Remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system and method for a moving target in wind tunnel

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a high-speed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology. This paper proposes a remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of a target from an aircraft. The position and attitude parameters of a moving object are obtained by utilizing a single camera with a focal length and camera orientation that can be changed based on different measurement conditions. Using this proposed system and method, both the flexibility and efficiency of the pose measurement system can be enhanced in wind tunnel conditions to meet the measurement requirements of different objects and experiments, which is also useful for the development of an intelligent position and attitude measurement system. The position and the focal length of the camera also can be controlled remotely during measurements to enlarge both the vertical and horizontal measurement range of this system. Experiments are conducted in the laboratory to measure the position and attitude of moving objects with high flexibility and efficiency, and the measurement precision of the measurement system is also verified through experiments.     

Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.     

高速风洞投放模型试验技术的关键问题及应用领域

基于高速风洞投放模型试验的经验,论述和总结了对试验技术的实际应用较为重要、且对试验结果有较大影响的几个关键问题：相似准则的选取问题、投放分离参数的模拟问题、风洞启动时流场对投放物模型的冲击载荷问题以及数据处理方法,分别对这四个问题的具体选取原则和处理方法进行了详细的总结和分析。重模型法能够确保模型投放轨迹的严格相似,但实用性较差;而轻模型法则正好相反。由于重模型法在实际使用中通常难以应用,因此轻模型法在风洞投放模型试验中获得了较多应用,但其模型垂直加速度不足的问题也需引起重视。投放分离参数的相似模拟,通常可通过采用弹簧或气缸提供的投放作用力来实现,弹簧具有简单、易行的特点,但模拟的准确性稍差;而气缸则正好相反。风洞启动时流场对投放物模型的冲击载荷问题常常能够影响到试验的顺利进行或影响试验结果。数据平滑处理可采用时间多项式拟合来实现,进而通过一次或二次微分获得气动力系数。对高速风洞模型投放试验的应用领域作了总结和介绍,将其分为飞机外挂物/内埋武器投放、子母弹抛撒/重块抛撒,以及头罩/导弹壳片分离三大类型试验,并对每一类试验在具体的试验技术,以及在上述几个关键问题上的特点分别作了介绍,给出了具体试验的图像和曲线。     

Simulative technology for auxiliary fuel tank separation in a wind tunnel

In this paper,we propose a simulative experimental system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks from an aircraft.The experimental system consists of a simulative release mechanism,a scaled model and a pose measuring system.A new release mechanism was designed to ensure stability of the separation.Scaled models of the auxiliary fuel tank were designed and their moment of inertia was adjusted by installing counterweights inside the model.Pose parameters of the scaled model were measured and calculated by a binocular vision system.Additionally,in order to achieve high brightness and high signal-to-noise ratio of the images in the dark enclosed wind tunnel,a new high-speed image acquisition method based on miniature self-emitting units was presented.Accuracy of the pose measurement system and repeatability of the separation mechanism were verified in the laboratory.Results show that the position precision of the pose measurement system can reach 0.1 mm,the precision of the pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.1° and that of the roll angle can be up to 0.3°.Besides,repeatability errors of models' velocity and angular velocity controlled by the release mechanism remain small,satisfying the measurement requirements.Finally,experiments for the separation of auxiliary fuel tanks were conducted in the laboratory.     

2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量精度研究

风洞试验中模型的位置和变形测量对试验数据精准度至关重要。为此,创建2．4m跨声速风洞的模型位移视频测量系统,提出度量其测量误差的方法,并实验研究其测量精度。研究发现,试验中的振动对测量精度影响极大,采用振动环境中相机位、姿解算方法后,试验段底部的编码标记点的测量误差从22．80-48．48mm降至0．03～0．64mm。     

内埋武器高速投放风洞试验技术

在0.6m×0.6m量级亚跨超声速风洞开展了内埋武器弹射试验技术研究。研制的风洞双视角、高亮度光路系统和六自由度(6DOF)图像分析系统,可获得飞行器内埋武器弹射投放物全轨迹图像和气动参数。此试验技术可独立调节投放物弹射速度和角速度,并可保证弹射速度误差≤5%,角速度误差≤10%,重复率≥95%;新研制的高亮度光源系统使拍摄图像清晰度更高,模型迎角辨识精度≤0.2°,有利于模型运动轨迹分析;光路系统得到合理设计,便于使用双视角技术得到模型运动轨迹及6DOF数据。新技术已完成亚跨超声速、多体干扰复杂气动力条件下的风洞试验验证,各项参数均达到或优于已有技术指标,并多次为型号试验服务,满足飞行器内埋武器弹射投放风洞试验研究需求。     

载机投放外挂物低速风洞模拟技术

本文介绍在低速风洞中进行载机投放外挂风洞试验模拟原理,模型设计,试验方法和结果处理,并讨论载机行飞高度,飞行速度和飞行姿态角诸参数对外挂物安全投放及其下落轨迹的影响。     

HIT风洞风速控制及实验转角控制系统设计

为了完成哈尔滨工业大学风洞测量与控制试验系统,设计了HIT三元低速风洞的一套以计算机为中心的,基于Microsoft Visual Basic（VB）风速测量与控制系统。系统进行了硬件系统设计及软件系统设计。在提出总体的测量与控制方案的基础上,保证风速控制精度,对测控元件进行了等精度配置研究。另外在实验角度控制上提出了高精度的控制方案。通过VB程序代码实现了控制软件。经调试后达到了系统控制精度要求,该系统具有较强的实用性。     

Installation error calibration for MEMS angular measurement system in hypersonic wind tunnel

The accuracy of model attitude measurement has an important impact on wind tunnel test results. Microelectromechanical System Inertial Measurement Unit (MEMS IMU) provides a feasible way to measure model attitudes with high accuracy. However, the installation error between MEMS IMU coordinate system and the body coordinate system of test models can make the accuracy of the model attitude measurement decrease. In wind tunnel tests, the installation error depends on the relationship between the IMU and the model mechanism before tests. Therefore, in-field calibration in wind tunnel tests is necessary to reduce installation errors. To improve attitude measurement accuracy, the least squares quaternion calibration method based on MEMS IMU and six-position calibration procedure are proposed. High-precision three-axis turntable tests are performed. The pitch accuracy after calibration is higher than that before calibration in the angle of attack sweeping tests. The Root-Mean-Square Errors (RMSE) in the roll and yaw are within 0.01°, which are smaller than those before calibration. In the roll sweeping tests, RMSE of three attitude angles decrease significantly. In hypersonic wind tunnel tests, the pitch errors before and after calibration are within 0.05° and 0.02° in the angle of attack sweeping tests without wind. In five angle of attack sweeping tests with wind, the deviation between the mean of the pitch and the pitch after the elastic angle correction is within 0.03° and the standard deviation of five tests is within 0.01°. The proposed method is confirmed to enhance the accuracy of attitude measurement effectively, which is convenient for engineering applications.     

风洞模型投放试验轻模型法重力效应影响

风洞模型投放试验是研究超声速机弹分离问题的一种有效手段，相似参数的选取是影响试验准度的关键因素。有初始弹射速度的超声速机弹分离研究中，通常采用"轻模型法"得到模型的运动学及动力学相似参数，但该相似参数中模型重力模拟不足。为了研究重力效应对投放试验结果的影响，采用CTS试验技术对全尺寸真实参数与缩比尺寸轻模型法相似参数条件下得到的结果进行了对比研究。研究结果表明：在载弹与载机分离过程中，载弹位姿相互耦合，垂直下落位移的快慢会影响载弹姿态角的变化；轻模型法相似参数条件下，载弹垂直下落位移较慢，虚拟重力的修正方法只能近似修正下落位移，不能对导弹姿态角进行修正，而姿态角会影响下落的位移；机弹分离安全性方面，轻模型法相似参数条件下的试验结果较真实参数偏危险。     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式，可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动，发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先，设计了一种编码合作标志点，合理布置于模型表面，通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰，进行标志点三维重构；然后，利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值，且给出了理论误差分析，并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题，采用L-M算法进行位姿优化；最后，采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验，以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示，静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm；动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级，位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的，可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

风洞模型位移光学测量技术应用综述

风洞试验中,模型姿态的测量是影响数据精准度的一个重要因素,而测量上的一个微小变化,常常对实际应用价值造成巨大影响。当代测量技术发展的一个新领域是应用光学技术。概述了国外主要的风洞模型位移光学测量系统,包括测量依据、应用风洞、模型要求、数据后处理以及精度情况。这些测量系统应用于静态试验和动态试验中,用于模型位移、姿态角和弯曲变形的测量。从应用现状、应用环节、操作步骤、发展趋势等方面进行了描述,并给出了结论。比较这些模型位移光学测量技术可知它们各有优缺点,应用条件不一样。     

双发进气道抽吸试验系统及流量高精度测量技术

针对常规进气道试验方法存在流量测量精度低、综合试验能力差等诸多问题,及无法满足不同类型进气道在不同工况下开展性能试验的需要的状况,建立了一套应用于TBCC等双发发动机进气道风洞试验的抽吸试验系统及流量高精度测量技术.系统采用文氏流量计测量方法,以提高进气道流量测量的精度;采用在流量计末端直接加装中压环形引射器抽吸进气道主气流的方法,以满足不同类型进气道在不同工况下对吸入流量的需求;通过设计两套独立的管道系统并分别进行流量的测量与控制,以满足双发进气道不同工况性能匹配和耦合试验的需求.通过风洞验证试验验证了流量计的测量效果和引射器的引射能力,通过风洞应用试验验证了试验系统对不同形式进气道的综合试验能力.试验结果表明,试验系统测量精度高,引射抽吸能力和综合试验能力强,能全面满足各类进气道风洞试验的需求.     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.     

飞翼布局飞机武器舱综合流动控制技术研究

 针对飞翼布局飞机武器舱高强度气动噪声、内埋武器分离安全性和全机开舱附加阻力问题,以高速风洞气动噪声及气动力测量为研究手段,开展了基于前缘扰流片激励的武器舱综合流动控制技术试验研究。试验结果表明:对于飞翼布局飞机,武器舱开启对飞机气动性能有较大影响,巡航状态下,武器舱打开后使全机阻力增加了60%~110%;武器舱气动噪声高达185 dB;内埋武器分离过程中存在较大的抬头力矩,不利于武器分离。通过在武器舱前缘布置扰流片对剪切层施加激励,可以有效改善武器舱流动特性。巡航状态下武器舱开舱附加阻力最多降低20%;武器舱噪声降低5~8 dB;同时可以有效改善内埋弹分离特性。     

飞船返回舱跨声速全局稳定性研究

根据国内外在飞船返咽舱这类短钝飞行器的亚、跨声速风洞试验中都发现了极限环振动形态这一问题,利用全局稳定性分析和数字仿真方法,研究了返回舱在跨声速和高亚声带飞行时的动稳定性,得到与风洞试验类似的结果,即返回舱处于极限环振动形态。因此,在返回舱再入亚、跨声这飞行段,为保证飞行安全,采用有效和可靠的姿态控制系统来控制和减缓动不稳定影响是必需的。     

FL-23风洞级间分离与网格测力试验系统

近年来,随着飞行器研制不断高速化发展,一些型号要求在超声速条件下实现级间分离与网格测力试验。为了实现超声速飞行器级间分离与网格测力风洞试验,利用FL-23跨超声速风洞独有的投放机构,通过对上、下支撑及其控制系统进行改造升级,实现了X、Y两个方向的复合运动,建立了马赫数0.3～4.0的级间分离系统。经过多期型号试验验证,该系统对模型定位控制精度达到要求,满足飞行器高马赫数下开展级间分离与网格测力风洞试验需求。     

An active damping vibration control system for wind tunnel models

In wind tunnels, long cantilever sting support systems with low structural damping encounter flow separation and turbulence during wind tunnel tests, which results in destructive low-frequency and big-amplitude resonance, leading to data quality degradation and test envelope limitation. To ensure planed test envelope and obtain high-quality data, an active damping vibration control system independent of balance signal based on stackable piezoelectric actuators and velocity feedback using accelerometer, is proposed to improve the support stability and wind tunnel testing safety in transonic wind tunnel. Meanwhile, a design of powerful sting-root embedded active damping device is given and an active vibration control method is presented based on the mechanism analysis of aircraft model vibration. Furthermore, a self-adaptive fuzzy Proportion Differentiation(PD) control model is proposed to realize control parameters adjustment automatically for various testing conditions. Besides, verification tests are performed in laboratory and a continuous transonic wind tunnel. Experimental results indicate that the aircraft model does not vibrate obviously from -4° to 11° at Ma = 0.6, the number of useable angle-of-attack has increased by 7° at Ma = 0.6 and 5° at Ma = 0.7 respectively, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests.     

Trajectory and attitude deviations for internal store separation due to unsteady and quasi-steady test method

The deviations of trajectory and attitude angle for internal store separation are evaluated by two wind tunnel test methods. One is the Freedrop Test(FDT), which is known as unsteady and time-dependent method of scaled model. The other is the Captive Trajectory System(CTS) test,which is usually regarded as a quasi-steady and time-averaged test technology. The result shows that there is a streamwise adverse pressure gradient on the cavity resulting in a nose-up pitching moment coefficient(>0) ...     

高速风洞试验模型姿态角的视频测量及不确定度研究

高速风洞测力试验中,阻力系数精度σc x的先进指标为0.0001,按误差分配原理,要求试验模型迎角的测量精度σα≤0.01°。为此,研究风洞试验中模型姿态角视频测量及其不确定度,给出其系统误差的补偿方法。实测数据（马赫数为1.5、2.0、3.0和4.0）表明：在2m暂冲式超声速风洞试验中,各阶梯迎角测量数据的标准差（含风洞气流脉动致模型姿态角振动产生的误差）在0.0018°和0.0094°之间,迎角实测估计值的标准不确定度≤0.003°,由此可知,姿态角视频测量系统的σα≤0.0094°。本方法既不破坏模型的外形,又不改变模型的刚度与强度,具有实用价值。