冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

肋角度和出流孔位置对流动特性的影响

针对带肋和双排出流孔通道,研究了肋角度和出流孔位置对流量系数分布和总压系数分布的影响.研究的肋角度为60°,90°和120°.出流孔分别位于相邻两肋之间距前肋1/4肋距、两肋中间、距后肋1/4肋距.研究表明:不同的肋角度和出流孔位置不改变流量系数和总压系数沿流向的分布规律;流量系数随肋角度增大而增大;60°和120°肋通道中总压系数绝对值接近且小于90°肋通道中的绝对值;两肋之间,出流孔位置靠近下游,将使流量系数增大,总压系数绝对值增大.      

Machining of a film-cooling hole in a single-crystal superalloy by high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling

Single-crystal superalloys are typical advanced materials used for manufacturing aeroengine turbine blades. Their unique characteristics of high hardness and strength make them exceedingly difficult to machine. However, a key structure of a turbine blade, the film-cooling hole,needs to be machined in a single-crystal superalloy; such machining is challenging, especially considering the increasing levels of machining efficiency and quality demanded by the aeroengine industry. Tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling(TSECDD), a hybrid technique of high-speed electrical discharge drilling and electrochemical machining, provides high machining efficiency and accuracy, as well as eliminating the recast layer. In this study, TSECDD is used to machine a film-cooling hole in a nickel-based single-crystal superalloy(DD6). The Taguchi methods of experiment are used to optimise the machining parameters. Experimental results show that TSECDD can effectively drill the film-cooling hole; the optimum parameters that give the best performance are as follows: pulse duration: 12 ls, pulse interval: 30 ls, peak current:6 A, and salt solution conductivity: 3 m S/cm. Finally, a hole is machined by TSECDD, and the results are compared with those obtained by electrical discharge machining. TSECDD is found to be promising for improving the surface quality and eliminating the recast layer.     

孔间距和前倾角对进出口扩张形气膜孔流量系数的影响(英文)

Discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole of three inclination angles and three spacing between holes are presented which described the discharge behavior of a row of holes. The inlet and outlet of the 3-in-1 hole both have a 15° lateral expansion. The flow conditions considered are mainstream turbulence intensities and density ratios of secondary flow to mainstream. The momentum flux ratios varied in the range from 1 to 4. The comparison is made of the discharge coefficients of three shaped holes to find an optimal hole with low flow loss. The results show that the discharge coefficients of 3-in- 1 hole are highest in three shaped holes and therefore this article is focused on the measurements of discharge coefficients of 3-in-1 hole for various geometries and aerodynamic parameters. The measured results of 3-in-1 hole indicate that turbulence intensities, density ratios and momentum flux ratios have weak influence on discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 20°. The high turbulence intensity yields the small discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased both momentum flux ratios and density ratios lead to the increased discharge coefficients for inclination angle of 45° and 90°. The increased inclination angle causes the rapidly increased discharge coefficients. There is a weak dependence of discharge coefficients on hole pitches.     

角度和孔间距对双向扩张型孔流量系数影响的实验

为了研究非常规扩张孔的流动特性,测量了一排7个双向扩张孔的平均流量系数.气膜孔的前倾角为20°,45°和90°,径向角为0°,30°和65°,孔间距与孔径比为2,3和4.动量比变化范围为1到8.结果表明,径向角为0°的流量系数随前倾角的增加显著增加.前倾角为20°的流量系数随径向角的增加略有减小.前倾角为90°的流量系数随孔间距的增加而增加.      

逆向进气复合角发散冷却孔流量系数试验

针对回流燃烧室外环壁面冷气与燃气流动方向相反的情况,试验研究了发散孔进气方向与环腔通道气流流动方向相反的条件下,复合角发散冷却孔流量系数随发散孔倾角(25°~55°)、偏角(90°~180°)及压降系数等参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:复合角发散孔的流量系数随倾角的增大而增大,随偏角的增大而减小；随着压降系数的增大,复合角发散孔的流量系数先呈近似线性增长,当压降系数大于0.95后,呈非线性增长且增长速度减缓。      

一种提高表面完整性的气膜孔成形方法

为了解决目前航空发动机涡轮叶片气膜孔成形工艺存在热影响严重等问题,提出了采用超快激光环切与螺旋扫描的加工方法,设计了一种可实现高效、无热效应气膜孔加工的双激光光源微加工系统,并从作用机理和实际加工过程两方面分析了热效应的产生原因,指出了其中的主要影响因素,然后针对这些因素选用DD6材料进行了工艺参数优化和实验验证.实验结果表明:采用500fs激光与微秒长脉冲激光复合加工的方式可以使精细钻孔的效率提升约10倍,并得到基本无重铸层和微裂纹的涡轮叶片气膜孔;其工艺参数包括扫描速度为2400r/min,重叠率为12%,进给量为5μm,重复频率为20kHz以及0.6Pa同轴吹气.表明超快激光配合合理的工艺参数和加工方式可以实现无热效应气膜孔加工,是一种有效提高气膜孔成形表面完整性的工艺方法.      

Effect of tube-electrode inner diameter on electrochemical discharge machining of nickel-based superalloy

Nickel-based superalloys are widely employed in modern aircraft engines because of their excellent material characteristics, particularly in the fabrication of film cooling holes. How-ever, the high machining requirement of a large number of film cooling holes can be extremely chal-lenging. The hybrid machining technique of tube electrode high-speed electrochemical discharge drilling (TEHECDD) has been considered as a promising method for the production of film cooling holes. Compared with any single machining process, this hybrid technique requires the removal of more complex machining by-products, including debris produced in the electrical discharge machin-ing process and hydroxide and bubbles generated in the electrochemical machining process. These by-products significantly affect the machining efficiency and surface quality of the machined prod-ucts. In this study, tube electrodes in different inner diameters are designed and fabricated, and the effects of inner diameter on the machining efficiency and surface quality of TEHECDD are inves-tigated. The results show that larger inner diameters could effectively improve the flushing condi-tion and facilitate the removal of machining by-products. Therefore, higher material removal efficiency, surface quality, and electrode wear rate could be achieved by increasing the inner diam-eter of the tube electrode.     

燃烧室涡流器流量系数与阻力系数的试验分析

航空喷气发动机燃烧室中广泛采用叶片涡流器来控制火焰筒的一次空气流量,并建立强回流区。 本文通过总结一组具有不同叶片安装角、叶片数及通道截面积的直叶片涡流器的试验结果,提出了一套涡流器的流量特性与阻力特性曲线,并建立了涡流器的阻力系数与涡流数,叶片安装角、涡流器的流量系数与阻力系数之间的关联式。     

弯曲段壁面冲击发散冷却结构流量系数与冷却效率的实验

为了研究回流燃烧室弯曲段采用冲击发散冷却结构时的流量系数和冷却效率,设计了多种不同几何尺寸的实验件模型,分别对其流量系数和冷却效率进行了实验研究,得出如下结论:①弯曲段冲击发散冷却结构的流量系数较小,一般不会超过0.7.发散孔倾角为40°的流量系数要小于倾角为20°和30°的流量系数,流量系数随着发散孔纵向间距比的增大而减小.②弯曲段冲击发散冷却结构的冷却效率均随着吹风比的增大而增大,其冷却效率要明显高于直板冲击发散冷却结构,且这种差异随着吹风比的增大而逐渐减弱.      

主流攻角对双射流孔气膜冷却特性的影响

应用压力敏感漆技术,在平板上测量了不同主流攻角(i=-30°,-20°,-10°,0°,10°,20°,30°)下双射流孔的气膜冷却效率,并利用计算流体动力学(CFD)计算得到的流场对气膜冷却效率的规律进行了解析。所研究的双射流孔结构的孔间无量纲横向距离为0.5,孔间无量纲流向距离为3;射流与主流密度比为1.0,吹风比分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0。结果表明小的主流攻角(i=-10°,0°,10°)下,流场中存在反肾型涡对或挤压作用,气膜层与壁面贴附良好,气膜冷却效率最高;大正值攻角(i=20°,30°)下,虽然气膜覆盖面积大,但反肾型涡对退化,气膜冷却效率下降;大负值攻角(i=-20°,-30°)下,流场中有肾型涡对,且气膜横向覆盖受限,气膜冷却效率最低。     

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Laser Drilling with Jet Electrochemical Machining

As two kinds of defects, recast layers and spatters, commonly accompanied by laser-drilled holes always prevent the laser drilling technique from extending its applications in aerospace and aircraft industries, therefore, a novel hybrid process incorporating laser drilling with jet electrochemical machining (JECM-LD) has been developed to solve these problems as well as improve the overall quality of laser-drilled holes. It is executed by directing an electrolyte jet coaxially aligned with a laser beam onto the workpiece surface. During the process, the electrolyte jet produces electrochemical reaction with the surface material, effective cooling of it and carries away the process scraps. A two-dimensional mathematical model is proposed to describe the shape of the holes machined by JECM-LD. The model is verified through comparison between the results from simulation and those from experiments conducted on the test pieces made of 321 stainless steel 0.5 mm thick processed by the pulsed Nd:YAG laser at second harmonic wavelength. An examination of the experimental results under an optical microscope discovers that, by contrast with the laser drilling in air, the JECM-LD has effectively removed the recast layers and spatters, but its efficiency dropped by about 30%.     

主流逆压力梯度下气膜孔流量系数的实验

为研究主流逆压力梯度下气膜孔的几何结构和气动参数对流量系数的影响规律,采用放大模型在低速回流式风洞中进行了实验。在对比研究圆柱孔和双向扩张孔流量系数基础上,重点研究了双向扩张孔的流量系数。结果表明,双向扩张孔的流量系数比圆柱孔的流量系数高。前倾角越大,流量系数越高;径向角越大,流量系数越高。流量系数随动量比的增加而增高,在动量比小于4时增幅尤其明显。主流湍流度增大使流量系数增大,动量比越小,增幅越大。除了在孔轴线与平板的夹角较大情况外,密度比对流量系数的影响较小。     

双向扩张型孔射流角度对气膜冷却特性影响的实验

设计了气膜冷却实验台,测量了单排7个气膜孔的平均换热系数和冷却效率.气膜孔倾角为20°,45°和90°,孔间距P/d=3.动量比变化范围为1～4.重点研究主流零压力梯度下动量比和孔倾角对换热系数比和冷却效率影响.结果表明,动量比的增加使换热系数比和冷却效率都增加,随着倾角增加,动量比对冷却效率的影响减弱;倾角对换热系数比的影响非常复杂,倾角的增加使冷却效率减小.倾角20°的冷却效率明显高于倾角45°和90°的冷却效率.      

弯曲壁上开孔倾角对气膜孔流量系数的影响

对弯曲壁上的多孔气膜冷却方式的流量系数进行了实验研究, 目的是确定在一定曲率的弯曲壁上不同开孔倾角冷却孔的平均流量系数随压力参数的变化规律, 并从流动损失方面进行深入分析.研究结果表明, 对于几何参数一定的多孔冷却方式, 影响其流量系数的气动因素用压力参数来表示是合理的, 但对于不同的开孔倾角, 压力参数对流量系数的影响效果有很大差别.      

一种适用于曲面结构的机器人制孔误差在线补偿技术

针对工业机器人应用于飞机零部件自动钻孔时各项误差累积造成制孔精度差的问题，提出一种利用单应关系计算机器人驱动坐标三维偏差，以在线补偿机器人制孔精度的方法。首先利用外部测量设备建立机器人制孔系统中各坐标系关系；在标定阶段，通过以一定倾斜角度固联于机器人末端的相机拍摄一幅安装于制孔工作平面上与刀轴正对的平面标定板图像，并据此完成基于单应变换的手-眼关系标定；在实际制孔过程中，机器人在测距传感器及相机的辅助下，从基准孔理论坐标对应的姿态，不断调整至基准孔正上方理想位置，通过手-眼关系计算基准孔实际位置对应的机器人驱动坐标，然后根据一组基准孔的机器人三维驱动误差，计算三维驱动误差变换矩阵，据此获得这组基准孔邻域范围内各待钻孔的机器人驱动坐标补偿量，从而实现待钻孔定位误差补偿。以飞机结构实验件为对象进行了模拟制孔验证，实验结果表明，补偿前待钻孔三维综合定位误差和法向误差测量值范围分别为2.28~2.85 mm和2.09°~3.93°，平均为2.55 mm和3.30°，补偿后制孔最大误差分别不超过0.30 mm和0.21°，满足自动制孔位置精度要求。     

带肋壁与出流孔内流通道中肋角度对流量系数的影响

在根据相似理论放大的模型上,测量了带肋壁与出流孔内流通道中沿主流流向分布的各出流孔的流量系数C_d。实验在内流通道进口雷诺数为40000～80000,通道总出流比为0.30～0.60的范围内进行,重点分析了肋角度、内流通道进口雷诺数Re和通道总出流比SR对C_d的影响规律。结果显示:在本实验的工况范围内,沿内流通道布置的各出流孔C_d的变化幅度不大,在中后部略有上升;在相同流动状况下,C_d随肋角度的增大而增大,在120°时达到最大值;通道进口雷诺数和通道总出流比对C_d的影响都不显著。      

基于单颗粒模型的航发叶片砂带磨削微观仿生锯齿状表面形成及实验

基于鲨鱼皮衍生出来的微观仿生表面被广泛应用于机翼等航空零部件的设计中，对于提高航空零部件的疲劳寿命、气流动力性等服役性能具有重要作用。砂带磨削能实现零部件表面的高完整性要求的加工，故常用于叶片、整体叶盘等复杂曲面的精密磨削，且能实现微观表面形状，但目前缺乏砂带磨削微观表面的系统研究从而难以实现其精确控制。首先，分析了微观仿生锯齿状表面的典型结构特征，基于单颗粒砂带磨削模型，研究了单颗粒砂带磨削去除机理；然后，建立了砂带磨削多颗粒参数化数学模型，提出了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削方法；最后，以钛合金叶片型面为对象，搭建以钛合金为典型材料的微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削基础实验平台，进行仿生表面的实验验证。通过对磨削后叶片的表面微观形状参数进行检测，结果表明通过砂带磨削方法实现的微观仿生锯齿状表面以锯齿形沟槽为主，其中沟槽的宽度在2.5~8 μm之间、平均值为4.91 μm，沟槽的高度在3.5~9 μm之间、平均值为5.91 μm，沟槽的夹角在28°~68°之间、平均值为42.3°，验证了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削的可行性。     

涡轮导叶前缘多排孔冷气掺混数值模拟

针对某三维扭转冷却涡轮导叶在前缘开设3排冷却孔,冷却孔流向夹角均为90°,径向射流角分别为30°,60°和90°,分别采用点源项与真实孔射流两种方法对前缘冷却孔气动性能和冷却特性进行了对比研究,分析了点源项与真实孔冷气掺混机制以及不同径向射流角对叶栅通道流场和冷却特性的影响.结果表明:真实冷却孔射流对前缘附近约10%轴向弦长范围内的流动影响较大,冷却效果涵盖了整个导叶;点源项方法所得压力与非冷却涡轮很接近;冷气径向喷射角减小,真实孔模型导叶表面温度下降了8%~16%,而点源项模型导叶表面温度降低了21%~23%.在工程实际中不能将点源项法计算结果用作定量评估依据.      

Comparison of surface integrity for dry and wet drilling of 49Fe-49Co-2V alloy

Working performances of the components made out of 49Fe-49Co-2V alloy are closely related to the surface integrity of the drilled holes, which are influenced remarkably by the cooling conditions. The present study focuses on the surface integrity differences between wet and dry drilled 49Fe-49Co-2V alloy holes. The drilled hole surface roughness and topographies, metallurgical and mechanical properties, and the exit characterizations were obtained using optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron ...