内埋武器投放分离相容性的风洞投放试验预测与评估

采用基于运动动力学相似的风洞投放试验对先进战斗机内埋武器投放分离相容性进行预测与评估，给出载机在不同飞行马赫数、攻角、弹舱长深比及舱内武器剩余数量、不同弹射力、折叠翼是否展开下，内埋导弹从载机弹舱投放分离后的运动轨迹和俯仰姿态角变化规律，研究这些因素对内埋导弹投放分离相容性的影响。结果表明：处于超声速飞行状态下（马赫数为1.5）的载机，攻角处于0°、2°、3°时投放内埋导弹后弹体俯仰角处于低头状态，利于攻击载机前下方敌方目标；在给定的初始分离条件下，对于两种不同的弹舱长深比，内埋导弹均能安全分离，但对内埋导弹俯仰方向运动影响较为显著；弹舱内武器剩余数量对内埋导弹分离特性影响较小，导弹能快速地远离载机干扰流场，投放分离后弹体俯仰角一直处于低头状态；随着内埋导弹初始分离速度增大，可使弹体快速地穿过载机的下洗流场，有利于内埋导弹与载机的安全分离；导弹的不同气动布局对内埋导弹分离相容性有一定的影响。     

载机投放外挂物低速风洞模拟技术

本文介绍在低速风洞中进行载机投放外挂风洞试验模拟原理,模型设计,试验方法和结果处理,并讨论载机行飞高度,飞行速度和飞行姿态角诸参数对外挂物安全投放及其下落轨迹的影响。     

叶片动力学相似试验模型设计及其固有特性预测修正

针对用直板叶片来预测真实带扭型叶片固有特性的相似试验模型设计问题,提出一种在固有特性相似条件下,直板试验模型叶片的动力学相似设计方法及修正策略.研究表明:对带扭型叶片当扭转角在其相似区间(固有频率误差小于5%)时,可直接用与其几何相似的直叶片试验模型准确预测对应阶的固有频率,当扭转角超出相似区间时,需用修正系数对与原型完全几何相似的直叶片试验模型的固有频率进行修正,修正后的固有频率值即能准确预测原型叶片的固有频率.      

超声速内埋武器不同分离方式分析

为给高空高速无人机内埋武器分离方式的选择提供权衡依据,建立了弹舱及弹体模型,采用chimera嵌套网格方法与Menter SST k-ω湍流模式,对舱内重力投放、舱内弹射投放及舱外重力投放三种内埋武器分离方式在高空高速条件下的内埋武器分离过程进行了仿真分析,对比了三种分离方式分离过程的流场特性与弹体运动参数。结果表明,在Ma=3.7,高度为2.5 km的条件下,舱内弹射投放与舱内重力投放能够使内埋武器安全分离,舱外重力投放在高空高速条件下无法完成内埋武器的安全分离,弹体无法快速下落并伴有大幅振荡,威胁无人机的飞行安全。     

内埋武器机弹分离相容性及流动控制试验研究

随着新一代先进有人或无人战斗机对高机动、超远程打击和隐身等性能提出要求，武器内埋式装载已成为必备选择。当内埋武器的质量-惯性载荷比非定常空气动力载荷大时，有效的武器分离通常不是问题；然而，当内埋武器的质量-惯性载荷比非定常空气动力载荷小时，可能导致内埋武器机弹分离过程出现俯仰角过大、急速滚转等不相容现象。本文针对内埋武器机弹分离相容性及流动控制方法开展非定常风洞投放试验探索研究，通过在武器舱前缘布置锯齿和矩形扰流板等被动流动控制装置，采用非定常风洞投放试验方法并结合高速纹影流动显示技术，研究了有无流动装置对内埋武器机弹分离相容性的影响，并提出细长旋成体布局式的内埋武器机弹分离相容性的判据表达式。研究发现，布置在内埋武器舱前缘的锯齿和平顶扰流板能在气流扇形膨胀区域内产生扰流激波，该扰流激波所产生的高压作用在导弹头部能起到减小抬头俯仰力矩的效果，对机弹分离俯仰方向运动产生较大影响，但对导弹垂直位移的影响并不大。前缘锯齿扰流板对机弹分离相容性的控制效果比平顶扰流板要好。     

跨声速开式空腔模型分离特性研究

采用非定常RANS方程求解器、非结构动网格技术及六自由度方程耦合的数值仿真技术,对跨声速条件下的开式空腔模型分离特性进行仿真研究,对比分析了高度、弹射力组合以及斜板措施对模型分离轨迹及姿态的影响。仿真结果表明,较高的飞行高度有利于改善模型的分离特性;弹射力对模型姿态影响较大,当弹射力组合提供一定的低头力矩时,模型分离下落较平稳;斜板措施可有效地改善模型下落姿态角,更利于安全分离。     

一种折叠弹翼悬挂物的分离轨迹试验技术

提出了一种新的折叠弹翼悬挂物机弹分离轨迹试验技术,重点解决了在机弹分离过程中折叠弹翼动态展开时悬挂物的气动力获取问题。研究表明,提出的试验技术通过将悬挂物气动力修正方法引入到悬挂物分离安全性研究当中,准确地得到悬挂物的分离特性,解决了折叠弹翼悬挂物分离轨迹风洞试验技术瓶颈,为折叠弹翼悬挂物的投放分离安全性提供一套工程实用的解决方案。     

高速风洞投放模型试验技术的关键问题及应用领域

基于高速风洞投放模型试验的经验,论述和总结了对试验技术的实际应用较为重要、且对试验结果有较大影响的几个关键问题：相似准则的选取问题、投放分离参数的模拟问题、风洞启动时流场对投放物模型的冲击载荷问题以及数据处理方法,分别对这四个问题的具体选取原则和处理方法进行了详细的总结和分析。重模型法能够确保模型投放轨迹的严格相似,但实用性较差;而轻模型法则正好相反。由于重模型法在实际使用中通常难以应用,因此轻模型法在风洞投放模型试验中获得了较多应用,但其模型垂直加速度不足的问题也需引起重视。投放分离参数的相似模拟,通常可通过采用弹簧或气缸提供的投放作用力来实现,弹簧具有简单、易行的特点,但模拟的准确性稍差;而气缸则正好相反。风洞启动时流场对投放物模型的冲击载荷问题常常能够影响到试验的顺利进行或影响试验结果。数据平滑处理可采用时间多项式拟合来实现,进而通过一次或二次微分获得气动力系数。对高速风洞模型投放试验的应用领域作了总结和介绍,将其分为飞机外挂物/内埋武器投放、子母弹抛撒/重块抛撒,以及头罩/导弹壳片分离三大类型试验,并对每一类试验在具体的试验技术,以及在上述几个关键问题上的特点分别作了介绍,给出了具体试验的图像和曲线。     

采用流动控制的超声速内埋物投放特性研究

针对马赫数Ma3飞行状态下的内埋物安全投放难题,提出了两种适用于非平坦舱体外形的超声速内埋物投放分离过程的流动控制方法:第一种方法采用了圆棒扰流器,第二种方法采用气帘喷流。为了验证两种不同流动控制方法的效果,引入结构嵌套六自由度动态网格技术和基于k-ω湍流模型的Navier-Stokes方程计算,对包括重力投放、弹射投放、采用圆棒扰流器的重力投放和采用气帘的重力投放等4种不同的投放分离状态进行了动态全过程的计算对比分析。通过对仿真计算结果分析发现,当来流马赫数Ma∞3时,采用流动控制的投放物分离运动特性产生了明显的变化。由投放物下落过程中的俯仰偏航特性可以得出:采用圆棒流动控制有利于安全分离;气帘流动控制具有应用潜力,但采用这种方法需要针对特定的投放条件进行优化,否则可能诱发投放物在俯仰方向的姿态发散。     

比例型激光弹弹目初始偏差角对投放效果的影响分析

为了提高比例型激光弹的命中率,研究了激光末制导炸弹投放流程、比例导引制导律原理和几何关系,建立了含激光半主动陀螺式导引头动力学模型和线性弹体动力学模型的激光弹比例导引制导回路模型。将不同的弹目初始偏差角带入回路模型中进行仿真,得到了弹体参数曲线。分析结果显示,随着弹目初始偏差角的减小,制导时间、最大法向位移、法向过载和导引头进动角速度均在减小。因此,激光弹投放时应选择使弹目初始偏差角最小的投放弹道,可以达到较优的投放效果。     

Optimization and verification of free flight separation similarity law in high-speed wind tunnel

Based on the similarity of separation time, a similarity law optimization method for high-speed weapon delivery test is derived. The typical separation state under wind load is simulated by the numerical method. The real separation data of aircraft, separation data of previous test methods, separation data of ideal wind tunnel test of previous methods, and simulation data of the proposed optimization method are obtained. A comparison of the data shows that the method proposed can improve the performance of tracking. Similarity law optimization starts with the development of motion equations and dynamic equations in the windless state to address the problems of mismatching between vertical and horizontal displacement, and to address the problems of separation trajectory distortion caused by insufficient gravity acceleration of the scaling model of existing light model. The ejection velocity of the model is taken as a factor/vector, and is adjusted reasonably to compensate the linear displacement insufficiency caused by the insufficient vertical acceleration of the light model method, so as to ensure the matching of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the projectile, and to improve the consistency between the test results of high-speed projection and the actual separation trajectory. The optimized similarity law is applicable to many existing free-throwing modes of high-speed wind tunnels. The optimized similarity law is not affected by the ejection velocity and hanging mode of the projectile. The optimized similarity law is suitable not only for the launching of the buried ammunition compartment and external stores, but also for the test design of projectile launching and gravity separation.     

一种划定反舰导弹飞行航区的方法研究

考虑到反舰导弹试验与训练的安全性,引入反舰导弹飞行航区的定义.探讨了4个影响飞行航区划定因素:舰面干扰、风干扰、陀螺漂移干扰、导弹故障干扰,构建了反舰导弹干扰作用下的全弹道模型.进而以设定的导弹参数为例,划定飞行航区,通过与实际靶试对照,验证了该方案的合理性与优越性.     

超声速进气道数学模型研究

应用数值模拟方法对二级斜板可调的二元混压式超声速进气道的内流场性能进行了研究，根据数值模拟二元混压式超声速进气道内流场的计算结果，得出每个网格点上的压力，温度，速度及密度等参数，从而求出进气道的总压恢复系数和流量系数，并归纳出进气道主要性能参数与状态参数和几何调节参数之间的关系，得出进气道的特性曲线，建立了二元超声速进气道的数学模型，利用此数学模型，可确定进气道在不同状态下的主要内容特性参数值，并作为建立带进气道、矢量喷管的发动机数学模型的建模基础，对进气道、发动机、矢量喷管的一体化控制有重要的参考价值。     

Trajectory and attitude deviations for internal store separation due to unsteady and quasi-steady test method

The deviations of trajectory and attitude angle for internal store separation are evaluated by two wind tunnel test methods. One is the Freedrop Test(FDT), which is known as unsteady and time-dependent method of scaled model. The other is the Captive Trajectory System(CTS) test,which is usually regarded as a quasi-steady and time-averaged test technology. The result shows that there is a streamwise adverse pressure gradient on the cavity resulting in a nose-up pitching moment coefficient(>0) ...     

Roll-pitch-yaw autopilot design for nonlinear time-varying missile using partial state observer based global fast terminal sliding mode control

The acceleration autopilot design for skid-to-turn (STT) missile faces a great challenge owing to coupling effect among planes, variation of missile velocity and its parameters, inexistence of a complete state vector, and nonlinear aerodynamics. Moreover, the autopilot should be designed for the entire flight envelope where fast variations exist. In this paper, a design of inte-grated roll-pitch-yaw autopilot based on global fast terminal sliding mode control (GFTSMC) with a partial state nonlinear observer (PSNLO) for STT nonlinear time-varying missile model, is employed to address these issues. GFTSMC with a novel sliding surface is proposed to nullify the integral error and the singularity problem without application of the sign function. The pro-posed autopilot consisting of two-loop structure, controls STT maneuver and stabilizes the rolling with a PSNLO in order to estimate the immeasurable states as an output while its inputs are missile measurable states and control signals. The missile model considers the velocity variation, gravity effect and parameters’ variation. Furthermore, the environmental conditions’ dynamics are mod-eled. PSNLO stability and the closed loop system stability are studied. Finally, numerical simula-tion is established to evaluate the proposed autopilot performance and to compare it with existing approaches in the literature.     

弹用涡喷发动机飞行试验启动加速性能仿真

结合导弹飞行的应用实际，利用有限的部件特性，建立了弹用涡喷发动机启动加速至巡航状态全过程的动态性能仿真模型。对仿真模型计算结果进行了分析，模型计算结果与飞行试验数据吻合较好。该模型的建立对导弹发射过程发动机性能的分析具有重要的现实意义。     

高温燃气进入舵机舱过程仿真与流动机理分析

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法研究了火箭发动机工作拖尾段高温发动机燃气进入舵机舱的物理现象。结合导弹实际飞行弹道参数变化特点和超声速流场扰动不向前传递的空气动力学理论,提出了简化而不失真的非定常流场仿真方案,显著缩短了仿真周期;复现了某型导弹实际飞行时舵机舱先被"抽气"再进高温燃气的动态过程,并分析了高温发动机燃气进入舵机舱的流动机理,即在发动机工作段,导弹底端面压强低于舵机舱内压强,舵机舱被"抽气",在拖尾段随着燃烧室总压降低,喷口附近的马赫盘向导弹底端面移动,使导弹底端面压强增大且高于舵机舱内压强,高温燃气进入舵机舱烧毁电路致使导弹折断;明确了某型导弹折断故障产生的诱因,提出了改进措施和检测方法,并得到了大量飞行靶试的验证,解决了舵机舱热防护结构可靠性问题。     

风场中无动力滑翔弹可攻击区研究

基于无动力滑翔弹气动力特性与动力学模型、中/末制导律与控制系统的飞行仿真模型,以及风场模型等,在一定的释放条件下,通过不同风场(即不同风向与风速的组合),计算了大量的可攻击区。利用VC 与Matlab飞行仿真软件,较为直观地比较了无风与不同风场中的无动力滑翔弹可攻击区及相应的六自由度(6DOF)飞行轨迹。大量的数据表明风场改变了无动力滑翔弹的可攻击区的形状及大小。因此,风场是影响无动力滑翔弹命中率与可攻击区的重要因素。当计算无动力滑翔弹的可攻击区时,随机风场必须考虑,这在实战中很有参考价值和工程实用价值。     

Bayesian uncertainty analysis of SA turbulence model for supersonic jet interaction simulations

The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) models are still the workhorse in current engineering applications due to its high efficiency and robustness. However, the closure coefficients of RANS turbulence models are determined by model builders according to some simple fundamental flows, and the suggested values may not be applicable to complex flows, especially supersonic jet interaction flow. In this work, the Bayesian method is employed to recalibrate the closure coefficients of Spalart-Allma...     

Experience in the use of computational aerodynamics to predict store release characteristics

In the early days, store separation tests were conducted in a hit or miss fashion—the stores would be dropped from the aircraft at gradually increasing speeds until the store came close to or sometimes actually hit the aircraft. In some cases, this led to loss of the aircraft, and made some test pilots reluctant to participate in store separation flight test programs.During the 1960's, the Captive Trajectory System (CTS) method for store separation wind tunnel testing was developed. The CTS provided a considerable improvement over the hit or miss method, and became widely used in aircraft/store integration programs prior to flight-testing. However, since fairly small-scale models had to be used in the wind tunnel tests, in many cases the wind tunnel predictions did not match the flight test results. No mechanism was then in place to resolve the wind tunnel/flight test discrepancies.During this same time frame Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) had finally matured to the point of providing a trajectory solution for a store in an aircraft flowfield. However, since the computational tools were necessarily (due to computer resource limitations) limited to linear techniques, and since most store separation problems occur at transonic speeds, these tools had limited application.Recent advances in computer resources have greatly improved the capability of CFD to predict store release characteristics. Instead of using linear or approximate schemes, time dependent Euler and Navier Stokes trajectories could be computed in a reasonable time frame.Three international CFD Challenges, held during the last decade of the 20th century, have shown that CFD can not only match wind tunnel test data, but also predict flight test trajectories for complex stores at transonic speeds. It appears that CFD has matured to the point that it can be usefully integrated into aircraft/store compatibility programs.