CARDC 激波风洞 TSP 技术研究进展

从基本原理、关键技术和验证应用三个方面总结了近两年在中国空气动力研究与发展中心激波风洞中开展的温敏涂层(TSP)技术相关研究工作。通过解决快速响应温敏发光材料研制、模型研制、数据处理等一系列关键技术,完成图像采集系统、光学系统及标定系统的配套和系统集成,建立了一套适于激波风洞试验的高速 TSP 测量及标定系统。该技术可在激波风洞试验中获取模型被测面温敏涂层的发光图像,基于该图像可以直接观察模型表面热流分布和捕捉峰值热流的准确位置。结合温敏发光材料的物性参数标定数据,能够实现对模型表面热流的定量测量。不同于传统的传感器点热流测量技术只能得到模型表面有限数量的离散点的热流值,TSP 技术能够以高空间分辨率得到较大面积区域的详细热流分布信息,可更加全面的测量模型外表面的热环境,并且可以据此进一步分析和辨别边界层流态以及确定边界层转捩位置。试验对比表明,TSP 技术的测量结果与点热流传感器的测量结果具有良好的一致性。目前该技术已趋于成熟,在Φ2 m 和Φ0.6 m 激波风洞上成功应用于边界层转捩研究、局部干扰区热环境研究和复杂外形飞行器热环境研究等领域,已成为激波风洞除点测热技术之外又一重要测热技术。     

基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法

风洞试验中模型迎角的精准测量是降低阻力系数误差的重要途径之一，为此，提出了基于单应性矩阵的模型迎角单目视频测量方法。该方法通过两个单应性矩阵，获取试验过程中相机实时位姿和标记点物方空间位置坐标，应用坐标旋转关系，完成试验模型的迎角测量。数值仿真试验结果表明：迎角测量误差与待测标记点到风洞壁板间的距离偏差近似为线性关系，因此，当标记点不满足共面条件时，可根据该特点进行测量误差修正。静态标定和风洞迎角测量试验结果表明：修正系统误差后，迎角实测数据的测量准度在0.01°以内，精度不超过0.012°。本文方法易于实施，工程实用价值强。     

T型尾翼颤振模型光学测量实验与弯扭特性解算

在FL-26跨声速风洞半模试验段进行了某高速飞机T型尾翼颤振模型的光学测量实验,并依据测量结果解算了尾翼颤振模型的弯扭特性。颤振模型表面用白色圆点进行标记,用于记录模型表面的位移变化,两台固定在风洞试验段上壁板观察孔旁肋板上的400万像素工业相机用来采集图像,采集到的图像通过自主开发的图像解算软件进行图像的识别与求解,计算出尾翼颤振模型表面标记点的三维坐标。模型表面标记点的三维坐标通过坐标变化转换到风洞气流坐标系中,利用不同时刻模型表面坐标的变化计算模型剖面扭角和弹性轴位移的分布。T型尾翼右平尾图像采集实验与弯扭特性计算结果表明,非接触光学测量技术可以用于高速颤振试验的定量分析中。     

风洞试验中的视频测量技术现状与应用综述

视频测量（Videogrammetric Measurement,VM）技术因其对试验模型的设计制造无要求,受到国内外风洞试验机构的青睐,本文综述了国外航空航天强国的风洞试验机构所掌握的 VM 技术,并分析了 VM 技术在我国高速暂冲风洞试验中应用所面临的问题,据此中国空气动力研究与发展中心（CARDC）提出了多相机动态标定与基于运动估计的序列图像匹配技术,在暂冲高速风洞高噪声（130 dB 左右）振动环境下,建立了高精度的模型位姿光学测量技术,2米量级高速风洞中的多个应用表明：视频测量的精度高,已用于高速试验模型的姿态与变形测量;另一方面,通过 VM 测量偏折位移场得到光束从摄影中心出发穿过扰流区的光程差,为气动光学效应的研究与测量以及试验模型的壁面流动显示提供新的途径,其光路简单、无需使用价格昂贵的相干光源,因此具有巨大应用前景。     

基于运动捕捉系统的多旋翼飞行器实时测姿算法

旋翼飞行器的室内自主飞行是目前研究的热点之一。在室内飞行过程中,飞行器姿态和位置信息可以通过运动捕捉系统（Motion Capture System,MCS）来进行实时测量,从而为机载低成本MEMS惯性导航系统提供校正信息。结合四旋翼飞行器的结构特性,提出了一种五点实时测姿算法。相对于目前MCS常用的测姿算法,该算法可以降低标记点安装引起的测姿误差。室内实验结果表明,该算法测姿精度高,并且能够有效实现四旋翼飞行器室内动态实时姿态测量,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量精度研究

风洞试验中模型的位置和变形测量对试验数据精准度至关重要。为此,创建2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量系统,提出度量其测量误差的方法,并实验研究其测量精度。研究发现,试验中的振动对测量精度影响极大,采用振动环境中相机位、姿解算方法后,试验段底部的编码标记点的测量误差从22．80-48．48mm降至0．03～0．64mm。     

基于随机测量点的机翼精加工位姿计算方法

在机翼精加工过程中,需要对机翼的位姿进行计算,以指导其调整。通过对翼面水平测量原理的分析,提出一种基于随机测量点的机翼精加工位姿计算方法。首先,以翼面水平测量数据为基础,采用以最小二乘法为目标函数的迭代最近点算法,求解出测量点在翼面设计模型上的匹配点,形成位姿计算所需的2个点集。然后,运用Levenberg-Marquardt算法计算出这2个点集间的变换关系,实现位姿参数的求解。最后,为减少测量点误差对位姿计算的影响,给出了测量点精度补偿方法。仿真算例表明,该方法具有较高的计算精度,能够满足实际工程需求。     

空间失效慢旋卫星视觉特征跟踪与位姿测量

空间碎片或者失效卫星往往绕其惯性主轴做自旋运动,虽然处于一种稳定状态,但是对其运动状态测量的难度相比三轴稳定目标而言又增加了许多,主要体现在复杂光场环境下和目标观测面周期性进出视场引起的特征点丢失、尺度变化和旋转变化,以及长时间连续观测引起的累积误差增大、位姿解算不收敛等难题。通过构建优化目标特征数据库,将传统测量方式中前后帧的匹配转变为当前帧与特征数据库的匹配和特征点的优化,即使中间过程帧出现了偏差仍然可以较好地跟踪后续图像帧的正确位置。在李代数空间下建立位姿向量微分扰动方程,获得测量值与估计值的残差目标函数,基于贝叶斯法则最大后验概率和李群与李代数的对指变换法则,求取位姿向量最优解。解决了李群空间下由于位姿变换矩阵不可加性而无法优化的问题,提高了连续测量过程中系统的测量精度。实验结果表明,无优化测量方法无法保证整个旋转周期的有效测量;通过增加位姿优化过程,连续稳定测量时间明显延长,针对以12（°）/s自旋运动的目标,测量稳定段误差在2°以内,旋转角速度测量误差为0.12（°）/s。     

风洞试验中模型迎角视觉测量技术研究

 发展了一种基于双相机的风洞试验模型迎角视觉测量技术。即在风洞模型表面绘制或喷涂一些高对比度的标记点,采用两台400万像素的工业相机采集模型的运动图像,然后求解图像的共线方程获得模型表面标记点的三维空间坐标,利用表面标记点坐标最小二乘拟合出一条空间直线,通过不同时刻空间直线单位方向矢量的变化计算出模型的迎角变化。利用精密电子倾斜仪对迎角视觉测量系统进行静态标定,结果表明:迎角视觉测量系统的准确度在0.01°以内。迎角视觉测量系统在2 m超声速风洞中对一尾支撑无主测力天平铰链力矩测量模型的实时迎角进行了测量,结果表明:系统具有很好的响应特性,可以作为风洞试验中迎角测量的一种有效方法,尤其是用于无主测力天平时模型真实迎角和支杆弹性角的测量。     

INS/SAR组合导航参数传递建模及精度分析

 对合成孔径雷达景象匹配辅助（INS/SAR）组合导航中地面合成孔径雷达(SAR)匹配点位置参数向飞行器主惯导中心的传递过程进行研究。分析了SAR匹配点位置传递过程中所涉及的各环节及其相互关系,以此为基础建立了测量参数传递过程数学模型,提出适合该模型的误差分析与精度估计方法,结合理论和实验结果对各测量参数误差所造成的传递误差进行分析和比较,得出单一测量参数误差影响程度的排序,并在此基础上得出总精度的估计值。参数传递模型及精度实验结果与实际情况相符,可为组合导航中合理的精度分配提供依据。     

High-precision pose measurement method in wind tunnels based on laser-aided vision technology

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a highspeed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology.In this paper,firstly, an image acquisition method for small high-speed targets with multi-dimensional movement in wind tunnel environment is proposed based on laser-aided vision technology.Combining with the trajectory simulation of the isolated model, the reasonably distributed laser stripes and selfluminous markers are utilized to capture clear images of the object.Then, after image processing,feature extraction, stereo correspondence and reconstruction, three-dimensional information of laser stripes and self-luminous markers are calculated.Besides, a pose solution method based on projected laser stripes and self-luminous markers is proposed.Finally, simulation experiments on measuring the position and attitude of high-speed rolling targets are conducted, as well as accuracy verification experiments.Experimental results indicate that the proposed method is feasible and efficient for measuring the pose parameters of rolling targets in wind tunnels.     

Simulative technology for auxiliary fuel tank separation in a wind tunnel

In this paper,we propose a simulative experimental system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks from an aircraft.The experimental system consists of a simulative release mechanism,a scaled model and a pose measuring system.A new release mechanism was designed to ensure stability of the separation.Scaled models of the auxiliary fuel tank were designed and their moment of inertia was adjusted by installing counterweights inside the model.Pose parameters of the scaled model were measured and calculated by a binocular vision system.Additionally,in order to achieve high brightness and high signal-to-noise ratio of the images in the dark enclosed wind tunnel,a new high-speed image acquisition method based on miniature self-emitting units was presented.Accuracy of the pose measurement system and repeatability of the separation mechanism were verified in the laboratory.Results show that the position precision of the pose measurement system can reach 0.1 mm,the precision of the pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.1° and that of the roll angle can be up to 0.3°.Besides,repeatability errors of models' velocity and angular velocity controlled by the release mechanism remain small,satisfying the measurement requirements.Finally,experiments for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks were conducted in the laboratory.     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式，可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动，发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先，设计了一种编码合作标志点，合理布置于模型表面，通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰，进行标志点三维重构；然后，利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值，且给出了理论误差分析，并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题，采用L-M算法进行位姿优化；最后，采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验，以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示，静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm；动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级，位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的，可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

Remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system and method for a moving target in wind tunnel

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a high-speed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology. This paper proposes a remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of a target from an aircraft. The position and attitude parameters of a moving object are obtained by utilizing a single camera with a focal length and camera orientation that can be changed based on different measurement conditions. Using this proposed system and method, both the flexibility and efficiency of the pose measurement system can be enhanced in wind tunnel conditions to meet the measurement requirements of different objects and experiments, which is also useful for the development of an intelligent position and attitude measurement system. The position and the focal length of the camera also can be controlled remotely during measurements to enlarge both the vertical and horizontal measurement range of this system. Experiments are conducted in the laboratory to measure the position and attitude of moving objects with high flexibility and efficiency, and the measurement precision of the measurement system is also verified through experiments.     

飞机燃油油量测量及姿态误差修正方法

提出了一种基于 CAD技术的航空燃油油量实时测量方法。采用三维实体造型技术 ,建立了某飞机机翼油箱模型 ,利用油量传感器的输出值及飞机姿态信息 ,对燃油油量进行实时测量及姿态误差修正。     

An experimental system for release simulation of internal stores in a supersonic wind tunnel

Aerodynamic parameters obtained from separation experiments of internal stores in a wind tunnel are significant in aircraft designs. Accurate wind tunnel tests can help to improve the release stability of the stores and in-flight safety of the aircrafts in supersonic environments.A simulative system for free drop experiments of internal stores based on a practical project is provided in this paper. The system contains a store release mechanism, a control system and an attitude measurement system. The release mechanism adopts a six-bar linkage driven by a cylinder, which ensures the release stability. The structure and initial aerodynamic parameters of the stores are also designed and adjusted. A high speed vision measurement system for high speed rolling targets is utilized to measure the pose parameters of the internal store models and an optimizing method for the coordinates of markers is presented based on a priori model. The experimental results show excellent repeatability of the system, and indicate that the position measurement precision is less than0.13 mm, and the attitude measurement precision for pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.126°, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests. A separation experiment for the internal stores is also conducted in the FL-3 wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research Institute.     

运输类飞机辅助燃油系统转输参数权衡分析

在保持原有的设计架构尽可能不变的情况下,运输类飞机可通过增加辅助燃油箱来实现短期内快速增程的目的,以达到大航程、长航时的设计目标,同时后续可作为多类特种飞机的改装平台。由于辅助燃油系统并不直接向发动机供油,而是在巡航阶段将燃油转输至基本型燃油箱内,因此在早期运输类飞机辅助燃油箱系统架构设计阶段,需尽早确定辅助燃油箱到基本型燃油箱的转输参数与转输策略,以便作为输入开展系统架构的权衡与多轮迭代。参考已有运输类飞机设计工程经验,通过对不同权衡方案进行对比分析,给出了在当前某型飞机辅助燃油箱最大设计载油量条件下的燃油转输速率和转输策略,同时考虑了最大载油量变化对分析结果的影响。研究形成的分析思路和方法对其余运输类飞机辅助燃油系统的设计具有一定的参考。     

飞翼布局高速风洞尾支干扰试验修正技术研究

飞翼布局飞行器模型往往具有尾部扁平的结构特点,进行高速风洞尾支测力时,尾部需要局部放大,由此带来尾部畸变和尾支杆的气动干扰,直接影响对巡航效率、焦点位置以及配平迎角的预测;另外,飞翼布局飞机为改善隐身特性,取消了平尾和垂尾,侧力和偏航力矩量级比较小,模型尾部的局部变形必然会对飞机横、航向试验数据带来不利影响。本文针对某飞翼布局模型,采用风洞试验和 CFD 数值模拟相结合的手段,通过腹支撑作为辅助支撑的“两步法”获得了尾部畸变及尾支杆的纵、横向支撑干扰影响。研究结果表明：该飞翼布局模型尾部畸变支撑纵、横向支撑干扰修正结果合理、可靠,精准度较高;所建立的试验与 CFD 相结合的研究方法可以用于类似布局的试验数据修正。同时,发展的数值计算方法与风洞试验有很好的一致性,已成功应用于某飞翼布局模型尾部支撑干扰修正,已具备工程使用价值。     

Virtual flight test of pitch and roll attitude control based on circulation control of tailless flying wing aircraft without rudders

Circulation Control(CC) realizes rudderless flight control by driving compressed air jet to generate a virtual rudder surface, which significantly improves low detectability. The layout plan of combined control rudder surface is proposed based on the tailless flying wing aircraft. The closed-loop jet actuator system and stepless rudder surface switching control strategy are used to quantitatively study the control characteristics of circulation actuator for pitch and roll attitude through 3-DOF ...     

Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.