基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制试验

提出了基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制方法,并基于此开发了双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统,利用模型电控旋翼试验台进行了悬停状态下的桨距控制试验.试验结果表明:所研制的双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统能够有效、可靠地实现襟翼操纵和桨距控制.基于自适应滤波的桨距控制律可以很好地实现电控旋翼的总距、周期变距以及总距耦合周期变距操纵;桨距响应幅值满足要求,相位滞后约在10°～15°之间;从襟翼偏转到桨叶变距响应的滞后约20°～30°.不同桨叶/襟翼自身的结构及气动特性差异,会一定程度的影响桨距控制的实际效果.      

悬停状态旋翼间干扰对四旋翼升力影响分析

四旋翼无人机旋翼间干扰对旋翼升力产生较大影响。建立考虑旋翼直径、弦长、变桨距、转速等因素的适用于四旋翼飞行器的等效盘模型。对该模型添加动量源,在Fluent中计算孤立单旋翼悬停状态下不同转速的旋翼升力,并与实验数据进行对比,验证等效盘模型的有效性。使用上述方法,计算和分析悬停状态时不同旋翼间距下旋翼间的相互干扰对四旋翼升力的影响。结果表明:相同转速下,旋翼间距越小,旋翼间干扰越强烈,升力损失越大。     

一种基于串级线性自抗扰控制的四旋翼无人机控制方法

提出了一种基于串级线性自抗扰控制器的四旋翼无人机控制方法。根据建立的紊流模型形成了干扰风,在干扰风的环境下建立了四旋翼的运动学模型,并设计了一个串级的线性自抗扰控制器,其中外环采用位置控制,内环采用姿态控制。对比了该控制器与非线性自抗扰控制器和经典PID控制器在无风干扰和有风干扰下无人机的定点悬停的性能。仿真试验结果表明,无论是在无风干扰下还是在有风干扰下,该控制器的性能均好于非线性自抗扰控制器和PID控制器,具有较好的鲁棒性,能够运用到各种类型的旋翼无人机的工程控制中。     

电控旋翼稳态操纵响应研究

电控旋翼是于21世纪初提出的一种新概念旋翼系统。为探索其操纵规律,首先给出电控旋翼的理论计算模型。以此为基础,对SA349基准电控旋翼的稳态操纵响应进行了计算分析。得出结论:(1)襟翼操纵可有效改变桨叶桨距,时滞约为1/10旋转周期;(2)前飞状态下,襟翼总距操纵会产生周期变距效应;(3)襟翼周期变距操纵响应与传统旋翼类似。在原理性电控旋翼系统上,进行了悬停和前飞状态下襟翼的总距和周期变距操纵试验。通过对操纵响应试验结果的对比分析,证明了理论计算模型的正确性,同时也说明电控旋翼完全可用于旋翼操纵。     

悬停和前飞状态倾转旋翼机的旋翼自由尾迹计算方法

将倾转旋翼机的旋翼尾迹问题区分为二类,即悬停和前飞等状态的定常尾迹以及过渡飞行状态的非定常尾迹.基于Weissinger-L升力面理论和卷起桨尖涡模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态的倾转旋翼自由尾迹分析方法.该方法不仅适合于单旋翼尾迹计算,也适用于双旋翼尾迹分析.分别以ATB旋翼和缩比的V-22旋翼为算例,计算了悬停状态的旋翼自由尾迹和诱导速度,并与可得到的试验数据进行了对比,验证了该方法的有效性.本文也对双旋翼的干扰尾迹进行了计算,表明了悬停和前飞状态不同的尾迹干扰影响.     

悬停和前飞状态下旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导影响计算

应用自由尾迹方法和旋翼配平模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导速度计算模型.基于该模型,以AH-1G直升机缩比模型为算例,计算了悬停和低速前飞状态导弹在发射线上受到的气流诱导影响,并通过与可得到的试验结果对比验证了计算方法的有效性;以Z-9直升机为算例,计算了悬停和前飞时的旋翼尾迹边界,分析了导弹在发射线上受到的下洗影响随直升机前进比的变化规律,表明了在大于某一前进比后,旋翼下洗流场对导弹发射线的诱导影响很小.     

电控旋翼气动特性建模与风洞试验验证

首先建立了带襟翼翼型的非定常气动力模型,继而基于Peters-He广义动态尾迹理论,考虑襟翼偏转对电控旋翼叶素环境的影响,建立了电控旋翼有限状态尾迹模型;进一步基于Theodorsen理论推导出电控旋翼桨叶挥舞响应与桨叶变距和襟翼操纵量的关系,综合以上建立了电控旋翼气动特性分析模型.以改进型电控旋翼试验系统为平台进行了风洞试验,测量了不同风速、不同襟翼操纵条件下的电控旋翼气动力、桨距、襟翼偏角及旋翼挥舞角的变化情况.理论计算结果与试验数据符合情况良好,验证了所建立的分析模型的正确性,并得出以下结论:旋翼转速一定时,桨叶变距与襟翼操纵基本呈线性关系;旋翼拉力随襟翼总距的增加而逐渐减小,襟翼总距较大时,其实际气动效率略有下降;前飞状态时,襟翼总距操纵会引起桨叶的纵向周期变距.      

原理性电控旋翼系统试验研究

电控旋翼是于本世纪初提出的一种新概念旋翼系统。本文首次开展了电控旋翼的试验研究。首先自行研制了一套用于试验的原理性电控旋翼系统。以此为基础,进行了悬停和前飞状态下的电控旋翼襟翼总距和周期变距操纵试验。试验结果表明,电控旋翼的襟翼总距和周期变距操纵效果与常规旋翼类似,电控旋翼完全可以取代传统的自动倾斜器操纵系统实现旋翼操纵。理论与试验结果的对比则相互印证了正确性。     

电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声主动控制试验

为降低旋翼低频面内谐波噪声,以电控旋翼(ECR)综合试验系统为平台,开发了相应的噪声测试与控制系统,并提出了电控旋翼噪声频域自适应主动控制方法。在此基础上,开展了悬停状态下的低频面内谐波噪声闭环主动控制试验。试验中,襟翼控制频率为10Hz以桨尖平面内传声器所测噪声作为闭环反馈,另两个位置处传声器所测噪声作为监测量,同时对桨毂位置处的振动水平进行监测。施加主动控制后,控制系统历时约5s达到稳态,收敛速度较快且收敛过程无明显超调;最大可降低桨盘平面传声器位置处的低频面内谐波噪声为9.4dB,桨毂位置处旋翼通过频率振动水平则略有增大。试验结果表明该噪声测试与控制系统可有效实现电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声控制,同时也验证了频域自适应算法用于减小低频面内谐波噪声的可行性及有效性。      

旋转机翼飞机旋翼/机身干扰流场数值计算分析

基于动量源方法,建立了旋转机翼飞机的旋翼/机身组合流场的数值模拟方法.首先通过Caradonna-Tung旋翼算例计算,验证了本方法的有效性;然后采用该方法对某旋转机翼飞机的悬停及低速前飞状态下的旋翼/机身干扰流场特性进行了详细的计算与分析.结果表明,该方法能够用于计算旋翼与机身的干扰流场,为旋转机翼飞机的设计提供了参考.     

Experimental research of active vibration and noise control of electrically controlled rotor

Electrically Controlled Rotor (ECR), also called as swashplateless rotor, applies blade pitch inputs via trailing-edge flaps system instead of traditional swashplate mechanism. In addition to primary control, rotor vibration reduction and noise alleviation are also achievable via applying higher harmonic control inputs with the trailing-edge flaps. In this paper, the feasibility of ECR to reduce vibration and noise actively is verified experimentally. Firstly, the test scheme of ECR active vibration and noise control is proposed, and the ECR test platform is modified according to the test scheme. Then, an adaptive control algorithm based on Kalman filter is developed. Lastly, hover and wind tunnel tests is performed to verify the feasibility of ECR active vibration and noise control. The results demonstrate that the ECR are effective for reducing rotor vibration and noise simultaneously. In the hover condition, the ECR can reduce the in-plane hub vibration by 42% and the in-plane noise by 4 dB. In wind tunnel condition, ECR can reduce the hub vibration by 75% and the BVI noise by 3 dB.     

电控旋翼直升机配平及操纵特点分析

对采用电控旋翼直升机的配平及操纵特性进行了研究。首先根据电控旋翼的刚体桨叶变距运动方程，推导了襟翼操纵量与桨叶桨距的显式关系式。以此为基础，建立了电控旋翼直升机的飞行动力学模型。以WZ-1直升机为样例直升机，对比分析了电控旋翼直升机与常规直升机的配平特性和操纵响应特性。结果表明，电控旋翼直升机具有与常规直升机类似的配平和操纵特性，桨叶预安装角和桨根扭簧刚度这两个参数对其影响显著。     

Aerodynamic optimization design of general parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover based on surrogate model

A surrogate-model-based aerodynamic optimization design method for cycloidal propeller in hover was proposed, in order to improve its aerodynamic efficiency, and analyze the basic criteria for its aerodynamic optimization design. The reliability and applicability of overset mesh method were verified. An optimization method based on Kriging surrogate model was proposed to optimize the geometric parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover with the use of genetic algorithm. The optimization results showed that the thrust coefficient was increased by 3.56%, the torque coefficient reduced by 12.05%, and the figure of merit (FM) increased by 19.93%. The optimization results verified the feasibility of this design idea. Although the optimization was only carried out at a single rotation speed, the aerodynamic efficiency was also significantly improved over a wide range of rotation speeds. The optimal configuration characteristics for micro and small-sized cycloidal propeller were: solidity of 0.2-0.22, maximum pitch angle of 25°-35°, pitch axis locating at 35%-45% of the blade chord length.      

应用时间精确自由尾迹方法的桨叶总距突增响应特性分析

直升机旋翼的气动特性对总距操纵输入的动态响应具有复杂的非定常特性。文中结合尾迹模型、PC2B算法、桨叶气动模型、挥舞动力学模型、非定常翼型模型和旋翼平衡模型,建立了一个时间精确旋翼自由尾迹和气动特性分析方法。利用该方法,首先,计算了前飞时旋翼入流分布,以及悬停状态桨叶总距增加时拉力系数的变化,通过计算值与实验值的对比,验证了方法的有效性;然后,利用该方法对模型旋翼在悬停和前飞状态桨叶总距阶跃突增时的拉力系数、俯仰力矩系数、滚转力矩系数和挥舞锥度角变化的时间历程进行了计算分析,得出了一些新的结论。     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

A novel control method for turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed based on the Ngdot estimator through LQG/LTR and rotor predicted torque feedforward

In order to compensate for the disturbance of wide variation in rotor demanded torque on power turbine speed and realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine during variable rotor speed, a cascade PID control method based on the acceleration estimator of gas turbine speed (Ngdot) and rotor predicted torque feedforward is proposed. Firstly, a two-speed Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) model is applied in the integrated rotor/turboshaft engine system to achieve variable rotor speed. Then, an online estimation method of Ngdot based on the Linear Quadratic Gaussian with Loop Transfer Recovery (LQG/LTR) is proposed for power turbine speed cascade control. Finally, according to the cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator, a rotor demanded torque predicted method based on the Min-batch Gradient Descent-Neural Network (MGD-NN) is put forward to compromise the influence of rotor torque interference. The simulation results show that compared with cascade PID controller based on Ngdot estimator and the one combined with collective pitch feedforward control, the novel control method proposed can reduce the overshoot of power turbine speed by more than 20%, which possesses faster response, superior dynamic effect and satisfactory robustness performance. The control method proposed can realize the fast response control of turboshaft engine with variable rotor speed better.