An experimental system for release simulation of internal stores in a supersonic wind tunnel

Aerodynamic parameters obtained from separation experiments of internal stores in a wind tunnel are significant in aircraft designs. Accurate wind tunnel tests can help to improve the release stability of the stores and in-flight safety of the aircrafts in supersonic environments.A simulative system for free drop experiments of internal stores based on a practical project is provided in this paper. The system contains a store release mechanism, a control system and an attitude measurement system. The release mechanism adopts a six-bar linkage driven by a cylinder, which ensures the release stability. The structure and initial aerodynamic parameters of the stores are also designed and adjusted. A high speed vision measurement system for high speed rolling targets is utilized to measure the pose parameters of the internal store models and an optimizing method for the coordinates of markers is presented based on a priori model. The experimental results show excellent repeatability of the system, and indicate that the position measurement precision is less than0.13 mm, and the attitude measurement precision for pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.126°, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests. A separation experiment for the internal stores is also conducted in the FL-3 wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research Institute.     

High-precision pose measurement method in wind tunnels based on laser-aided vision technology

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a highspeed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology.In this paper,firstly, an image acquisition method for small high-speed targets with multi-dimensional movement in wind tunnel environment is proposed based on laser-aided vision technology.Combining with the trajectory simulation of the isolated model, the reasonably distributed laser stripes and selfluminous markers are utilized to capture clear images of the object.Then, after image processing,feature extraction, stereo correspondence and reconstruction, three-dimensional information of laser stripes and self-luminous markers are calculated.Besides, a pose solution method based on projected laser stripes and self-luminous markers is proposed.Finally, simulation experiments on measuring the position and attitude of high-speed rolling targets are conducted, as well as accuracy verification experiments.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is feasible and efficient for measuring the pose parameters of rolling targets in wind tunnels.     

基于彩色编码的副油箱风洞模型位姿测量方法

高速飞行器副油箱分离位姿参数是飞行器以及副油箱设计的重要基础数据。位姿参数测量工作多在高度模拟飞行器飞行状态的风洞环境下进行,对缩比模型实施高速非接触测量。受风洞试验段观察视窗限制以及副油箱模型形状影响,副油箱模型位姿测量十分困难。首先针对风洞观察视窗以及风洞复杂环境对图像采集效果的影响,提出了基于自发光单元的副油箱运动序列图像采集方法,采用双目视觉系统高速采集获得目标物的清晰序列图像;其次,提出基于环绕式彩色编码的自发光标记点匹配方法,实现风洞复杂环境内标记点的高精度匹配;最后,根据副油箱表面合作标记点的三维坐标获取副油箱模型的位姿信息。试验结果表明:所提出的位姿测量方法满足测量要求,其最大位移误差不超过0.102mm、最大角度误差不超过0.201°。     

Simulative technology for auxiliary fuel tank separation in a wind tunnel

In this paper,we propose a simulative experimental system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks from an aircraft.The experimental system consists of a simulative release mechanism,a scaled model and a pose measuring system.A new release mechanism was designed to ensure stability of the separation.Scaled models of the auxiliary fuel tank were designed and their moment of inertia was adjusted by installing counterweights inside the model.Pose parameters of the scaled model were measured and calculated by a binocular vision system.Additionally,in order to achieve high brightness and high signal-to-noise ratio of the images in the dark enclosed wind tunnel,a new high-speed image acquisition method based on miniature self-emitting units was presented.Accuracy of the pose measurement system and repeatability of the separation mechanism were verified in the laboratory.Results show that the position precision of the pose measurement system can reach 0.1 mm,the precision of the pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.1° and that of the roll angle can be up to 0.3°.Besides,repeatability errors of models' velocity and angular velocity controlled by the release mechanism remain small,satisfying the measurement requirements.Finally,experiments for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks were conducted in the laboratory.     

2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量精度研究

风洞试验中模型的位置和变形测量对试验数据精准度至关重要。为此,创建2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量系统,提出度量其测量误差的方法,并实验研究其测量精度。研究发现,试验中的振动对测量精度影响极大,采用振动环境中相机位、姿解算方法后,试验段底部的编码标记点的测量误差从22．80-48．48mm降至0．03～0．64mm。     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式，可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动，发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先，设计了一种编码合作标志点，合理布置于模型表面，通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰，进行标志点三维重构；然后，利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值，且给出了理论误差分析，并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题，采用L-M算法进行位姿优化；最后，采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验，以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示，静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm；动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级，位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的，可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

Trajectory Planning Algorithm Based on Quaternion for 6-DOF Aircraft Wing Automatic Position and Pose Adjustment Method

 A 6-degree of freedom (6-DOF) aircraft wing position and pose automatic adjustment method is presented to improve ARJ21 wing-fuselage connection precision and efficiency. Wing position and pose are adjusted by three pillars which are driven by six high-precision servo motors. During the adjustment process, wing is tracked and positioned by laser tracker. Wing initial posi-tion and pose are calibrated by using the measurement coordinates of assembly reference points. Wing target position and pose are calculated according to wing initial, fuselage position and pose, and relative position and pose requirements between wing and fuselage for the connection. Combining Newton-Euler method with quaternion position and pose analyzing method, the inverse kinematics of servo motors, together with the adjustment system dynamics is obtained. Wing quintic polynomial trajec-tory planning algorithm based on quaternion is proposed; the initial, target position and pose need to be solved and the inter-mediate moving path is uncertain. Simulation results show that the adjustment method has good dynamic characteristics and satisfies engineering requirements. Preliminary engineering application indicates that ARJ21 wing adjustment efficiency and precision are improved by using the proposed method.     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.     

基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法

风洞试验中模型迎角的精准测量是降低阻力系数误差的重要途径之一，为此，提出了基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法。该方法通过两个单应性矩阵，获取试验过程中相机实时位姿和标记点物方空间位置坐标，应用坐标旋转关系，完成试验模型的迎角测量。数值仿真试验结果表明：迎角测量误差与待测标记点到风洞壁板间的距离偏差近似为线性关系，因此，当标记点不满足共面条件时，可根据该特点进行测量误差修正。静态标定和风洞迎角测量试验结果表明：修正系统误差后，迎角实测数据的测量准度在0.01°以内，精度不超过0.012°。本文方法易于实施，工程实用价值强。     

大型飞机研制与模型自由飞试验技术

大型飞机研制过程中需要进行静态测力风洞试验，获得飞机小攻角条件下的气动特性，但对于飞机失速偏离尾旋研究，静态测力试验是不够的，无法获得飞机在失速过程中的动态特性与过渡过程。模型自由飞试验是一种动态试验，是通过飞机缩比模型来研究飞机的失速偏离尾旋问题，包括风洞模型自由飞试验和大气模型自由飞试验。     

风洞无线智能传感器网络及无线测量技术研究

风洞试验现场，特别是大型连续式风洞试验现场的电磁环境非常恶劣，而风洞实验中的测量信号又是毫伏级的微弱信号，采用传统测量方式难以克服恶劣的电磁环境对测量系统的干扰。对于运动物体或无法布线的试验环境进行参数测量时，传统测量方式完全不起作用。针对上述问题，笔者对风洞无线智能传感器网络和无线测量技术进行了研究，采用ZIGBEE技术实现了风洞无线智能传感器网络和基于该网络的无线测量模块。极大地增强了测量系统的抗干扰能力，提高了风洞试验的精细化程度，降低了测量系统的经济成本。     

Dynamics,stability, and control of a four-cable mount system for wind tunnel test

A four-cable mount system is proposed for full-model wind tunnel flutter tests, which may adjust the pitch and roll attitude of the aircraft scaled model and ensure that the model is not subjected to cable tension. The system provides sufficient support to simulate the free flight of the aircraft by applying appropriate spring stiffness and cable tensions. The proposed four-cable mount system is modeled based on Lagrange mechanics, and its dynamics equations consider aerodynamic effects. The singularity of the system and its bifurcation characteristics under flow conditions are analysed to determine the supercritical bifurcation phenomenon for different tension levels and distances from the front suspension point to the mass centre of the model. The mathematical expressions of the longitudinal flight stability of the cable mount system are derived by linearising the system dynamics equations using small perturbations. The influence of the cable tension, spring stiffness, suspension point position, and other factors on the flight stability of the aircraft are analysed. A feedforward control algorithm is proposed to minimize the total elastic potential energy of the system. The results show that the model is in the level flight state when the elastic potential energy of the four-cable mount system is minimized. A feedback control design method is proposed based on the Lyapunov stability theory to derive the closed-loop stability conditions. The system dynamics model that includes the aircraft rigid body model, flexible cables, pulleys, springs, aerodynamic model, and servo motor control is established using the flexible multibody dynamics method. A multibody dynamics solver and Simulink are used to simulate the attitude adjustment of the model in the wind tunnel and verify the supercritical bifurcation characteristics of the system and the effectiveness of the feedback and feedforward control.     

2m超声速风洞总体结构设计

＂高速化＂、＂精确化＂是未来飞行器一个极为重要的发展方向,是提高飞行器效能的有效手段,而先进飞行器的研制强烈依赖于地面模拟试验设备——风洞。目前我国现有的超声速风洞设备尺寸和试验模拟能力还有很大不足,主要体现在真实模拟、模拟能力、精确测量等方面。在这种背景下,开展了2m超声速风洞的建设,笔者针对风洞的特点主要介绍结构总体设计概况。该风洞为下吹-引射式暂冲型超声速风洞,采用全钢结构,主要涉及风洞总体布局、模型更换方式、支座布局、风洞洞体各部段间连接、密封和定位、风洞洞体的强度和刚度、洞体水压试验等问题。     

基于刚度优化的绳牵引并联支撑系统力/位混合控制

针对应用于风洞试验的八绳牵引并联支撑系统高性能运动控制问题,开展绳索张力实时优化与力/位混合控制技术研究。基于动态试验需求和系统刚度矩阵,选择主刚度加权和最大为目标函数,将其转化为线性规划问题,采用二维凸多边形张力可行域顶点法进行实时求解,并根据绳索张力变化约束进一步提出连续可行域,确保解的连续性,实现其优化分布;设计一种基于电机转角和绳索张力反馈的力/位混合控制策略,其中位姿控制环采用计算力矩法,并利用实际绳索张力补偿惯性力和非线性力等,进而开展稳定性分析。以风洞试验中典型的推力模拟、俯仰振荡等线位移和角运动轨迹为例,在原理样机上开展控制验证实验。研究结果表明该控制策略能够实现对末端飞行器模型位姿和绳索张力的有效跟踪,且具有较高的精度和良好的稳定性,可以为绳牵引并联支撑在风洞动态试验中的应用提供技术支持。     

飞船返回舱跨声速全局稳定性研究

根据国内外在飞船返咽舱这类短钝飞行器的亚、跨声速风洞试验中都发现了极限环振动形态这一问题,利用全局稳定性分析和数字仿真方法,研究了返回舱在跨声速和高亚声带飞行时的动稳定性,得到与风洞试验类似的结果,即返回舱处于极限环振动形态。因此,在返回舱再入亚、跨声这飞行段,为保证飞行安全,采用有效和可靠的姿态控制系统来控制和减缓动不稳定影响是必需的。     

一种提高风洞动态试验数据质量的模型姿态控制和测量技术

低速风洞动态试验装置通常采用“电机+减速器+偏心机构+线性传动机构”的方式,存在传递环节多、机械间隙大等问题,给模型运动的精确控制和模型姿态的精确测量带来较大困难。为满足大型客机等大飞机对低速风洞动态试验的要求,基于现有的静态试验通用支撑平台,采用“电子凸轮”技术,建立了一套迎角/侧滑角解耦、可进行飞机小振幅动导数和大振幅非定常气动特性研究的动态试验装置。利用该动态试验装置进行了某飞机大尺度动态试验模型动导数试验和大振幅振荡试验,获得了试验数据的重复性,并研究了动态试验数据和静态试验数据之间的相关性。试验结果表明：利用该装置获得的某飞机动态试验数据重复性较好、规律合理,能满足大型飞机动态试验要求。     

基于非接触测量技术的低速风洞连续扫描试验技术研究

基于Optotrak非接触光学测量系统,建立了风洞试验模型三维姿态角测量方法,实现了模型姿态角的高精度、实时、外触发时钟同步测量。基于该方法测量模型三维实时姿态角,在FL-14低速风洞开展了张线尾撑下YF-16飞机1∶9标模纵、横向连续扫描测力试验。试验结果表明,在0.3°/s的扫描速率下,连续扫描与步进试验数据比对一致性好,各气动分量同期重复性达到国军标合格或先进指标。连续扫描试验获得了更为详尽完整的气动特性信息,同时显著提升了试验效率。     

Wind tunnel test of gust load alleviation for a large-scale full aircraft model

Wind tunnel test is an important way to test the performance of Gust Load Alleviation(GLA). At present, some component-level wind tunnel tests have been carried out in big aviation countries, but there is a lack of full aircraft model GLA tests. In this study, a set of large-scale GLA test system in low-speed wind tunnel is developed, which includes a gust generator, a fivedegree-of-freedom suspension system, a full elastic aircraft model with control system, and gust load measuring devices. Two...     

Optimization and verification of wind tunnel free-flight similarity law for separation of cluster munition

In view of the separation form of the separator from the back of the carrier upward and from the side of the carrier outward, separation-safety research is carried out by taking the separation of a cluster munition as an example. In previous wind tunnel free-flight tests, the similarity law of vertical, downward, moving submunition was used to design submunitions at different positions in different initial-velocity directions, which resulted in large discrepancies between wind tunnel test results and real flight. In a wind tunnel test, each submunition has an independent time-reduction ratio with respect to the dispenser. Even if the separation trajectory of a single submunition is accurate, there will be errors in the position of each submunition at a given time. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the time-reduction ratio between submunitions, and to modify the test results later. In order to ensure the accuracy of wind tunnel test results, the similarity law of a free-flight test in a wind tunnel is derived in this paper. The time-correction scheme to ensure motion similarity between submunitions is solved. Numerical simulation is used to simulate the separation of a wind tunnel test and real aircraft, and the motion parameters of different submunitions are solved. The results show that the new similarity laws derived for different types of submunitions can greatly reduce the errors caused by previous similarity laws. In addition to the case for the separation of a cluster munition, the similarity law can also be applied to the free-flight test design of wind tunnels for vertical separation and horizontal separation of other kinds of aircraft.     

利用翼尖减阻装置提高碟形飞行器性能

碟型飞行器采用了新颖的翼身融合气动布局.与常规飞行器相比,这种外形通过机身和机翼完全融合消除了机身阻力,且具有结构简单、容载大等许多优点,但由于其展弦比小而导致诱导阻力较大.本文通过风洞吹风试验,找到一种后掠鱼鳍形的翼尖小翼装置能很好地减小其诱导阻力.对模型安装翼尖小翼后,风洞测量其最大升阻比在30 m/s风速下提高了75%,在50 m/s风速下可达到15.为进一步考察安装翼尖装置后的飞行器低速气动性能,对其进行了模型试飞研究.试飞验证了风洞吹风结果,不仅提高了载重量而且使横侧飞行稳定性增强.