复杂旋翼流场的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法

针对影响旋翼流场求解精度的关键因素“桨叶复杂近体流动”和“尾迹涡畸变”,结合计算流体力学(CFD)方法和黏性涡方法,发展了一套适合于复杂旋翼涡流场分析的耦合欧拉-拉格朗日数值方法:为捕捉桨尖三维效应、激波等细节流场特征,在桨叶近体区域采用CFD方法对其进行求解;针对高雷诺数旋翼流场中桨尖涡的紧凑结构特点,引入黏性涡方法建立了高分辨率的尾迹求解模型;两计算域间的信息交换采用了集中涡源法和边界修正法.应用所建立的计算方法,以旋翼CFD标准验证试验(Caradonna-Tung旋翼)为算例,对尾迹影响明显的悬停状态进行了数值模拟,通过对比耦合边界处流场特征及桨叶表面压力系数分布,验证了方法的有效性.此外,还从旋翼尾迹捕捉精度、涡量耗散特征及计算时间等方面对不同计算方法进行了对比分析,结果表明耦合方法可充分发挥CFD和黏性涡方法各自的优点,在旋翼流场数值模拟方面具有独特的优势.     

基于黏性涡模型的旋翼流场数值方法

 建立了一种适用于旋翼非定常流场特性分析的黏性涡数值方法。在该方法中:流场中的大尺度涡被离散为若干微小的涡元,通过求解涡量-速度形式的Navier-Stokes方程模拟涡元的输运等过程;黏性扩散效应采用高精度的粒子强度交换法进行计算,而桨叶附着涡以及新生涡环量采用了Weissinger-L升力面理论进行求解;为显著提高计算效率,在诱导速度及其梯度的计算中还引入了快速多极子算法(FMM)。应用上述方法,对悬停和前飞状态下的多个旋翼流场算例进行了计算,通过对比旋翼尾迹涡量特征和诱导速度分布等,验证了该方法的有效性。此外,还将本方法与旋翼计算流体力学(CFD)方法及传统的自由尾迹方法进行了比较,结果表明黏性涡方法在兼顾效率的同时,还能够更好地捕捉旋翼尾迹运动。     

A New Single-blade Based Hybrid CFD Method for Hovering and Forward-flight Rotor Computation

A hybrid Euler/full potential/Lagrangian wake method,based on single-blade simulation,for predicting unsteady aerodynamic flow around helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight has been developed.In this method,an Euler solver is used to model the near wake evolution and transonic flow phenomena in the vicinity of the blade,and a full potential equation(FPE) is used to model the isentropic potential flow region far away from the rotor,while the wake effects of other blades and the far wake are incorporated into the flow solution as an induced inflow distribution using a Lagrangian based wake analysis.To further reduce the execution time,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) solution and rotor wake analysis(including induced velocity up-date) are conducted parallelly,and a load balancing strategy is employed to account for the information exchange between two solvers.By the developed method,several hover and forward-flight cases on Caradonna-Tung and Helishape 7A rotors are per-formed.Good agreements of the loadings on blade surface with available measured data demonstrate the validation of the method.Also,the CPU time required for different computation runs is compared in the paper,and the results show that the pre-sent hybrid method is superior to conventional CFD method in time cost,and will be more efficient with the number of blades increasing.     

直升机旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响

悬停和侧滑状态的直升机主旋翼桨尖涡将穿透尾桨桨尖平面,由此导致尾桨非定常气动载荷发生明显变化。为更准确地模拟由主旋翼/尾桨干扰产生的尾桨非定常气动载荷变化,通过在面元压力项中增加由旋翼桨尖涡诱导的时变项,体现旋翼桨尖涡速度和几何时变对桨叶非定常压力的影响,同时采用涡面镜像法修正涡粒子法的黏性项,确保桨叶附近区域旋翼涡量守恒,建立旋翼尾迹对尾桨叶的非定常气动干扰模型,并耦合面元/黏性涡粒子法,构建直升机主旋翼/尾桨干扰下的尾桨非定常气动载荷分析方法。通过计算AH-1G旋翼桨叶非定常气动载荷特性,并与实验测量值、计算流体力学(CFD)计算结果对比,验证本文非定常气动干扰模型的有效性。随后基于NASA ROBIN(Rotor Body Interaction)模型分析悬停、侧风和60°右侧滑状态主旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响,分析表明主旋翼尾迹对尾桨非定常气动载荷影响显著。悬停状态的主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力平均值下降、非定常气动载荷显著增加;左侧风状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰削弱尾桨"涡环"程度,显著增加尾桨拉力和非定常气动载荷;60°右侧滑状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力损失最大,且在低速侧滑状态出现尾桨拉力"迅速恢复"现象,尾桨非定常气动载荷幅值迅速增加。     

预测悬停旋翼跨音速流动的一种组合自由尾流/CFD方法

一种新的组合自由尾流 / CFD方法用于悬停旋翼流动的 CFD解中以考虑实际尾流的作用 .用文中描述的尾流分析方法研究了螺旋尖涡的运动 .首先从广义尾流模型开始 ,用半经验公式模化了涡核对旋翼尾流的作用 ;然后在环量收敛和尾迹收敛的条件下完成了自由尾迹计算 ;最后应用 Jameson有限体积龙格 -库塔推进格式求解了欧拉方程 .所得结果与相关文献和实验数据进行了比较     

基于IBC方法的旋翼BVI噪声主动控制机理

为揭示单片桨叶控制(IBC)主动控制技术抑制旋翼桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声的降噪机理,建立了一套基于CFD/CSD/FW-H_pds方程的综合噪声分析方法。旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声与旋翼桨叶载荷特性、气动变形以及旋翼桨尖涡结构等密切相关,为有效模拟旋翼桨叶的载荷特性及桨尖涡结构,将Navier-Stokes方程作为前飞流场的主控方程,空间离散上采用三阶MUSCL插值格式与通量差分裂Roe格式相结合;时间方向上采用双时间法,使用隐式LU-SGS格式在伪时间方向上进行推进;湍流模型采用对分离流动具有较好捕捉能力的Spalart-Allmaras模型。为提高旋翼桨叶弹性变形运动的模拟精度,建立了基于Hamilton变分原理的CSD模型,并与高精度的CFD求解器结合,发展了适合旋翼桨叶变形及载荷特性模拟的流固耦合分析方法。在CFD/CSD耦合方法分析流场基础上,使用可穿透空间积分面的FW-H_pds方法对旋翼气动噪声特性进行计算。首先,对流场及噪声数值方法进行验证;然后,着重针对UH-60A旋翼的斜下降飞行状态,分别对有/无IBC噪声主动控制条件下的旋翼BVI气动噪声特性进行了模拟,相位角、幅值和频率等不同控制参数的影响对比分析结果表明:IBC主动控制减小了前行侧桨叶表面尤其是桨叶尖部的负压峰值,降低了桨-涡干扰发生位置附近的桨叶气动载荷;同时主动控制后的桨尖涡集中程度变弱,并且增加了桨叶与桨尖涡之间的相遇距离,从而显著降低了桨-涡干扰噪声;选取合理的相位角、幅值和频率等主动控制参数组合,BVI噪声降低可达5~7dB。     

Numerical investigation of full scale coaxial main rotor aerodynamics in hover and vertical descent

The original free vortex wake model was used for numerical investigation. Calculation of the aerodynamic characteristics in hover and vertical descent modes in the range of vertical descent speed of 0–30 m/s including the Vortex Ring State (VRS) area was performed. The calculations were carried out under the condition of variable blade pitch angle values providing a fixed time-average thrust value. Visualization data of free vortex wake shapes, flow structures, and velocity fields were obtained and analyzed. The time-dependences of the rotor’s thrust and torque coefficients were obtained and analyzed. The obtained data allows determining the boundaries of the VRS area by various criteria such as rotor thrust and torque pulsations, growth of rotor power consumption relative to the hover, growth of rotor induced velocities relative to the hover, and growth of the required rotor blade pitch angles values. The results of the study are compared with experimental and calculated data of other authors and can significantly supplement the available results of experimental and computational studies in this area.     

悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界测量

介绍了用试验来定量确定悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界的方法，从物理本质分析了悬停状态旋翼尾迹的湍流特性，阐述了如何用热线风速仪来测量尾迹的湍流度并用湍流度来确定桨尖涡的位置和尾迹边界。揭示了悬停状态旋翼尾迹边界的一些特点，最后将试验结果与国外的相应研究结果作了比较，发现两者吻合得较好。     

旋翼VPM/CFD耦合模型的建立及其在小前进比气动分析中的应用

为了提高旋翼计算流体力学（CFD）流场计算效率及克服其在尾迹捕捉上的不足,将旋翼黏性涡粒子方法（VPM）与CFD分析相结合,建立了一个新的旋翼VPM/CFD耦合气动分析模型。在该模型中,采用VPM分析以实现对旋翼尾迹中黏性涡的高效捕捉而不引入数值耗散,而采用CFD分析用于精确地模拟旋翼桨叶近体区域内复杂的流动现象,同时也为VPM分析提供一个较高精度的涡源模型。至于两者信息交换,则使用集中涡源法将CFD信息传递至VPM分析,而VPM计算得到的尾迹信息则通过边界修正施加至CFD域的远场边界上,从而可以鲁棒地实现CFD域与VPM域的耦合计算。在此基础上,对“Helishape 7A旋翼”小前进比前飞桨-涡干扰（BVI）状态进行了较为深入的气动分析,计算结果表明：与全CFD计算比较,建立的VPM/CFD耦合分析模型可以有效地避免旋翼尾迹区桨尖涡的数值耗散,从而更加可靠地捕捉桨-涡干扰状态下的桨叶非定常气动载荷脉动,同时对于本文算例,计算效率可以提高30%以上。     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

基于气弹耦合的旋翼桨涡干扰噪声预测方法

建立了基于气动/弹性耦合的旋翼桨涡干扰（BVI）气动和噪声分析方法。气动模型包括修正Beddoes尾迹模型和CFD模型，噪声计算采用基于声学类比法推导出的FW H（Ffowcs Williams Hawkings）方程，弹性桨叶动力学建模采用有限元方法。应用所建立的方法，对刚性的OLS（operational load survey）旋翼桨涡干扰状态的气动和噪声特性进行了计算，对比了两种气动模型在研究桨涡干扰问题的有效性；以弹性的HART Ⅱ旋翼为研究对象，分析了桨叶弹性、时间步长对桨涡干扰气动载荷和噪声的影响。结果表明:进行桨涡干扰计算时所采用的时间步长不宜超过2°。CFD方法由于固有的数值耗散，计算出的OLS旋翼噪声声压峰值仅为试验值的60%，而修正Beddoes尾迹模型能够避免数值耗散，且具有高效率的优势。考虑桨叶气动弹性能够提高旋翼桨涡干扰噪声的预测精度。      

Panel/full-span free-wake coupled method for unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blade

A full-span free-wake method is coupled with an unsteady panel method to accurately predict the unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades in hover and forward flight. The unsteady potential-based panel method is used to consider aerodynamics of finite thickness multi-bladed rotors, and the full-span free-wake method is applied to simulating dynamics of rotor wake. These methods are tightly coupled through trailing-edge Kutta condition and by converting doublet-wake panels to full-span vortex filaments. A velocity-field integration technique is also adopted to overcome singularity problem during the interaction between the rotor wake and blades. Helicopter rotors including Caradonna-Tung, UH-60A, and AH-1G rotors, are simulated in hover and forward flight to validate the accuracy of this approach. The predicted aerodynamic loads of rotor blades agree well with available measured data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and the unsteady dynamics of rotor wake is also well simulated. Compared to CFD, the present method obtains accurate results more efficiently and is suitable to rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis.     

ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HELICOPTER ROTOR WITH ANHEDRAL TIP SHAPE

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新型桨尖抑制旋翼跨声速特性的影响分析

为研究不同形式的新型桨尖在抑制旋翼跨声速特性方面的作用,开展了多种桨尖对旋翼局部流动及气动特性影响的数值分析研究.发展了基于高效嵌套网格方法的旋翼流场高精度CFD求解方法.在此基础上,详细分析了桨尖外形对旋翼桨叶跨声速区域激波强度、激波诱导气流分离、桨尖涡尾迹及气动性能的影响.数值结果表明:桨尖的后掠和上反在缓解旋翼跨声速特性方面的作用相对较小;桨尖前掠和下反能更有效地减少桨尖外端跨声速区域,降低该位置激波强度并缓解激波-附面层干扰诱导的气流分离;后掠桨尖在减小旋翼反扭矩方面的整体效果良好,直线前掠桨尖在大桨盘拉力状态能够更有效降低旋翼扭矩(直线前掠30°时,扭矩降低达12.3%),桨尖下反可以有效抑制桨尖涡强度(抛物下反30°时,桨尖涡强度降低50%),并加快桨尖涡尾迹的耗散.      

悬停状态共轴刚性双旋翼非定常流动干扰机理

基于运动嵌套网格方法,建立了一套适合于悬停状态下共轴刚性双旋翼非定常干扰流场分析的计算流体力学(CFD)方法。首先,基于高效的运动嵌套网格技术,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为双旋翼非定常流场求解控制方程,湍流模型选用Baldwin-Lomax模型,时间推进采用双时间方法。在CFD方法的验证基础之上,对干扰过程中的桨尖涡涡核位置及强度演变规律进行了细致分析,揭示了共轴双旋翼非定常干扰流场中上、下旋翼桨尖涡与双旋翼桨叶之间的贴近干扰、碰撞现象,以及上、下旋翼桨尖涡之间的相互干扰机理。然后,进一步研究了不同总距角下的共轴旋翼系统中上、下旋翼的非定常气动特性以及影响规律。计算结果表明:上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡会直接与下旋翼桨叶发生碰撞,导致下旋翼桨叶拉力损失;上旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡和下旋翼桨叶的桨尖涡相互干扰,改变了桨尖涡的强度和轨迹;上、下旋翼桨叶相互靠近时,上、下旋翼桨叶的拉力均会上升,之后相互远离时上、下旋翼桨叶拉力均会先下降再上升。     

具有后掠桨尖的旋翼气动特性计算方法

基于直同定常飞行状态旋翼尾迹的周期特性,给出了计算旋翼自由尾迹的方法和公式。将该方法和桨叶二阶升力线模型结合,建立了一个新的适用于后掠、尖削及其组合形状的旋翼气动特性计算的分析模型。该模型,对后掠桨尖的ＵＨ－６０Ａ旋翼在悬停时的桨叶载荷分布进行了计算,恙相应的试验结果作了对比。对于尖削奖尖,以ＵＨ－１旋翼为算例同定常将其矩形桨尖改变为尖削形状,通过矩形和尖削计算结果的对比,分析了尖削对旋翼气动特性     

直升机旋翼桨-涡干扰状态非定常气弹载荷高精度预估

为准确计算直升机旋翼在复杂的桨-涡干扰(BVI)状态下的气弹载荷,在刚性旋翼计算流体力学方法中引入桨叶弹性变形的影响,建立了一套适合于弹性旋翼BVI状态气动特性分析的计算流体力学/计算结构力学(CFD/CSD)耦合方法.CFD模块对Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)/Euler方程进行求解,并采用双时间法推进和Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型.CSD模块采用中等变形梁假设的有限元模型,通过Newmark-Beta方法求解桨叶运动方程.通过代数变换方法进行桨叶网格变形,并建立一个适于流场/结构信息交换的CFD/CSD耦合方法.在分别验证CFD和CSD模块的有效性的基础上,开展UH-60A直升机旋翼的BVI 状态载荷分析,并与飞行测试数据进行了对比.计算结果表明:相比于旋翼综合分析中的升力线理论和刚性旋翼CFD方法,耦合的CFD/CSD方法可以更准确地预测BVI状态气弹载荷,并有效地模拟桨叶前行侧方位角和后行侧方位角附近的BVI现象,对BVI导致的升力波动幅值和相位的计算结果均与试验值吻合良好.      

旋翼气动力数值模拟准确度影响因素计算

针对旋翼气动力CFD计算时的一些常见影响因素的选择问题,进行了数值计算讨论.计算求解器选择自研代码,该代码采用基于共享内存(OMP)的并行化方法,在嵌套网格系统下求解Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上使用2阶迎风格式,时间方向采用双时间方法.讨论的问题包括背景网格数目对悬停桨尖涡捕捉、对前飞状态激波捕捉和气动力的影响,远场动量理论修正作用对计算结果影响等.对于讨论的不同网格数目情况下,计算的悬停状态旋翼拉力差异在6%左右,扭矩差异2.6%左右,旋翼前飞阻力和扭矩最大差异为2.58%和3.28%.是否采用动量修正旋翼拉力相差3%~5%.通过计算,给出了针对以上因素计算结果差异的范围,可以为旋翼气动力计算工作提供一定的参考.      

A coupling VWM/CFD/CSD method for rotor airload prediction

A coupling fluid-structure method with a combination of viscous wake model(VWM),computational fluid dynamics(CFD) and comprehensive structural dynamics(CSD) modules is developed in this paper for rotor unsteady airload prediction. The hybrid VWM/CFD solver is employed to model the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomena and complicated rotor wake dynamics;the moderate deflection beam theory is implemented to predict the blade structural deformation; the loose coupling strategy based on the ‘delt method' is used to couple the fluid and structure solvers.Several cases of Helishape 7A rotor are performed first to investigate the effect of elastic deformation on airloads. Then, two challenging forward flight conditions of UH-60 A helicopter rotor are investigated, and the simulated results of wake geometry, chordwise pressure distribution and sectional normal force show excellent agreement with available test data; a comparison with traditional CFD/CSD method is also presented to illustrate the efficiency of the developed method.     

前飞状态旋翼尾迹测量试验研究

利用PIV技术,测量前飞状态旋翼尾迹的横向速度分布及桨尖涡在横向剖面里的运动轨迹,得到了前飞状态旋翼两侧的尾迹边界及桨尖涡在运动过程中的耗散特性等,研究了风速及拉力系数对前飞状态旋翼尾迹和桨尖涡运动轨迹的影响。结果表明：前飞状态下,旋翼左右两侧尾迹的涡量值基本相当。旋翼尾迹沿径向急剧收缩,沿垂向逐渐下降,下降高度与流向距离几乎呈线性关系。风速、拉力系数的变化对桨尖涡及其运动轨迹有显著的影响。获得的测量结果为开展旋翼流动机理研究及提高CFD分析精度提供了试验依据。