抛光加工方法。通过自行研制的磁流变抛光机床对工件进行加工验证实验,经过加工工件的表面粗糙度由645.8nm减小到18.7nm,表明了采用小直径永磁球头磁流变抛光方法对工件进行抛光,可以得到较好抛光表面质量,达到了工件的精度要求,进而验证了该方法的正确性。