多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

直升机旋翼瞬态气弹运动有限元模型研究

从能量变分原理出发建立了旋翼的瞬态气弹有限元模型,模型考虑了旋翼转速加速度对桨叶动能变分的影响。采用叶素理论建立了桨叶在复杂流场中的气动载荷模型,模型计入了旋翼主轴纵倾和横滚角的影响,研究了流场风速分量的计算。运用所建模型仿真分析了直升机在护卫舰尾流场内起动时桨叶的挥舞、摆振、扭转(变距)等瞬态运动过程。模型可用于旋翼的振动仿真分析、噪声估计和故障诊断方法的验证。     

考虑耦合变形的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析

无轴承旋翼存在强烈的非线性扭转-弯曲耦合变形。推导了桨叶的非线性应变-位移关系,应用Hamilton原理建立了多路传力的无轴承旋翼桨叶运动的有限元方程,气动力模型采用二维准定常片条理论,考虑了耦合变形对桨叶轴向弹性位移的影响,并构造了一个新的15自由度梁单元,分析了悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性。数值结果表明：考虑耦合变形对轴向弹性位移的影响可以提高悬停状态下的无轴承旋翼气弹稳定性分析的精度。     

舰船纵横摇运动对旋翼瞬态气弹响应影响分析

为了研究舰船运动对舰载直升机旋翼瞬态气弹响应的影响,采用中等变形梁模型处理桨叶弹性变形,有限转角处理桨叶绕桨轴和铰的转动及舰船的横摇和纵摇运动,采用Hamilton原理建立了带有舰船运动的舰面旋翼瞬态气弹响应计算模型。通过与国外的试验值和计算值对比验证了本文计算方法的正确性,得到以下结论:(1)舰船的横摇运动对桨尖负向最大位移影响较小;(2)舰船的纵摇运动影响则较显著,随纵摇周期的减小和桨毂离舰船质心纵向距离的增加,桨尖最大负向位移增加显著,纵摇相位影响较为明显;(3)舰船与旋翼的气动和惯性耦合对旋翼瞬态气弹响应的非线性影响非常明显,计算中需计入两者共同的影响。     

基于多体动力学的旋翼模型与气弹稳定性

针对无轴承等先进旋翼结构特点,建立了基于柔性多体系统动力学方法的旋翼气弹分析模型.旋翼各构件建模相互独立,便于组成不同构型旋翼,适合于新构型旋翼气弹分析.分析模型集成了适合于旋翼气弹分析的隐式大变形桨叶模型,构件动力学方程增加了铰链动力学方程,统一约束方程形式,改进了角运动约束方程,避免连续旋转引起的奇点问题.应用分析模型计算无铰式旋翼和无轴承旋翼的气弹稳定性,分析结构参数对旋翼气弹稳定性的影响.分析结果表明模型能准确计算结构弹性变形的耦合及非线性,提高旋翼气弹稳定性分析精度.      

应用CFD方法的舰载直升机舰面气弹响应计算与分析

舰载直升机所处的环境恶劣,易出现旋翼桨尖过度挥舞及机身碰撞等事故,研究直升机舰面气弹响应可预防此类事故的出现。应用 CFD 方法获得舰船流场数据,结合桨叶动力学模型,综合提出旋翼气弹响应计算分析方法,研究不同来流速度、悬停位置与风向角下旋翼的气弹响应。结果表明：本文提出的气弹响应计算分析方法正确可行;舰船来流速度的增加...     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

旋翼桨叶非定常挥舞运动的分析计算方法

从旋翼桨叶的实际气动环境出发导出了桨叶的非定常挥舞运动方程，其中考虑了影响旋翼桨叶非定常挥舞运动的各种因素，包括旋翼入流的时滞效应及前行桨叶的压缩性和后行桨叶的失速特性。给出了计算桨叶非定常挥舞运动的递推公式，并进而描述了旋的整体挥舞运动。最后以某型直升机为例，计算了直升机悬停及前飞中旋加变距操纵后旋翼桨叶挥舞运动响应的过渡过程，结果表明：用本文所述方法能合理地计算旋翼桨叶挥舞运动的非定常过渡过程     

新型桨尖的旋翼气弹稳定性研究及其应用

本文介绍了所开发的新型桨尖的气弹稳定性分析软件的结构模型、气动模型特点,采用ITR旋翼进行了算例验证,并用25B1.1全尺寸尖削桨叶进行了应用对比分析。结果表明所开发软件计算结果合理、可靠,是一个工程实用的软件。     

基于独立桨距控制的旋翼减振规律研究

独立桨距控制(IBC)能够改善旋翼气动环境,降低桨毂振动载荷。本文以SA349/2直升机为例,桨叶气动力计算采用Leishman-Beddoes动态失速模型和Pit-Peters动态入流模型,利用Fortran程序编译成为Adams子程序;桨毂载荷计算采用工程上应用较为广泛的Adams和Nastran软件,建立旋翼弹性桨叶气弹耦合模型。在周期变距基础上施加二阶、三阶谐波变距,研究独立桨距控制减振作用的规律。     

悬停状态下无铰旋翼模型气弹稳定性试验

通过悬停状态下2m直径旋翼模型试验, 研究了旋翼结构参数及动力学参数对无铰旋翼桨叶气弹稳定性的影响, 参数包括桨叶总距角、预锥角、预掠角、摆振频率和旋翼转速。桨叶为挥-摆-扭耦合结构, 并能构成面内柔软和面内刚硬旋翼。试验采用在垂直方向以摆振后退型频率进行周期变距激振的新方法, 得到了与理论相一致的结论。      

基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制试验

提出了基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制方法,并基于此开发了双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统,利用模型电控旋翼试验台进行了悬停状态下的桨距控制试验.试验结果表明:所研制的双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统能够有效、可靠地实现襟翼操纵和桨距控制.基于自适应滤波的桨距控制律可以很好地实现电控旋翼的总距、周期变距以及总距耦合周期变距操纵;桨距响应幅值满足要求,相位滞后约在10°～15°之间;从襟翼偏转到桨叶变距响应的滞后约20°～30°.不同桨叶/襟翼自身的结构及气动特性差异,会一定程度的影响桨距控制的实际效果.      

直升机旋翼流场特性PIV试验分析

基于PIV技术对悬停和前飞状态的模型旋翼流场进行了试验研究,对比分析了不同前飞速度、总距、转速、方位等条件下的旋翼速度场和桨尖涡运动,获得了在悬停和前飞条件下旋翼流动特性,为旋翼非定常流动机理研究和桨叶气动设计提供试验支持.     

Dynamic response analysis under atmospheric disturbances for helicopters based on elastic blades

A flight dynamics model based on elastic blades for helicopters is developed. Modal shape analysis is used to describe the rotating elastic blades for the purpose of reducing the elastic degrees of freedom for blades. The analytical result is employed to predict the rotor forces and moments. The equilibrium equation of the flight dynamics model is then constructed for the elastic motion for blades and the rigid motion for other parts. The nonlinear equation is further simplified, and the gradient descent algorithm is adopted to implement the trim simulation. The trim analysis shows that the effect of blade elasticity on the accuracy of rotor forces and moments is apparent at high speed, and the proposed method presents good accuracy for trim performance. The time-domain response is realized by a combination of the Newmark method and the adaptive Runge-Kutta method. The helicopter control responses of collective pitch show that the response accuracy of the model at a yaw-and-pitch attitude is improved. Finally, the influence of blade elasticity on the helicopter dynamic response in low-altitude wind shear is investigated. An increase in blade elastic-ity reduces the oscillation amplitude of the yaw angle and the vertical speed by more than 70%. Compared with a rigid blade, an elastic blade reduces the vibration frequency of the angular veloc-ity and results in a fast return of the helicopter to its stable flight.     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

High-resolution simulation for rotorcraft aerodynamics in hovering and vertical descending flight using a hybrid method

A high-resolution simulation tool for rotorcraft aerodynamics is developed by coupling CFD with a Vorticity Transport Model (VTM). An Eulerian-based CFD module is used to model the blade near body flowfield, and a Lagrangian-based VTM module is employed for vortex tracking in the far wake. The coupling procedure is implemented by transmitting vortex sources to the VTM module and feeding boundary conditions back to the CFD module. The presented CFD/VTM hybrid solver is firstly validated by hover cases of three different rotor configurations. Simulation results, including the blade surface pressure distribution, rotor downwash, and hover figure of merit, exhibit favorable correlations with available experimental data. Then, a rotor operated in vertical descending flight with a fixed collective pitch is investigated. It is shown that the CFD/VTM coupling method is suitable for rotor wake simulation. Wake instabilities (far wake breakdown in hover and toroidal wake pattern in the vortex ring state) are successfully demonstrated with a moderate computational cost.     

Applications of numerical optimization techniques to design of axial compressor blades

This paper describes the shape optimization of NASA rotor 37 and rotor and stator blades in a single-stage transonic axial compressor.Shape optimization of the blades operating at the design flow condition has been performed using the response surface method and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes analysis.Thin-layer approximation is introduced to the Navier-Stokes equations,and an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme is used to solve the governing equations.The three design variables,blade sweep,lean and skew,are introduced to optimize the three-dimensional stacking line of the blades.The objective function of the shape optimization is an adiabatic efficiency.Throughout the optimization of rotor and stator blades, optimal blade shape can be obtained.It is noted the increase of adiabatic efficiency by optimization of the blade shape with the stacking line in the single-stage transonic axial compressor is more effective in a rotor blade rather than a stator blade because of the large deformation of blade shape in the stator blade.      

应用时间精确自由尾迹方法的桨叶总距突增响应特性分析

直升机旋翼的气动特性对总距操纵输入的动态响应具有复杂的非定常特性。文中结合尾迹模型、PC2B算法、桨叶气动模型、挥舞动力学模型、非定常翼型模型和旋翼平衡模型,建立了一个时间精确旋翼自由尾迹和气动特性分析方法。利用该方法,首先,计算了前飞时旋翼入流分布,以及悬停状态桨叶总距增加时拉力系数的变化,通过计算值与实验值的对比,验证了方法的有效性;然后,利用该方法对模型旋翼在悬停和前飞状态桨叶总距阶跃突增时的拉力系数、俯仰力矩系数、滚转力矩系数和挥舞锥度角变化的时间历程进行了计算分析,得出了一些新的结论。     

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

悬停状态电控旋翼桨距控制

针对改进型电控旋翼系统,首先建立了其各控制环节的数学模型,采用串级PID(proportion in-tegration differentiation)控制算法设计了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制律,PID参数根据Ziegler-Nichols方法进行整定.通过仿真计算分析,初步验证了该控制算法对于桨距控制的有效性.以上述控制方法为基础,进一步开展了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制的闭环试验研究,成功的实现了电控旋翼桨距幅值和相位的控制,验证了串级PID电控旋翼桨距控制算法的正确性和有效性.