基于磁强计测量的微小卫星轨道姿态 耦合确定方法

针对基于磁强计测量的微小卫星, 提出了基于串并联混合策略的轨道姿态 耦合确定方法。滤波初期,考虑到估计误差较大,采用先地磁场大小测量的轨道确定、 后地磁场矢量测量的姿态确定的串联策略;稳定后,采用基于矢量测量的轨道、姿态同 步确定的并联策略。为降低轨道、姿态确定的相互影响,设计了基于信息的鲁棒Kalman 滤波,通过自动调节增益矩阵处理两个滤波系统间的影响。仿真表明,该方法在提高鲁 棒性的同时,还能适当提高状态估计的精度。     

微小型无人机用微磁数字罗盘集成系统的设计

 针对现有微磁数字罗盘成本高、输出频率低、动态定姿时易发散等问题,结合微小型无人机(MUAV)导航与控制系统的组成特点,设计了一种利用MUAV机载微惯性测量单元(MIMU)中的天向陀螺输出判断无人机的运动状态,采用MIMU中的3轴加速度计组件测量的地球重力矢量,配合3轴磁阻传感器测量的地球磁场矢量,共同进行姿态确定的微磁数字罗盘集成系统。对传统的环境干扰磁场校正方法进行了完善与验证,使之适合于空间三维定姿。试验结果表明：系统总体性能良好,航向精度可达0.5°,成本为同类产品的1/5,输出响应可达50 Hz,满足应用于MUAV导航控制系统的微磁数字罗盘的高精度、低成本和实时性的要求。     

强磁干扰环境下磁航向误差补偿技术研究

解决强磁环境下磁强计易受干扰的问题,能够提高微型姿态参照系统航向角测量精度。建立了磁强计误差两次补偿模型,首先采用椭圆坐标修正法对磁强计进行罗差补偿,以减小环境磁场的干扰;其次采用最小二乘拟合法对获得的磁航向角进行二次补偿,提高系统航向角测量精度。试验结果显示：系统航向角测量值的误差均方值由补偿前的3．982°降为补偿后的0．386°,精度提高近10．3倍,表明该补偿方法能够有效降低磁场环境的干扰,提高系统航向角测量精度。     

MAV Attitude Determination by Vector Matching

An attitude determination algorithm suitable for micro aerial vehicle (MAV) applications is developed. The algorithm uses Earth's magnetic and gravity field vectors as observations. The magnetic field vector measurements are obtained from a magnetometer triad. The gravity field vector is measured by fusing information from an accelerometer triad with GPS/WAAS (wide area augmentation system) velocity measurements. Two linearization and estimator designs for implementing the algorithm are discussed. Simulation and experimental flight test results validating the algorithm are presented.     

姿态航向参考系统中磁罗盘安装误差补偿研究

在飞行状态下,姿态航向参考系统的航向由磁航姿计算机的姿态和磁罗盘的磁通量算得,由于磁罗盘和航姿计算机在机上有安装误差,使得算出的航向有一定偏差,针对这一问题,文章提出了一种补偿机上磁罗盘安装误差的方法。机上试验表明:该方法补偿了磁罗盘在机上的安装误差,可有效提高磁航向的精度。     

卫星拒止情况下低精度惯导系统航姿算法研究

在卫星拒止情况下,低精度MEMS惯导系统由于惯性器件性能较差,无法长时间保持姿态精度。从重力矢量及飞行器的动力学特性出发,提出了一种基于动态检测和Kalman数据融合的航姿算法。该算法从导航与飞控一体化的理念出发,实时判断飞行器机动和飞控状态,在低动态时利用Kalman滤波器对水平加速度和惯性解算的姿态角进行数据融合,估计和修正水平姿态误差,从而提高水平姿态精度。经过飞行仿真验证,该算法可有效完成飞行器的动态检测,并保证在系统机动情况下水平姿态误差在2°以内。     

三轴矢量原子磁力仪综述

原子磁力仪可分为标量磁力仪和矢量磁力仪两大类。标量磁力仪的测量结果与传感器的姿态无关,对平台的机动不敏感。矢量磁力仪能够获得更多的磁场信息,可以实现更精确的磁源定位。目前,共有7种三轴矢量原子磁力仪,测量方法分别为磁场扫描法、磁场旋转调制法、磁场轮流抵消法、磁场投影法、磁场交叉调制法、磁场分立调制法和自旋进动调制法。重点对上述7种三轴矢量原子磁力仪的测量方法进行了整理和分析。     

基于改进的磁场检验和主方向算法的行人航向估计

针对以惯导为核心的行人定位算法存在航向角失真的问题，提出了一种融合惯性测量单元(IMU)和磁力计的行人导航算法，利用步幅航向的变化量将行人的运动分为直线行走和曲线行走两部分，当检测到行人直线行走时，提出一种实时建立主方向的自适应航向角漂移修正算法，对航行角误差进行补偿；当行人曲线行走时，辅助地磁场信息，使用磁场强度、地磁倾角、惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system，INS)与磁力计解算的航向角之差这三个特征值构建广义似然比检验量，对磁场进行判断获得稳定状态磁场信息，通过卡尔曼滤波对航向角误差进行补偿。将传感器置于足部进行实验，实验结果表明,两种算法可以实现优势互补，有效地抑制地磁信息的干扰，提高导航精度，算法结果相对于无航向角修正的零速修正算法、零角速度更新算法和单独使用磁力计进行融合的算法，定位误差分别降低了91.02%、82.93%和61.39%，室外和室内终点定位误差分别为4.545 4 m和0.543 6 m，占总路程的0.69%和0.17%。     

低轨微纳卫星全磁自主导航算法研究

针对低轨微纳卫星体积小、功耗低的设计约束,提出了基于低轨地磁的定轨/定姿全磁自主导航算法.该算法仅利用三轴磁强计测量值和卫星动力学方程建立Kalman滤波器,实现了低轨微纳卫星的全自主轨道确定和姿态测量,理论仿真结果表明,该全磁导航算法精度能够满足低轨微纳卫星的一般要求.利用高精度地磁模拟器搭建了微纳卫星全磁自主导航地面仿真验证系统,对算法进行了全物理仿真测试和实验误差分析,进一步验证了全磁自主导航算法的可行性,为低轨微纳卫星提供了一种低成本、高自主、高可靠性的导航方法.     

基于EKF的小型涵道式无人机航姿系统算法研究

针对小型涵道式无人机,设计了一种基于扩展Kalman滤波的航姿估计算法。采用四元数作为状态变量,利用陀螺仪的输出构成状态方程,通过加速度计与磁阻传感器构造观测方程来进行扩展Kalman滤波解算。相对于通常的航姿估计算法,这种算法减少了运算量,更适合于基于嵌入式微处理器的航姿估计。实验结果表明这种算法有效的抑制了航姿系统的各种噪声与干扰,同时保证了姿态输出的精度与实时性,可以为小型无人机提供准确的航姿信息。     

Pico-satellite Autonomous Navigation with Magnetometer and Sun Sensor Data

This article presents a near-Earth satellite orbit estimation method for pico-satellite applications with light-weight and low-power requirements. The method provides orbit information autonomously from magnetometer and sun sensor, with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). Real-time position/velocity parameters are estimated with attitude independently from two quantities: the measured magnitude of the Earth’s magnetic field, and the measured dot product of the magnetic field vector and the sun vector. To guarantee the filter’s effectiveness, it is recommended that the sun sensor should at least have the same level of accuracy as magnetometer. Furthermore, to reduce filter’s computation expense, simplification methods in EKF’s Jacobian calculations are introduced and testified, and a polynomial model for fast magnetic field calculation is developed. With these methods, 50% of the computation expense in dynamic model propagation and 80% of the computation burden in measurement model calculation can be reduced. Tested with simulation data and compared with original magnetometer-only methods, filter achieves faster convergence and higher accuracy by 75% and 30% respectively, and the suggested simplification methods are proved to be harmless to filter’s estimation performance.     

DOA estimation for attitude determination on communication satellites

In order to determine an appropriate attitude of three-axis stabilized communication satellites, this paper describes a novel attitude determination method using direction of arrival （DOA） estimation of a ground signal source. It differs from optical measurement, magnetic field measurement, inertial measurement, and global positioning system （GPS） attitude determination. The proposed method is characterized by taking the ground signal source as the attitude reference and acquiring attitude information from DOA estimation. Firstly, an attitude measurement equation with DOA estimation is derived in detail. Then, the error of the measurement equation is analyzed. Finally, an attitude determination algorithm is presented using a dynamic model, the attitude measurement equation, and measurement errors. A developing low Earth orbit （LEO） satellite which tests mobile communication technology with smart antennas can be stabilized in three axes by corporately using a magnetometer, reaction wheels, and three-axis magnetorquer rods. Based on the communication satellite, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The method could be a backup of attitude determination to prevent a system failure on the satellite. Its precision depends on the number of snapshots and the input signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） with DOA estimation.     

The Juno Magnetic Field Investigation

The Juno Magnetic Field investigation (MAG) characterizes Jupiter’s planetary magnetic field and magnetosphere, providing the first globally distributed and proximate measurements of the magnetic field of Jupiter. The magnetic field instrumentation consists of two independent magnetometer sensor suites, each consisting of a tri-axial Fluxgate Magnetometer (FGM) sensor and a pair of co-located imaging sensors mounted on an ultra-stable optical bench. The imaging system sensors are part of a subsystem that provides accurate attitude information (to ～20 arcsec on a spinning spacecraft) near the point of measurement of the magnetic field. The two sensor suites are accommodated at 10 and 12 m from the body of the spacecraft on a 4 m long magnetometer boom affixed to the outer end of one of ’s three solar array assemblies. The magnetometer sensors are controlled by independent and functionally identical electronics boards within the magnetometer electronics package mounted inside Juno’s massive radiation shielded vault. The imaging sensors are controlled by a fully hardware redundant electronics package also mounted within the radiation vault. Each magnetometer sensor measures the vector magnetic field with 100 ppm absolute vector accuracy over a wide dynamic range (to 16 Gauss = \(1.6 \times 10^{6}\mbox{ nT}\) per axis) with a resolution of ～0.05 nT in the most sensitive dynamic range (±1600 nT per axis). Both magnetometers sample the magnetic field simultaneously at an intrinsic sample rate of 64 vector samples per second. The magnetic field instrumentation may be reconfigured in flight to meet unanticipated needs and is fully hardware redundant. The attitude determination system compares images with an on-board star catalog to provide attitude solutions (quaternions) at a rate of up to 4 solutions per second, and may be configured to acquire images of selected targets for science and engineering analysis. The system tracks and catalogs objects that pass through the imager field of view and also provides a continuous record of radiation exposure. A spacecraft magnetic control program was implemented to provide a magnetically clean environment for the magnetic sensors, and residual spacecraft fields and/or sensor offsets are monitored in flight taking advantage of Juno’s spin (nominally 2 rpm) to separate environmental fields from those that rotate with the spacecraft.     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.     

微小型无人直升机姿态信号的互补滤波融合算法

基于惯性测量技术获取飞行器姿态信号的方法已被广泛应用,然而对于微小型或低成本无人飞行器而言,通过MEMS传感器获取满足精度要求且稳定可靠的姿态信号仍然是具有一定难度的工程问题。文章针对民用微小型无人直升机的低成本要求和使用环境,利用三轴角速率陀螺仪和加速度计在姿态估计中频率互补的特性,采用互补滤波算法,改进了滤波参数的自适应调整方法,实现了俯仰角和滚转角信号的有效融合,得到的姿态信息可用于微小型无人直升机的内环增稳控制。仿真和试验数据表明,该方法测量精度较高,工程实现简单,算法稳定,能有效解决微小型无人直升机姿态信号的工程求解和使用问题。     

Auto-normalization algorithm for robotic precision drilling system in aircraft component assembly

A novel approach is proposed to detect the normal vector to product surface in real time for the robotic precision drilling system in aircraft component assembly, and the auto-normalization algorithm is presented based on the detection system. Firstly, the deviation between the normal vector and the spindle axis is measured by the four laser displacement sensors installed at the head of the multi-function end effector. Then, the robot target attitude is inversely solved according to the auto-normalization algorithm. Finally, adjust the robot to the target attitude via pitch and yaw rotations about the tool center point and the spindle axis is corrected in line with the normal vector simultaneously. To test and verify the auto-normalization algorithm, an experimental platform is established in which the laser tracker is introduced for accurate measurement. The results show that the deviations between the corrected spindle axis and the normal vector are all reduced to less than 0.5°, with the mean value 0.32°. It is demonstrated the detection method and the auto-normalization algorithm are feasible and reliable.     

基于流场感知的小型飞行器姿态控制

小型飞行器由于外形尺寸等限制很难实现理想的姿态控制，而自然界中的鸟类却可以完成高质量的飞行，原因是它们能够获得自身周围的气流信息。受这些自然现象的启发，设计了一个基于流场感知的小型飞行器姿态控制系统。通过流场感知的气流信息（压力和剪应力）可以计算出气动力和力矩。建立了一种小型飞行器的非线性三轴姿态动力学模型，将力矩信息引入姿态运动，然后利用非线性模型预测控制来设计姿态控制器。与传统的控制方法相比，这种新型控制方法不需要从气动实验获得的先验信息，所用的参数都是由在线测量得到的数据计算得出的，因此能及时感知外界环境变化并减少响应时间。仿真结果表明，该控制方法可以提高小型飞行器在复杂流场环境下姿态控制系统的性能。     

Remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system and method for a moving target in wind tunnel

The measurement of position and attitude parameters for the isolated target from a high-speed aircraft is a great challenge in the field of wind tunnel simulation technology. This paper proposes a remote-controlled flexible pose measurement system in wind tunnel conditions for the separation of a target from an aircraft. The position and attitude parameters of a moving object are obtained by utilizing a single camera with a focal length and camera orientation that can be changed based on different measurement conditions. Using this proposed system and method, both the flexibility and efficiency of the pose measurement system can be enhanced in wind tunnel conditions to meet the measurement requirements of different objects and experiments, which is also useful for the development of an intelligent position and attitude measurement system. The position and the focal length of the camera also can be controlled remotely during measurements to enlarge both the vertical and horizontal measurement range of this system. Experiments are conducted in the laboratory to measure the position and attitude of moving objects with high flexibility and efficiency, and the measurement precision of the measurement system is also verified through experiments.     

面向室内场景的惯性磁感应定位方法

针对卫星拒止的室内导航问题，在现有磁信标定位技术的基础上，通过分析低频旋转磁场的特点，建立了一种不受传感器姿态和磁信标磁矩信息影响的磁感应矢量夹角观测模型，并结合MEMS惯性导航的误差模型提出了一种以磁感应矢量夹角的正余弦值为量测信息的惯性磁感应动态定位方法，避免了磁传感器姿态误差和磁矩误差对定位结果的影响。利用实验室的双轴磁信标实验系统进行静态测试，验证了磁感应定位模型具有不受传感器姿态、环境中遮挡物以及磁矩影响的特点；通过数值仿真的方式对基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）的惯性磁感应定位方法进行验证，结果表明该方法能有效地抑制惯性导航的发散，且位置最大误差小于0.75 m，满足大多数室内场景下的高精度导航定位需求。     

微小卫星太阳敏感器/磁强计实时标定算法研究

 提出了一种对磁强计/太阳敏感器的无姿态信息的在轨实时标定方法。在现有的标定算法中，仅采用地磁矢量的模作为观测量，本文引入地磁矢量与太阳矢量之间的数量积作为观测量，增强了其可观性，也使对太阳敏感器的实时标定成为可能。扩展卡尔曼滤波器(Extended Kalman Filter，EKF)虽然获得广泛应用，但其线性化过程会引入截断误差，而无香卡尔曼滤波器(Unscented Kalman Filter，UKF)是非线性滤波方法，不须对系统进行线性化。分别利用EKF与UKF的滤波标定算法进行标定研究，仿真结果表明了本文算法的有效性，如磁强计偏置的标定精度，UKF比EKF高26%。