飞控系统极限环抑制对

舵机是电传飞控系统中非线性因素的重要组成部分,若参数选择不当,常会发生稳态不衰减的小幅值极限环振荡现象。应用非线性控制理论,将飞控系统稳定性要求转化为对舵机的幅频特性、相频特性和不灵敏区范围要求,从而通过舵机设计达到抑制极限环的目的。仿真结果表明,该方法简单、实用,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

抑制飞控系统极限环的非线性方法

抑制飞控系统极限环振荡是设计数字电传系统时需要解决的重要问题。针对飞控系统中常见的不确定非线性,提出仿线性元件的思想,以实现所期望的系统稳定裕度,从而克服非线性所造成的影响;针对确定的非线性,提出了非时变非线性可补性的概念,并应用于控制器中,实现非线性的补偿。将两种方案用于飞控系统中,仿真结果表明,对抑制系统的极限环是有效的。     

大惯量下电动伺服机构非线性特性与控制方法研究

针对高超声速飞行器非线性影响飞行姿态控制问题,分析了电动伺服机构中传动间隙、刚度、摩擦力矩等非线性因素的影响,并讨论了由间隙引起极限环的定义及产生条件。针对传动间隙引起的极限环振荡和较大惯量的翼面加剧振荡问题,建立了系统间隙极限环模型和非线性振动模型,并提出了间隙补偿器设计方法。重点研究了间隙、翼面转动惯量、刚度及干扰力对伺服控制系统的影响规律。通过在内环增加间隙补偿器的基础上,在外环引入速度、加速度负反馈设计方法,解决了大惯量舵面下控制系统抖动问题,仿真和试验结果证明了这一理论是正确的。     

舵机非线性引起的飞机横-航向极限环特性的研究

本文利用描述函数法,导出了计算单值非线性系统极限环参教的解析方法。并利用该方法,研究了舵机带失灵区饱和非线性引起的飞机横-航向极限环振荡特性,以及飞行状态、自动器参数、失灵区宽度和线性区宽度等对它的影响。     

全动翼面间隙非线性气动弹性响应分析

战斗机全动翼面操纵系统中普遍存在间隙，其非线性特性不但影响系统地面振动试验数据的有效性，而且可能导致飞行器气动弹性稳定性边界产生偏差，因此有必要开展考虑间隙非线性的气动弹性响应分析研究。以全动翼面旋转方向间隙为研究对象，基于虚拟质量法线化模态振型，建立一组可以表达整个响应域变形的统一模态振型；采用有理函数拟合，将频域非定常气动力转换到时域；研究分析不同间隙参数对应的极限环响应特性。结果表明：当全动翼面结构系统中存在间隙时，在低于线性颤振边界的特定飞行区域，翼面会出现非线性极限环振荡现象，间隙参数会影响极限环振荡幅值、频率以及限环振荡的进入临界速压和发散临界速压。     

控制面间隙非线性对机翼颤振控制系统的影响

<正>控制面间隙非线性由控制面与主翼的铰链处各附件的松动等因素导致,是一种常见的非线性问题。这种非线性会导致机翼发生混沌运动等不稳定现象。在飞行器飞行速度大于机翼的颤振速度的情况下,会使机翼发生极限环振荡。R.Vasconcellos等人通过线性等效的方法仿真了开环系统的状态变化。S.Fichera等人对含控制面间隙非线性的T-tail型机翼的开环系统做了数值仿真,并进行了实验验证,得到控制面间隙会导致极限环振荡。李道春     

具有操纵面间隙非线性二维翼段的气动弹性分析

 基于Theodorsen 理论和Wagner 函数,提出了不可压缩流作用下三自由度二维翼段任意运动非定常气动力表达式。对操纵面自由度具有的间隙非线性,建立了二维翼段气动弹性系统无量纲分段线性运动方程。数值仿真预示了系统极限环振动的相轨迹、无量纲振动幅值和频率,表明操纵面铰链处存在的间隙非线性将导致整个系统的极限环振动;随着来流速度的增加,系统极限环振动的幅值和频率都存在跳跃现象。     

控制器非线性对飞机纵向飞行品质的影响分析

针对飞机控制系统执行机构具有非线性这一特点,选用某歼击机作为研究对象,分析各类非线性环节对飞机纵向短周期特性的影响。首先分析了死区、间隙和速率饱和等非线性环节的基本特性,建立了相应的包含非线性环节的飞行动力学模型,然后,基于Chalk准则计算不同非线性参数下的飞行品质指标,进行飞行品质评价。通过对不同飞控系统构型的对比研究,探讨了执行机构非线性对飞行品质的影响。研究结果表明,各非线性环节都将对系统的快速性产生不利影响,使系统有效上升时间增加,相位延迟增加。其中,间隙还会造成系统阻尼减小,可导致系统不稳并出现极限环振荡。     

控制面间隙对非线性二元机翼气动弹性响应的影响

采用Theodorsen非定常气动力建立同时含有俯仰立方非线性和控制面间隙非线性二元机翼的运动方程,并以状态空间形式描述。基于状态依赖Riccati方程控制方法,设计了非线性颤振控制律。综合运用Runge-Kutta数值方法与Henon方法,研究了控制面间隙对系统开环/闭环响应的影响。其中Henon方法用以准确快速地确定间隙非线性的转折点,从而可以避免间隙非线性引起的数值不稳定现象。仿真结果显示,俯仰立方非线性可以使间隙非线性系统产生振幅稳定的极限环振荡;控制面间隙对开环响应的影响随着来流速度的升高而减弱;在速度较高的情况下,控制面间隙导致闭环系统响应产生过阻尼现象。     

考虑间隙非线性的控制舵非线性气动弹性分析

间隙结构的气动弹性系统非线性颤振问题是飞行器气动弹性力学工程领域的研究热点和难点,研究 考虑间隙非线性的控制舵系统的气动弹性特性具有重要意义。基于最小状态拟合方法获得时域降阶气动力模 型,并通过Lagrange方程获得系统非线性气动弹性方程;对比分析三种不同非线性控制舵系统的极限环颤振 及非线性动力学响应特性,并与等效线化法和时域仿真的结果进行一致性对比。结果表明:俯仰和扑动弹簧刚 度的变化对系统颤振边界有显著影响,当俯仰和扑动两个方向同时含有间隙非线性时,系统在线性颤振速度内 存在倍周期、混沌等复杂非线性动力学现象。     

1 种航空发动机增广模型的建立方法

精确完整的发动机线性模型对于现代航空发动机控制系统的设计与故障诊断至关重要。提出了1种用差分进化算法提取包含发动机主要特征量及其执行机构状态变量的增广发动机状态变量模型的方法,其状态变量包括发动机转速、执行机构位移、速度、控制压力等特征,并包含了执行机构的输入饱和限制,与实际系统相一致。仿真结果表明:利用该方法建立的增广发动机状态变量模型与非线性模型动态响应过程吻合良好且稳定终值一致,可用于具有工程应用价值的控制器设计及包含执行机构的发动机故障诊断。     

一种全柔性气泡致动器及其制作工艺

气泡致动器的弹性薄膜厚度不均、高压气体泄露、刚性基底以及缺乏控制依据是制约其实际应用的关键问题。为了解决上述问题,采取了如下措施：对现有成膜工艺进行了改进,提高了弹性薄膜厚度的一致性;开发了一种新的气泡致动器的制作工艺,避免了原制作工艺中的粘接环节,保证了气泡致动器的气密性;使用柔性材料作为基底,器件可弯曲变形,便于安装在翼型表面;采用Mooney-Rivlin超弹性材料模型对气泡致动器弹性薄膜的变形进行分析,确定了不同厚度的薄膜变形高度与压力的理论关系,同时指出,在相同条件下宽度是影响气泡薄膜变形的主要因素,为气泡致动器的控制提供了参考。实验证明：所开发的气泡致动器可以有效地进行延迟分离,降低压差阻力,实现了主动流动控制。     

两种主动控制喘振现象作动机构的非线性分析

 对喘振主动控制中所采用的作动机构进行了介绍，导出了与作动机构有关的系统非线性方程组，并定性地解释了作动机构引起附加小扰动的机理，对实际作动机构的动态平衡点进行了标定，并分析了实际作动机构与压缩系统的非线性耦合特征     

Fuzzy robust nonlinear control approach for electro-hydraulic flight motion simulator

A fuzzy robust nonlinear controller for hydraulic rotary actuators in flight motion simulators is proposed. Compared with other three-order models of hydraulic rotary actuators, the proposed controller based on first-order nonlinear model is more easily applied in practice, whose control law is relatively simple. It not only does not need high-order derivative of desired command,but also does not require the feedback signals of velocity, acceleration and jerk of hydraulic rotary actuators. Another advantage is that it does not rely on any information of friction, inertia force and external disturbing force/torque, which are always difficult to resolve in flight motion simulators. Due to the special composite vane seals of rectangular cross-section and goalpost shape used in hydraulic rotary actuators, the leakage model is more complicated than that of traditional linear hydraulic cylinders. Adaptive multi-input single-output(MISO) fuzzy compensators are introduced to estimate nonlinear uncertain functions about leakage and bulk modulus. Meanwhile, the decomposition of the uncertainties is used to reduce the total number of fuzzy rules. Different from other adaptive fuzzy compensators, a discontinuous projection mapping is employed to guarantee the estimation process to be bounded. Furthermore, with a sufficient number of fuzzy rules, the controller theoretically can guarantee asymptotic tracking performance in the presence of the above uncertainties, which is very important for high-accuracy tracking control of flight motion simulators.Comparative experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which can guarantee transient performance and better final accurate tracking in the presence of uncertain nonlinearities and parametric uncertainties.     

转子密封系统反旋流抑振的数值模拟

把研究物体在流场中振动时的受力和运动特性的非线性振子模型,推广到转子密封系统非线性动力学问题的研究中,突出了小间隙中非定常流对转子运动的影响,分析了反旋流抑制转子不平衡响应和密封流体激振的机理。对某转子密封系统的计算及其与实验数据的对比,证实了本文方法的有效性,为在工程实际中推广反旋流技术提供了一些理论依据。      

平板压电除冰系统中压电元件排布规律研究

针对压电振动除冰方法在工程上的可用性,以平面铝板为研究对象,采用有限元模型和结构动力学分析的方法,对平板压电除冰系统中压电元件的排布规律进行了研究。以平板长度方向上的截面为研究对象,用有限元分析方法研究了二维压电耦合模型的模态振型,选取了长度方向上三阶模态振型为最佳除冰模态振型,并以此振型为后续三维模型的基础振型。针对压电元件数量、压电元件相对贴片数量和压电元件贴片集中度这三个不同的排布参数,利用三维压电耦合有限元模型,以冰层与平板交界面处的弹性应变作为激励效果的直接体现参数,仿真分析了压电元件在平板宽度方向上的排布规律。仿真结果表明：压电元件在宽度方向上排布在中间位置和边缘位置,对结构均具有较好的激励效果,压电元件的布局要避开宽度方向上弹性应变较小的位置,因此对于分布在平板宽度方向边缘的压电元件,仍然可以在目标结冰区激励出较强的振动效果;在相同的接触面积下,减小压电元件的相对贴片数量,提高压电元件的贴片集中度,均可以提高压电元件对平板的激励效果,因此在实际应用中,在尺寸和粘接结构情况允许的情况下,尽可能选择尺寸较大的压电元件;并且当曲面上压电元件的贴片范围被限制的情况下,适当提升某一方向上压电元件贴片集中度,可以提高对平板结构的激励效果。灵活结合压电元件排布规律,可以设计出可行的压电元件排布方式,为压电除冰系统的工程研究提供借鉴和参考。     

压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性自适应混合补偿控制方法

压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞蠕变非线性特性严重影响了控制系统的稳定性及动态跟踪精度。针对其迟滞蠕变非线性补偿控制问题,提出了一种高精度动态补偿压电陶瓷叠层作动器非线性特性的自适应混合补偿控制方法,即迟滞蠕变前馈补偿与自适应滤波反馈补偿结合的前馈-反馈混合控制方法。采用改进的Prandtl-Ishlinskii（Modified Prandtl-Ishlinskii,MPI）模型对压电陶瓷叠层作动器迟滞蠕变非线性特性进行精细化建模,并得到其逆补偿模型进行前馈补偿。根据前馈补偿误差,采用自适应滤波反馈控制对输入信号进行实时调控,实现对压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞非线性及lg（t）型蠕变特性的实时精确补偿控制。数值仿真与实验结果表明,相比于常规前馈迟滞蠕变补偿,所提出的自适应混合补偿控制方法可以有效降低压电陶瓷叠层作动器的迟滞补偿误差,极大提高了迟滞蠕变非线性动态跟踪精度以及自适应性。     

Electromechanical flight actuators for advanced flight vehicles

The aircraft flight quantities and success of the mission depend to a great extent upon the actuator performance, and flight actuators must be designed to achieve the specified criteria. Electromechanical flight actuators driven by electric motors have begun to displace hydraulic technology in advanced flight vehicles. In aerospace application, permanent-magnet stepper motors are perfectly suited due to their efficiency and reliability, low volume-, weight-, and size-to-torque ratios, high power and torque densities, low cost and maintenance, simplicity and ruggedness, etc. Conventional open-loop stepper motor servos do not ensure the required accuracy and dynamic performance. An innovative method in motion control of advanced electromechanical flight actuators is developed, and nonlinear controllers are designed. The specified tracking accuracy, desired stability margins, microstepping capabilities, and disturbance attenuation are ensured by the robust nonlinear controllers synthesized. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results are documented to study the performance of flight actuators directly driven by stepper motors and to demonstrate the efficiency of control algorithms     

Fractional order modeling and control of dissimilar redundant actuating system used in large passenger aircraft

In this paper, a methodology has been developed to address the issue of force fighting and to achieve precise position tracking of control surface driven by two dissimilar actuators. The nonlinear dynamics of both actuators are first approximated as fractional order models. Based on the identified models, three fractional order controllers are proposed for the whole system. Two Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers are dedicated to improving transient response and are designed in a position feedback configuration. In order to synchronize the actuator dynamics, a third fractional order PI controller is designed, which feeds the force compensation signal in position feedback loop of both actuators. Nelder-Mead (N-M) optimization technique is employed in order to optimally tune controller parameters based on the proposed performance criteria. To test the proposed controllers according to real flight condition, an external disturbance of higher amplitude that acts as airload is applied directly on the control surface. In addition, a disturbance signal function of system states is applied to check the robustness of proposed controller. Simulation results on nonlinear system model validated the performance of the proposed scheme as compared to optimal PID and high gain PID controllers.     

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.