A Vector Autopilot System

Current technology has evolved low cost, highly reliable solid state vector magnetometers with excellent angular resolution. This paper discusses the role of a three-axis magnetometer as a new instrument for aircraft attitude determination. Using flight data acquired by an instrumented aircraft, attitude is calculated using the Earth's magnetic field vector and compared to measured attitudes. The magnetic field alone is not adequate to resolve all attitude variations and the need for a second reference angle or vector is discussed. A system combining the functions of heading determination and attitude measurement is presented to show that both functions can be implemented with essentially the same component count required to measure heading alone. lt is concluded that with the correlation achieved in calculated and measured attitude there is a potential application of vector magnetometry in attitude measurement systems.     

Review of Airport Surface Movement Radar Technology

Runway incursion is defined by the FAA as "any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person or object on the ground that creates collision hazard or results in a loss of separation with an aircraft taking off, intending to take off, landing or intending to land." A summary of how severe this problem is can be found in a 2001 hearing before the Subcommittee on Aviation. Surface movement radar (SMR) technology has evolved over the years as part of an effort to mitigate runway incursion risks and enhance airport capacity. Surface movement surveillance systems of various types have been installed in major airports as early as the 1960s, and have kept evolving. The most recent system currently being deployed in the US by the FAA is the airport surface movement detection equipment model X (ASDE-X) system. In this system, unlike previous systems, the surface movement radar is just one of several sensors that are used in addition to transponder multilateration and GPS-based position reports, referred to as automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast or ADS-B; however, the SMR is a key subsystem. This paper contains an overview of the state-of-the-art SMR technology and provides an introduction on the use of radar technology for this commercial application. It focuses on the architecture, characteristics and technology of the radar sensor, the characteristics of the clutter and how it affects the performance, effects of multipath, automatic detection and comparison of several sensor architectures. Sensis Corporation has recently completed the testing of a new, improved SMR, which is now part of ASDE-X system. This paper summarizes the main features of this radar     

SVSS: Intelligent video surveillance system for aircraft

Safety and security are the most discussed topics in the aviation field. The latest security initiatives in the field of aviation propose [1I] the aircraft carriers to implement video surveillance within the aircraft at strategic locations. The current proposals allow the video surveillance data to be stored within the aircraft and monitored by one of the flight crew. The monitoring crew will be responsible for identifying the anomaly within the aircraft and take necessary preventive actions. With the introduction of additional technology within the aircraft, mere human perception may not be sufficient to make a decision. In this research work, the authors explore the possibility of implementing a smart video surveillance system (SVSS) within the aircraft that is tuned toward detecting the behavioral anomaly within the aircraft. The SVSS will generate security triggers when it detects an anomaly within the aircraft. These triggers could be combined with other triggers generated by different aircraft components (possible alarms from the flight crew, data traffic anomaly, or alarm generated by one of the avionics components) to provide a better understanding of the situation to the monitoring crew.     

高性能飞行器大气数据传感技术研究进展

大气数据是飞行器导航和控制的重要参数，大气数据传感技术是实现飞行器飞行安全及性能发挥的重要保障。针对高性能飞行器对大气数据传感技术的发展需求进行分析，重点介绍了传统大气数据传感技术、嵌入式大气数据传感技术、光学大气数据传感技术及虚拟大气数据传感技术的发展和特点，并对推动嵌入式大气数据传感技术发展的相关技术问题进行了分析和总结，最后对大气数据传感技术的发展进行展望。     

磁场空间分布测量技术的发展

随着科技进步和精密测量技术的发展,传感技术正在从光学仪表时代向量子仪表时代过渡,磁场空间分布测量对于研制高性能量子仪表具有重要意义。同时,惯性器件微小型化的研发对于小范围磁场空间分布测量技术的发展提出了要求。介绍了磁场空间分布测量技术的工作原理、性能特点和发展现状,重点阐述了几种用于小尺度磁场空间分布测量的技术途径,分析了磁场空间分布测量技术的发展趋势。     

Network analysis of Chinese air transport delay propagation

The Chinese air transport system has witnessed an important evolution in the last dec-ade, with a strong increase in the number of flights operated and a consequent reduction of their punctuality. In this contribution, we propose modelling the process of delay propagation by using complex networks, in which nodes are associated to airports, and links between pairs of them are assigned when a delay propagation is detected. Delay time series are analysed through the well-known Granger Causality, which allows detecting if one time series is causing the dynamics observed in a second one. Results indicate that delays are mostly propagated from small and regio-nal airports, and through flights operated by turbo-prop aircraft. These insights can be used to design strategies for delay propagation dampening, as for instance by including small airports into the system's Collaborative Decision Making.     

Ground maneuver for front-wheel drive aircraft via deep reinforcement learning

The maneuvering time on the ground accounts for 10%–30% of their flight time, and it always exceeds 50% for short-haul aircraft when the ground traffic is congested. Aircraft also contribute significantly to emissions, fuel burn, and noise when taxiing on the ground at airports. There is an urgent need to reduce aircraft taxiing time on the ground. However, it is too expensive for airports and aircraft carriers to build and maintain more runways, and it is space-limited to tow the aircraft fast using tractors. Autonomous drive capability is currently the best solution for aircraft, which can save the maneuver time for aircraft. An idea is proposed that the wheels are driven by APU-powered (auxiliary power unit) motors, APU is working on its efficient point; consequently, the emissions, fuel burn, and noise will be reduced significantly. For Front-wheel drive aircraft, the front wheel must provide longitudinal force to tow the plane forward and lateral force to help the aircraft make a turn. Forward traction effects the aircraft’s maximum turning ability, which is difficult to be modeled to guide the controller design. Deep reinforcement learning provides a powerful tool to help us design controllers for black-box models; however, the models of related works are always simplified, fixed, or not easily modified, but that is what we care about most. Only with complex models can the trained controller be intelligent. High-fidelity models that can easily modified are necessary for aircraft ground maneuver controller design. This paper focuses on the maneuvering problem of front-wheel drive aircraft, a high-fidelity aircraft taxiing dynamic model is established, including the 6-DOF airframe, landing gears, and nonlinear tire force model. A deep reinforcement learning based controller was designed to improve the maneuver performance of front-wheel drive aircraft. It is proved that in some conditions, the DRL based controller outperformed conventional look-ahead controllers.     

Synthetic Vision-a view in the fog

A program called the Synthetic Vision Technology Demonstration Program, which is aimed at evaluating and demonstrating technologies permitting aircraft to land in very low visibilities over a wide range of airports, is described. The idea is to provide an electronic image of the runway to the pilot on a head-up display with an overlay on the display of symbology providing all the navigation and performance information needed to fly and land the aircraft. Millimeter-wave radar, infrared sensor, head-up display, and airborne computer processing technologies are being tested. The theoretical performance of the system concept at 35 GHz is compared to the actual performance of the 35-GHz experimental demonstration system for typical approach and runway intrusion detection conditions     

A method for aircraft magnetic interference compensation based on small signal model and LMS algorithm

Aeromagnetic interference could not be compensated effectively if the precision of parameters which are solved by the aircraft magnetic field model is low. In order to improve the compensation effect under this condition, a method based on small signal model and least mean square（LMS） algorithm is proposed. According to the method, the initial values of adaptive filter＇s weight vector are calculated with the solved model parameters through small signal model at first,then the small amount of direction cosine and its derivative are set as the input of the filter, and the small amount of the interference is set as the filter＇s expected vector. After that, the aircraft magnetic interference is compensated by LMS algorithm. Finally, the method is verified by simulation and experiment. The result shows that the compensation effect can be improved obviously by the LMS algorithm when original solved parameters have low precision. The method can further improve the compensation effect even if the solved parameters have high precision.     

飞机战伤抢修评估与设计方法综述

飞机战伤抢修（ABDR）是提高飞机生存力与作战能力的重要手段之一，开展战伤抢修技术研究覆盖飞机全寿命阶段。回顾了战伤抢修研究的历史和现状，分别从战伤评估、战伤抢修设计、战场维修与保障等3方面总结了战伤抢修体系要点，重点综述了战伤抢修预评估技术、战伤现场评估技术、战伤抢修设计准则与原则、战伤抢修设计与评价方法、战场快速维修技术、战场保障方法等方面的理论与研究进展。在此基础上，针对未来体系对抗与智能化作战环境，结合目前战伤抢修需求，提出了包括先进材料结构飞机战伤抢修技术、直升机战伤抢修技术、飞机战伤评估智能技术等战伤抢修技术研究需要关注和解决的问题。     

基于ICAO起降模型的中国机场飞机排污计算研究

结合ICAO机场排放计算方法，在考虑3种主要气体污染物HC、CO和NOx的情况下，提出了适合中国机场飞机排放污染物的计算方法。该方法基于国际民航组织（ICAO）规定的标准起飞着陆（LTO）循环的模型，采用ICAO发动机排放数据库（ICAO aircraft engine emissions databank），通过搜集中国民航机队的飞机／发动机配置信息及所列机场航班计划表，计算出机场污染物年排放量。     

Safety assessment of approximate segregated parallel operation on closely spaced parallel runways

With the continuous growth of air traffic flow, some airports in China or other countries begin to construct Closely Spaced Parallel Runways (CSPR) to meet the capacity requirement of civil aviation. In this paper, the simulation and calculation method of flight trajectory is developed, as well as the collision risk calculation method and wake vortex encounter risk calculation method. New methods for departure and go-around procedures are proposed to achieve approximate segregated parallel operation in an attempt to obtain approximately the same results on closely spaced parallel runways as on widely spaced parallel runways. By comparing with the independent parallel departure and segregated parallel operation in ICAO Doc. 9643, it is found that the lateral separation between aircraft in this proposal is not less than the separations in the other two cases. Based on the simulation calculation of flight trajectories under different conditions, the probabilities of collision conflict and encountering wake vortex are lower than those in current operation plan. The proposed plan has no special requirements in pilot operation, control command procedures, airport facilities, or meteorological observation and prediction, so it is convenient to promote and implement at the airports with closely spaced parallel runways.     

Magnetic braking of the Earth's rotation

The Earth's rotation is decelerating at a rate of 8.8×10 exp-20 rad/s. Thus, a leap second is added to the year every two to four years. This deceleration is small, but the Earth weighs 6×10 exp 24 kg. A prony brake that achieves this deceleration would release 5.14×10 exp 11 kW, the equivalent of 514,000 1-GW nuclear power plants. Tides, volcanos, Coriolis-generated ocean currents and winds cannot absorb this much power. This leaves the induction generation which produces the Earth's magnetic field as the most likely absorber of the deceleration power. The efficiency of this inaccessible induction generator cannot be calculated. However, it is thought that correlation of the Earth's deceleration with its 0.09% weakening magnetic field could provide insight into the power generation process     

Wake vortex control - a challenge for large transport aircraft

One of the most promising routes to increase capacity at over-crowded European airports is to reduce the separation distances between aircraft on landing and take-off, or vertical separations in densely flown en-route sectors. Separations are necessary to avoid the risk of encountering a wake from a preceding aircraft - and hence are vital for flight safety. This is becoming even more critical with the advent of very-large transport aircraft. This article explains the characterisation of wave vortices, and explores the European Projects looking at the problem.     

A strapdown inertial navigation system for the flat-Earth model

The development of a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) for aerodynamically controlled vehicles, which are limited to altitudes below 30 km (that is, a small distance compared with the Earth's radius of about 7000 km), or using the so-called flat-Earth model (FEM), is the principal objective of this work. In dealing with the FEM equations, the north, east, down (NED) frame on the surface of the Earth is taken as an inertial reference frame. Although, this frame is both accelerating and rotating, the accelerations associated with the Earth's rotation are negligible compared with the acceleration that can be produced by a maneuvering aircraft. Also, in this model, the gravity is taken as constant. In developing the SINS for the FEM, the aerodynamic force and moment have dominant roles, depending primarily on such variables as the angle of attack and sideslip, their derivatives, components of the angular velocity of the aircraft, and the control inputs. On the other hand, the SINS deals with such variables as the small-angle rotation vectors. Thus, it was necessary to link both set of variables as state variables of the strapdown FEM as is done in this work. The developed model is relevant for small (less than 200) angles of attack and sideslip.     

综合化飞机环境监视系统研究及其数字仿真测试

综合模块化航空电子(IMA)技术日益成为飞机航电系统开发的主流构型。基于美国航空无线电技术委员会(RTCA)对飞机环境监视系统(AESS)的定义,分析了AESS的发展过程及技术趋势,以空客A380、Boeing787飞机的AESS为例进行现状分析,依据ARINC768规范开展了综合飞机环境监视系统(IAESS)方案及架构设计,实现了由综合飞机环境监视系统处理单元(IAESSPU)对T3CAS(TCAS、TAWS和ATCRBS)和WXR数据综合与处理的统一,开展了基于高级体系结构(HLA)的IAESS数字仿真系统设计、测试用例和性能分析,验证了IAESS具有高可靠性、低功耗、低总量等优点,未来IAESS发展也将进一步使得系统具备多功能特点。     

共信道干扰环境下星基ADS-B系统监视性能

星基广播式自动相关监视系统（星基ADS-B）是实现广域范围内航空器监视的主要技术手段。为揭示星基ADS-B系统共信道干扰对系统监视性能的影响，提出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算方法。首先给出了星基ADS-B系统模型，随后理论分析给出消息正确接收概率、位置消息更新间隔及位置报告更新间隔的计算公式，以此为基础给出了星基ADS-B系统监视容量的计算公式，最后基于SNS软件构建了星基ADS-B仿真系统，仿真验证了理论结果的正确性。研究表明：星基ADS-B系统的监视容量由ADS-B应用子系统所要求的航空器位置报告更新间隔、航空器-卫星链路的误码率、星-地面站链路的误码率及卫星数目联合确定。     

Data communications concept for a SATS scenario

The small aircraft transportation system (SATS) concept envisions doorstop to destination transportation in a safe and timely manner. Data communications are a key component in achieving the aviation-related operational performance improvements that are sought. However, data communication doesn't start when you get into the aircraft; it starts back at the location where the flight is planned. In fact, data communications support the pilot in all phases of the flight: flight planning, pre-flight, departure, en route, transition, approach, landing, and rollout as well as for a missed approach. The Internet is being used to perform flight planning activities, and the mobile communications available today support Internet access en route to the departure airfield. On-board the aircraft, data communications provide surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) support to the pilot. The location of other aircraft is available to the pilot and ATC system through automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and traffic information service-broadcast (TIS-B) applications that transmit the location of other aircraft in the vicinity. Other aircraft locations are used to forecast potential conflicts and, thus, enhance flight safety. As the aircraft nears a SATS-equipped airfield, the pilot uses data link messages to request a landing sequence. The airport management module (AMM) provides a landing sequence assignment to the aircraft. As the pilot maneuvers the aircraft for a landing, he/she is using data-linked surveillance data to determine the location of other aircraft and maintain a safe separation distance between aircraft even in a low visibility environment.     

Remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system and method for a moving target in wind tunnel

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a high-speed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology. This paper proposes a remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of a target from an aircraft. The position and attitude parameters of a moving object are obtained by utilizing a single camera with a focal length and camera orientation that can be changed based on different measurement conditions. Using this proposed system and method, both the flexibility and efficiency of the pose measurement system can be enhanced in wind tunnel conditions to meet the measurement requirements of different objects and experiments, which is also useful for the development of an intelligent position and attitude measurement system. The position and the focal length of the camera also can be controlled remotely during measurements to enlarge both the vertical and horizontal measurement range of this system. Experiments are conducted in the laboratory to measure the position and attitude of moving objects with high flexibility and efficiency, and the measurement precision of the measurement system is also verified through experiments.     

民用飞机辅助燃油箱系统燃油转输油出口位置研究

面对不同的市场需求,民用飞机通常在取得型号合格证之后,通过改装,形成公务机~([1])、遥感机、海监机等在内的特种飞机。大航程、长航时是众多特种飞机的重要特点。民用飞机通常在货舱内加装辅助燃油箱~([2-3])以增加额外的燃油存储空间,增加载油量,从而增大航程。然而辅助燃油箱内的燃油不直接供给发动机,需在巡航阶段将辅助燃油箱内的燃油转输至基本燃油箱内,通过基本燃油箱内供油系统供给发动机~([4-8])。转输动力可以来自转输泵或者闭式通气增压系统,即辅助燃油箱与基本燃油箱产生一定的压差,通过该压差将燃油转输到基本燃油箱内。然而不同的转输口位置,将会导致燃油转输的控制逻辑不同。基于某民用飞机的基本油箱构型,通过不同的转输口位置分析,给出较为合理的转输口位置。