Experimental investigation of rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling with high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current

Electrochemical milling is a modified technique of traditional electrochemical machining (ECM) that can be used to manufacture some helicopter transmission system parts. The use of rotary tools and an inner-jet electrolyte supply pattern can greatly improve the material removal rate (MRR) in a single pass. However, the feed speed is generally limited to minimize the tool wear. To increase the MRR, electrical discharge machining (EDM) is introduced into the electrochemical milling process. The tool rotation is employed to interrupt the discharge and the high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current power supply are also adopted to increase ECM, eventually, a new machining method is proposed, which can be called rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling (RSECD milling). The mechanism of it is explored in this study by analyzing the machined current, MRR, surface morphology, and tool wear at different applied voltages and feed speeds. Besides, the RSECD milling using the tool with a larger diameter is also conducted to further verify the effectiveness. In particular, the MRR can be increased by 742.5% when using the tool with a diameter of 20 mm at the applied voltage of 20 V.     

基于单颗粒模型的航发叶片砂带磨削微观仿生锯齿状表面形成及实验

基于鲨鱼皮衍生出来的微观仿生表面被广泛应用于机翼等航空零部件的设计中，对于提高航空零部件的疲劳寿命、气流动力性等服役性能具有重要作用。砂带磨削能实现零部件表面的高完整性要求的加工，故常用于叶片、整体叶盘等复杂曲面的精密磨削，且能实现微观表面形状，但目前缺乏砂带磨削微观表面的系统研究从而难以实现其精确控制。首先，分析了微观仿生锯齿状表面的典型结构特征，基于单颗粒砂带磨削模型，研究了单颗粒砂带磨削去除机理；然后，建立了砂带磨削多颗粒参数化数学模型，提出了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削方法；最后，以钛合金叶片型面为对象，搭建以钛合金为典型材料的微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削基础实验平台，进行仿生表面的实验验证。通过对磨削后叶片的表面微观形状参数进行检测，结果表明通过砂带磨削方法实现的微观仿生锯齿状表面以锯齿形沟槽为主，其中沟槽的宽度在2.5~8 μm之间、平均值为4.91 μm，沟槽的高度在3.5~9 μm之间、平均值为5.91 μm，沟槽的夹角在28°~68°之间、平均值为42.3°，验证了微观仿生锯齿状表面砂带磨削的可行性。     

整体叶盘铣削数控编程与加工技术

整体叶盘有良好的结构完整性、轻质化、装配环节少、装配精度高等优点,已被广泛应用于航空发动机中。根据整体叶盘的切削加工特征,将其简化为整体叶盘基准件,从数控编程和加工技术两方面实现整体叶盘的高质量加工。首先,利用Hyper MILL软件对整体叶盘基准件进行数控编程,优化获得理想的刀具路径,保证高效高质量的零件加工。然后,利用DMU-70V五轴加工中心对钛合金TC4整体叶盘基准件进行切削加工,在整体叶盘基准件叶片和流道几何特征的精加工时,选用不同型号的立铣刀,并监测加工过程中的切削力。最后,对加工后叶片和流道加工表面形貌进行测试分析,并结合切削力对比分析国产刀具和进口刀具对钛合金整体叶盘的切削加工性能。     

透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削加工表面边缘破损实验研究

针对透波性Si_3N_4陶瓷铣削加工过程中易出现边缘破损现象,通过不同铣削深度实验研究了边缘破损类型、产生位置以及切深对边缘破损影响,并分析了边缘破损产生机理,最后提出了边缘破损控制方法。结果表明:当切深为0.4~0.8 mm时,边缘破损主要集中于出口棱边和入刀侧边;且脆性域加工过程中随着切深的增加,边缘破损程度呈现增大趋势;降低切深至≤0.3 mm且采用跟随周边走刀方式,并保证入刀处刀尖线速度方向与进给方向夹角不小于90°,可以有效控制边缘破损。研究为提高透波性Si_3N_4陶瓷铣削加工表面质量提供了技术支撑。     

Elliptical vibration cutting of large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron by using diamond tool with active cutting edge shift

Large-size thin-walled curved surface parts of pure iron are crucial in aerospace, national defense, energy and precision physical experiments. However, the high machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to achieve due to the serious tool wear and deformation when machining the parts with conventional cutting tools. In this paper, an elliptical vibration cutting (EVC) with active cutting edge shift (ACES) based on a long arbor vibration device is proposed for ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by using diamond tool. Compared with cutting at a fixed cutting edge, the influence of ACES on the EVC was analyzed. Experiments in EVC of pure iron with ACES were conducted. The evolutions of the surface roughness, surface topography, and chip morphology with tool wear in EVC with ACES are revealed. The reasonable parameters of ultra-precision machining the pure iron parts by EVC with ACES were determined. It shows that the ACES has a slight influence on the machined surface roughness and surface topography. The diamond tool life can be significantly prolonged in EVC of pure iron with ACES than that with a fixed cutting edge, so that high profile accuracy and surface quality could be obtained even at higher nominal cutting speed. A typical thin-walled curved surface pure iron part with diameter ∅240 mm, height 122 mm, and wall thickness 2 mm was fabricated by the presented method, and its profile error and surface roughness achieved PV 2.2 μm and Ra less than 50 nm, respectively.     

基于CFD的高速切削层流模拟

 高速切削塑性变形的本质是位错的不可逆运动与增殖,切削时固体的黏滞力与位错速度成正比,材料的黏性效应在材料的动态力学行为中起到越来越重要的作用,因此从流体的角度去理解比从固体的方面去认识更符合其特点。本文描述了高速切削的位错阻尼机理,建立了基于流体力学的高速切削理论模型,利用计算机模拟技术得到了高速切削时的速度场、压力场和应变率场,为高速切削研究提供了新的思路。通过分析计算结果得出如下结论:在刀尖上方存在速度滞止点,此处速度为零,压力最大,其位置变化影响着刀具寿命和工件已加工表面的质量;从压力最大点开始,压力值沿前刀面逐渐减小直到某处为零,此点即切屑与前刀面分离点;剪切面(刀尖与自由表面拐角处连线)上应变率最大,然后由此向外依次减小。     

机器人自动钻铆系统集成控制技术

针对飞机自动化装配中对机器人自动钻铆系统设备的控制要求,设计一套以工业机器人为载体,基于Beckhoff控制系统的自动钻铆设备。该控制系统以现场总线的方式,将工业机器人、扩展地轨、多功能末端执行器、刀库以及其他附属设备通过Beckhoff的核心控制软件联系在一起,实现对加工现场的实时控制。并通过一系列的精度补偿措施在多个环节对误差进行修正补偿以提高精度。试验表明,该套系统可达到末端制孔定位精度±0.5mm,垂直精度±0.3°,孔径精度H8,锪窝深度精度±0.01mm。     

A plastic strain energy method exploration between machined surface integrity evolution and torsion fatigue behaviour of low alloy steel

To explore the evolution mechanism of multistage machining processes and torsional fatigue behaviour based on strain energy for the first time and provide process optimization of axis parts of low alloy steel for service performance, four multistage machining processes were applied to the 45CrNiMoVA steel, including the Rough Turning process (RT), RT+ the Finish Turning process (FRT), FRT+ the Grinding process (GFRT) and RT+ the Finish Turning process on dry cutting condition (FRT0). The result showed that the FRT process’s average low-cycle torsional fatigue life increased by 50% when it evolved from the RT process. The lower surface roughness of R_a 1.3 μm caused the total strain energy to increase by 163.8 Pa mm/mm instead of the unchanged strain energy density, and the crack feature evolved from some specific bulges to flat shear plane characteristics. When the GFRT process evolved from the FRT process, its average fatigue life increased by 1.45 times, compared with the RT process. Plastic strain amplitude decreased by 21%, and the strain energy density decreased by 4% due to more considerable compressive residual stress (?249 MPa). Plastic deformation layer depth had a consistent tendency with surface roughness. In this paper, surface integrity evolutions on cyclic characteristics and fatigue behaviour have also been explained. A fatigue life prediction model based on the energy method for machined surface integrity is proposed.     

Wire electrochemical machining with axial electrolyte flushing for titanium alloy

Titanium and its alloys have found very wide application in aerospace due to their excellent characteristics although their processing is still a challenge. Electrochemical machining is an important issue in the fabrication of titanium and titanium alloys. Wire electrochemical machining (WECM) is mainly used for workpiece cutting under the condition of different thickness plates. It has a great advantage over wire electro-discharge machining, which is the absence of heat-affected zone around the cutting area. Moreover, the wire electrode in WECM could be used repetitively because it is not worn out. Thus, much attention has been paid to WECM. The effective way of removing electrolysis products is of importance to WECM. In this paper, the axial electrolyte flushing is presented to WECM for removing electrolysis products and renewing electrolyte. The Taguchi experiment is conducted to optimize the machining parameters, such as wire feedrate, machining voltage, electrolyte concentration, etc. Experimental results show that WECM with axial electrolyte flushing is a promising issue in the fabrication of titanium alloy (TC1). The feasibility of multi-wire electrochemical machining is also demonstrated to improve the machining productivity of WECM.     

冰层辅助对电火花-电解复合穿孔的影响

电火花-电解复合穿孔(ECDD)加工方法有望实现难加工材料涡轮叶片气膜冷却孔无重铸层高效加工,为了进一步提升小孔孔壁的加工质量,提出了在工件底部填充冰层的电火花-电解复合穿孔加工新方法。分析了冰层辅助对复合加工过程中两极之间电流电压的波形、复合穿孔的加工效率、小孔的出入口孔径、孔壁重铸层去除等的影响,进行了冰层辅助与无冰层辅助电火花-电解复合穿孔对比试验。试验表明:冰层辅助加工可以在小孔穿透之后形成充分的反向冲液,有效地解决小孔穿透之后的漏液问题。在增加底部停顿时间的基础上,即小孔穿透后管电极到达预设深度继续停留一段时间,延长管电极对孔壁的电解作用时间,可以显著提高重铸层的去除效果,有望实现小孔整个孔壁重铸层的完全去除。     

叶片型面精密振动电解加工工艺研究

采用电解加工工艺对叶片型面进行加工,可以有效提高发动机叶片加工效率,降低生产成本。针对GH4169G合金叶片型面,开展了精密振动电解加工试验研究。结果表明:高频脉冲电流和阴极机械振动具有改善极间流场特性、降低阳极钝化和阴极的产物吸附的作用,可以大幅改善加工效果;采用参数组加工电压15V、阴极振动频率25Hz、开通角度Ra 150°~195°、脉冲频率3000Hz时,获得最优的型面加工质量,型面轮廓度为-0.012~+0.013mm,表面粗糙度值为0.51μm,证明精密振动电解加工工艺满足叶片型面的加工要求。     

Improving surface integrity when drilling CFRPs and Ti-6Al-4V using sustainable lubricated liquid carbon dioxide

In the quest for decreasing fuel consumption and resulting gas emissions in the aeronautic sector, lightweight materials such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) and Ti-6Al-4V alloys are being used. These materials, with excellent weight-to-strength ratios, are widely used for structural applications in aircraft manufacturing. To date, several studies have been published showing that the use of metalworking fluids (MWFs), special tool geometries, or advanced machining techniques is required to ensure a surface quality that meets aerospace component standards. Conventional MWFs pose a number of environmental and worker health hazards and also degrade the mechanical properties of CFRPs due to water absorption in the composite. Therefore, a transition to more environmentally friendly cooling/lubrication techniques that prevent moisture problems in the composite is needed. This research shows that lubricated LCO₂ is a viable option to improve the quality of drilled CFRP and titanium aerospace components compared to dry machining, while maintaining clean work areas. The results show that the best combination of tool geometry and cooling conditions for machining both materials is drilling with Brad point drills and lubricated LCO₂. Drilling under these conditions resulted in a 90 % improvement in fiber pull-out volume compared to dry machined CFRP holes. In addition, a 33 % reduction in burr height and a 15 % improvement in surface roughness were observed compared to dry drilling of titanium.     

薄型中空电极振动电解切割TB6钛合金

TB6钛合金由于具有优越的性能,广泛地用于航空航天领域。然而从大余量的TB6钛合金锻铸件毛坯加工成复杂结构的零件,其加工效率低,刀具和机床成本高,造成了极大的浪费。为解决这一问题,提出了一种利用薄型中空电极进行快速大余量去除的电解加工(ECM)方法,即将零件与多余材料切割分离,有望较大程度提高加工效率,降低加工成本。为改善电解加工流场特性,提高加工精度,对电极施加振动,并对薄型中空电极的振动切割进行了建模分析和试验研究。试验结果表明,合适的振动幅值和频率(A=0.05mm,f=50Hz)可以使得各处电解液电导率趋于一致,从而提高加工的精度、稳定性和效率。复杂结构件的成功切割证明了薄型中空电极振动电解切割加工技术具有一定的适用性。     

航空复杂壳体深小孔的高效精密加工技术

针对某类复杂壳体深小孔数量多、孔径小、长径比大、精度要求高的特点,在优化设计枪钻切削刃及冷却孔结构的基础上,将枪钻、直槽内冷钻等新型孔加工刀具与加工技术应用到卧式加工中心上,研究开发孔径Φ2~Φ10、长径比20~60深小孔的高效加工方法和加工工艺,优化得到符合要求的最佳切削参数,并建立深小孔高效加工切削参数数据库。实践表明,这一技术将深小孔加工效率提高30%以上,加工质量显著改善,有效解决了深小孔的高效精密加工问题。     

微小整体叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工试验研究

微小整体叶轮作为微型发动机的重要组成部分,其加工质量直接影响微型发动机的使用性能。针对微小整体式复杂叶轮流道狭窄、叶片扭曲大和长厚比大等特点,开展了微小复杂扭曲整体式叶轮五轴联动微细铣削加工方法研究。针对微小叶轮加工过程极易发生变形、过切和碰撞干涉等问题,对微小叶轮的加工过程进行工艺规划,建立了微小叶轮流道加工刀具选择的约束方程,计算出叶轮加工刀具的最大理论直径。通过CAM软件对叶轮进行切削仿真,验证了刀具选择和工艺规划的正确性。通过五轴联动微细铣削试验,得到了具有6个直径10mm的叶片、叶片最小厚度0.15mm、叶片最小相邻间距0.58mm的7075铝合金微小整体叶轮。     

Anhydrous based shear-thickening polishing of KDP crystal

Based on the special physical–chemical characteristics of optical crystal in the field of aeronautics, a new anhydrous based shear-thickening polishing (ASTP) method has been proposed to restrain deliquescence and to improve physical properties for KDP machining. The ultra-precision polishing of KDP crystal is completed by ASTP. A kind of anhydrous based thickening polishing slurry (ATPS) was proposed in our work, and high-performance rheological properties were determined to achieve the ASTP of KDP crystal. A material removal model of ASTP in KDP machining is established, followed by the verification experiment of the prediction model. The maximum error of the predictive model is only 9.8%, which proves the validity of the material removal model for KDP polishing. The polishing experiments were carried out on the polishing platform developed by ourselves. The results show that the new polishing method can polish 20 mm × 20 mm × 5 mm KDP crystal and obtain a super-smooth surface with a surface roughness of 1.37 nm and high shape accuracy. The surface accuracy of polished KDP crystal reaches up to 0.68λ (RMS). The experimental results show that the ASTP is a potential ultra-precision machining method for KDP crystal.     

Grain erosion wear properties and grinding performance of porous aggregated cubic boron nitride abrasive wheels

Cubic boron nitride (cBN) superabrasive grinding wheels exhibit unique advantages in the grinding of difficult-to-cut materials with high strength and toughness, such as titanium alloys and superalloys. However, grinding with multilayered metallic cBN superabrasive wheels faces problems in terms of grain wear resistance, the chip storage capability of the working layers and the stability and controllability of the dressing process. Therefore, in this work, novel metallic cBN superabrasive wheels with aggregated cBN (AcBN) grains and open pore structures were fabricated to improve machining efficiency and surface quality. Prior to the grinding trials, the air-borne abrasive blasting process was conducted and the abrasive blasting parameters were optimized in view of wear properties of cBN grains and metallic matrix materials. Subsequently, the comparative experiments were performed and then the variations in grinding force and force ratio, grinding temperature, tool wear morphology and ground surface quality of the multilayered AcBN grinding wheels were investigated during machining Ti–6Al–4V alloys. In consideration of the variations of grain erosion wear volume and material removal rate per unit of pure metallic matrix materials as the abrasive blasting parameters changes, the optimal abrasive blasting parameters were identified as the SiC abrasive mesh size of 60# and the abrasive blasting distance and time of 60 mm and 15 s, respectively. The as-developed AcBN grains exhibited better fracture toughness and impact resistance than monocrystalline cBN (McBN) grains because of the existence of metal-bonded materials amongst multiple cBN particles that decreased crack propagation inside whole grains. The metallic porous AcBN wheels had lower grinding forces and temperature and better ground surface quality than vitrified McBN wheels due to the constant layer-by-layer exposure of cBN particles in the working layer of AcBN wheels.     

微幅往复走丝微细电解线切割试验研究

 微细电解线切割是一种新型的微细加工技术,适合高精度金属窄缝、窄槽等微细结构的加工,由于加工间隙内电解产物排出困难,容易影响加工精度。为了提高产物排出效率,提出线电极微幅往复走丝促进加工间隙内电解产物排出的方法,改善了加工稳定性,提高了加工精度和加工效率。建立了间隙内电解产物排出效率对加工精度、加工速度影响的数学模型,分析了线电极走丝速度和走丝幅值对间隙内电解产物排出和电解液更新的影响。通过试验研究了线电极的走丝速度和走丝幅值对加工精度和加工效率的影响规律,采用优化参数在厚度为80 μm的钴基弹性合金上进行微槽结构加工,底面粗糙度约为0.45 μm,倒角半径小于8 μm。结果表明线电极轴向微幅往复走丝可以有效地提高加工质量和加工效率。     

铣削加工透波性Si3N4陶瓷表面质量研究

为了探索透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削中加工表面创成机理及加工工艺参数对其影响规律,对加工表面形貌和边缘破损特征,以及加工参数与切削力、表面粗糙度、边缘破损的映射关系等开展了试验研究。首先对加工表面形貌进行了分析,由于存在陶瓷粉末去除和破碎性颗粒去除两种形式,造成加工表面形貌结构一种体现为变化平缓,而另一种包含微裂纹、层状结构体等,且存在凹坑、沟槽等缺陷。其次研究了边缘破损形式及产生机理,当刀具运动到出口棱边处,刀尖应力集中处将产生微裂纹,并向工件侧面扩展,从而在加工表面和加工侧面诱导形成边缘破损。最后基于均匀设计试验,分析了工艺条件对加工性能的影响。结果表明:随着切削深度从0. 2增加到0. 5 mm和切削宽度从1增加到4 mm时,x轴切削力呈耦合增长,y轴切削力呈二次方增长;当切削深度和切削宽度分别为0. 2 mm和1 mm、进给速度为500 mm/min时,加工表面粗糙度值最小;转速为2 000 r/min、切削深度和切削宽度最小时,边缘破损幅值最小。此结果可为提高透波性Si3N4陶瓷铣削加工质量提供技术支撑。     

基于环面刀具的叶片过渡区域宽行加工技术

基于“最短距离线对”(SDCP)刀位误差分布计算原理,提出了一种利用圆环面刀具来进行叶片过渡区域的宽行加工的刀位优化数学模型.以圆环面刀具的环心圆前沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差在控制范围内,后沿上的各点到被加工曲面等距面的误差大于零,以及环心圆上的各点到相邻曲面等距面的误差大于零作为刀位计算的约束条件,以行宽作为...