电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声主动控制试验

为降低旋翼低频面内谐波噪声,以电控旋翼(ECR)综合试验系统为平台,开发了相应的噪声测试与控制系统,并提出了电控旋翼噪声频域自适应主动控制方法。在此基础上,开展了悬停状态下的低频面内谐波噪声闭环主动控制试验。试验中,襟翼控制频率为10Hz以桨尖平面内传声器所测噪声作为闭环反馈,另两个位置处传声器所测噪声作为监测量,同时对桨毂位置处的振动水平进行监测。施加主动控制后,控制系统历时约5s达到稳态,收敛速度较快且收敛过程无明显超调;最大可降低桨盘平面传声器位置处的低频面内谐波噪声为9.4dB,桨毂位置处旋翼通过频率振动水平则略有增大。试验结果表明该噪声测试与控制系统可有效实现电控旋翼低频面内谐波噪声控制,同时也验证了频域自适应算法用于减小低频面内谐波噪声的可行性及有效性。      

Experimental study on transfer functions of an active rotor under different flight conditions

Vibrations impose negative impacts on the effectiveness and public acceptance of helicopters. Active rotors with trailing-edge flaps have been proved to be an effective way to actively eliminate helicopter vibrations. For the existing control algorithm based on offline system identification, the transfer functions of an active rotor under different flight conditions are pre-requisites to implement closed-loop vibration control. In this study, a three-bladed active rotor with improved trailing-edge flaps is designed, and wind-tunnel tests are conducted to identify the transfer functions of this active rotor using frequency sweep and phase sweep methods. The experimental results demonstrate that these transfer functions are insensitive to the variation of flight speeds: the amplitude of the transfer function varies slightly, while the phase delay almost remains unchanged. In addition, this finding is validated through closed-loop vibration control tests with the active rotor. The transfer function obtained from the hover test results is also applicable to closed-loop vibration control tests under the forward flight conditions. This will dramatically simplify the implementation and operation of an active rotor.     

电控旋翼气动特性建模与风洞试验验证

首先建立了带襟翼翼型的非定常气动力模型,继而基于Peters-He广义动态尾迹理论,考虑襟翼偏转对电控旋翼叶素环境的影响,建立了电控旋翼有限状态尾迹模型;进一步基于Theodorsen理论推导出电控旋翼桨叶挥舞响应与桨叶变距和襟翼操纵量的关系,综合以上建立了电控旋翼气动特性分析模型.以改进型电控旋翼试验系统为平台进行了风洞试验,测量了不同风速、不同襟翼操纵条件下的电控旋翼气动力、桨距、襟翼偏角及旋翼挥舞角的变化情况.理论计算结果与试验数据符合情况良好,验证了所建立的分析模型的正确性,并得出以下结论:旋翼转速一定时,桨叶变距与襟翼操纵基本呈线性关系;旋翼拉力随襟翼总距的增加而逐渐减小,襟翼总距较大时,其实际气动效率略有下降;前飞状态时,襟翼总距操纵会引起桨叶的纵向周期变距.      

原理性电控旋翼系统试验研究

电控旋翼是于本世纪初提出的一种新概念旋翼系统。本文首次开展了电控旋翼的试验研究。首先自行研制了一套用于试验的原理性电控旋翼系统。以此为基础,进行了悬停和前飞状态下的电控旋翼襟翼总距和周期变距操纵试验。试验结果表明,电控旋翼的襟翼总距和周期变距操纵效果与常规旋翼类似,电控旋翼完全可以取代传统的自动倾斜器操纵系统实现旋翼操纵。理论与试验结果的对比则相互印证了正确性。     

直升机后缘襟翼驱动器迟滞现象仿真与抑制

直升机后缘襟翼多采用压电驱动器作为驱动元件，但是在使用过程中压电驱动器迟滞会对其振动控制性能产生不利影响，因此针对压电驱动器迟滞开展了迟滞建模与抑制研究。通过实验研究了压电驱动器在不同驱动频率下的迟滞特性，采用Bouc-Wen模型对驱动器迟滞现象进行了建模，并采用粒子群算法（PSO）辨识模型参数，与实际测量迟滞曲线进行了对比，在10~60 Hz范围内所建立的迟滞模型能够较为精确地描述压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了基于Bouc-Wen逆模型的前馈补偿控制与PID反馈控制相结合的复合控制策略，实验结果显示该控制策略能够在10~60 Hz较宽的频率范围内有效抑制该压电驱动器迟滞现象。建立了考虑驱动器迟滞的主动控制后缘襟翼振动控制动力学模型，并对中等速度稳态前飞条件下后缘襟翼振动控制性能进行了仿真，仿真结果显示驱动器迟滞会在一定程度上削弱振动控制性能，而采用复合控制可以提高后缘襟翼旋翼振动控制性能。     

变转速刚性旋翼性能与载荷风洞试验

为研究转速变化对旋翼性能与振动载荷的影响，研制了一副无铰式刚性缩比模型旋翼，开展动力学和马赫数相似的悬停试验与风洞试验。试验研究不同旋翼拉力和吹风速度时变旋翼转速对配平、性能、桨叶与拉杆载荷、桨毂载荷等多个方面的影响，以性能和交变载荷的重复性与周期性证明试验结果是可信的。结果表明：降转速可降低旋翼悬停和前飞状态的需用功率，且拉力越低效果越明显；降转速对桨毂振动载荷影响不明显，但增加了配平所需的周期变距操纵，会增加桨叶与变距拉杆的旋翼转速频率振动载荷，对旋转部件疲劳寿命不利；变旋翼转速应避开旋翼固有频率，防止因共振而导致交变载荷增大。     

Numerical Modeling of Helicopter Main Rotor Behavior near a Small-Scale Helideck by the Vortex Method

A mathematical model and numerical scheme of the method being used are described. The results of calculating the helicopter main rotor aerodynamic performance in hover mode above a helideck are compared to the known wind tunnel test data.     

基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制试验

提出了基于自适应滤波的电控旋翼桨距控制方法,并基于此开发了双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统,利用模型电控旋翼试验台进行了悬停状态下的桨距控制试验.试验结果表明:所研制的双闭环电控旋翼桨距控制系统能够有效、可靠地实现襟翼操纵和桨距控制.基于自适应滤波的桨距控制律可以很好地实现电控旋翼的总距、周期变距以及总距耦合周期变距操纵;桨距响应幅值满足要求,相位滞后约在10°～15°之间;从襟翼偏转到桨叶变距响应的滞后约20°～30°.不同桨叶/襟翼自身的结构及气动特性差异,会一定程度的影响桨距控制的实际效果.      

Active control for performance enhancement of electrically controlled rotor

Electrically controlled rotor(ECR) system has the potential to enhance the rotor performance by applying higher harmonic flap inputs. In order to explore the feasibility and effectiveness for ECR performance enhancement using closed-loop control method, firstly, an ECR rotor performance analysis model based on helicopter flight dynamic model is established, which can reflect the performance characteristics of ECR helicopter at high advance ratio. Based on the simulation platform, an active control method named adaptive T-matrix algorithm is adopted to explore the feasibility and effectiveness for ECR performance enhancement. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of this closed-loop control method. For the sample ECR helicopter, about 3% rotor power reduction is obtained with the optimum 2/rev flap inputs at the advance ratio of 0.34. And through analyzing the distributions of attack of angle and drag in rotor disk, the underlying physical essence of ECR power reduction is cleared. Furthermore, the influence of the key control parameters, including convergence factor and weighting matrix, on the effectiveness of closed-loop control for ECR performance enhancement is explored. Some useful results are summarized, which can be used to direct the future active control law design of ECR performance enhancement.     

悬停状态电控旋翼桨距控制

针对改进型电控旋翼系统,首先建立了其各控制环节的数学模型,采用串级PID(proportion in-tegration differentiation)控制算法设计了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制律,PID参数根据Ziegler-Nichols方法进行整定.通过仿真计算分析,初步验证了该控制算法对于桨距控制的有效性.以上述控制方法为基础,进一步开展了悬停状态下电控旋翼桨距控制的闭环试验研究,成功的实现了电控旋翼桨距幅值和相位的控制,验证了串级PID电控旋翼桨距控制算法的正确性和有效性.      

倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰的试验研究

在模型旋翼台和风洞中,针对倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼的两个主要干扰状态(悬停和低速前飞)进行了试验,分别测量了悬停状态不同机翼安装角和旋翼总距角、前飞状态不同机翼安装角和吹风速度等试验条件下的倾转旋翼拉力、扭矩以及机翼上下表面压力分布,并对试验结果进行了分析,得出了一些有意义的结论,为进一步研究倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰的特性问题做了些探索性的工作.     

多片后缘小翼对直升机旋翼桨叶动态失速及桨毂振动载荷的控制

 减缓直升机后行桨叶动态失速发生、降低直升机桨毂振动载荷是提高直升机飞行速度、改进直升机飞行性能的重要途径。本文研究了直升机在高速高载情况下利用多片受控的桨叶后缘小翼对直升机的后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷同时进行控制的有效方法。建立了弹性桨叶和后缘刚性小翼的结构动力学模型。桨叶剖面气动载荷采用Leishman-Beddoes 二维非定常动态失速模型计算,后缘小翼剖面气动载荷采用Hariharan-Leishman二维亚声速非定常气动模型计算。采用伽辽金和数值积分相结合的方法求解旋翼系统的气弹响应。建立了有效的多片后缘小翼控制策略和控制方法,分析了3片后缘小翼的运动规律及对后行桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的控制效果,结果表明利用多片小翼的运动是控制桨叶动态失速和桨毂振动载荷的有效方法。     

共轴式双旋翼尾迹形态的水洞实验研究

通过对单旋翼和共轴式双旋翼在水洞中的对比实验，研究了在悬停和以不同速度前飞时，共轴式双旋翼和单旋翼尾迹形态的共性与区别，着重研究了在不同前进比时共轴式双旋翼尾迹边界的形态。实验结果表明，水洞实验所得到的旋翼尾迹形态与在空气中实验所得的结果相吻合，水洞实验能真实的反映直升机旋翼尾迹的实际情况，并且具有显示清晰和稳定性好的优点。     

悬停状态剪刀式尾桨气动/噪声特性优化分析

建立了一套基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程的剪刀式尾桨气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的尾桨外形参数设计方法。基于嵌套网格方法采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为尾桨流场求解控制方程,采用了一套适用于剪刀式尾桨悬停气动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。在流场分析的基础上,采用FW-H方程预测剪刀式尾桨在典型观察位置处的气动噪声。分别在控制总距以及控制拉力系数不变的情况下,以提高尾桨悬停效率同时降低气动噪声为目标,对剪刀式尾桨的剪刀角和轴间距两个主要外形参数进行优化设计。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法与遗传算法过程相结合,建立了一种有效的组合优化算法。结果表明:剪刀角和轴间距的不同组合可以通过削弱桨-涡干扰现象从而实现降低旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声的目的。在当前的计算状态下,优化得到的剪刀式尾桨的悬停效率比常规尾桨高16%,其平均声压级比常规尾桨降低了2.3 dB。      

旋翼模型桨叶表面压力测量试验

采用"桨叶表面预先压槽,再粘贴片式压力传感器并粘胶带再开测量孔"的方法测量旋翼模型桨叶表面压力,在8 m x6 m风洞完成了地面悬停和风洞前飞试验,研究了桨叶表面压力测量技术和数据采集处理技术,获得了桨叶表面特征剖面的压力分布,建立了实用的旋翼模型桨叶表面压力测量试验技术.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor by wind tunnel test and numerical calculation

Focusing on aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor of a high-speed helicopter in hover and forward flight, a wind tunnel test is conducted in the 8 m ? 6 m low-speed straightflow wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. In the experiment,a 4 m diameter composite model rigid coaxial rotor is designed and manufactured, and firstorder flapping frequency ratio of the blade is 1.796 to ensure sufficient stiffness at the blade root.Rotor aerodynamic performance is measured under hovering and high advance ratio conditions.Also, the numerical method is used to calculate aerodynamic characteristics in typical states of the rigid coaxial rotor for analysis purpose. The rotor lift-drag ratio and lateral lift offset in the experiment are emphatically analyzed for the rigid coaxial rotor. The results indicate that in forward flight condition, the rotor lift-drag ratio first increases and then decreases with the increment of advance ratio and lift offset. When advance ratio remains constant, with the increment of lift offset, the lift-drag ratio of rigid coaxial rotor first increases and then decreases.     

声学风洞风扇段流场特性数值模拟

风扇段是声学风洞的核心部段之一,风扇气动性能和声学性能对风洞的能耗与试验段背景噪声有重要影响。为了获得静叶构型的优化设计参数,采用数值模拟方法,对0.55m×0.4m低湍流度航空声学风洞风扇段的流场特性进行了研究,根据叶片的流动现象,分析了风扇段内部的工作形态,并将其性能与试验数据进行了对比,结果证明该方法能对风扇段性能进行较为准确的模拟。采用该方法得到了动静叶间距、静叶后掠、静叶倾斜对风扇气动性能、流场形态和噪声的影响,静叶后掠对气动性能的影响较小,有助于减小出口的旋转速度,增大动静叶间距对气动性能的影响较大,会增大出口的旋转速度,而静叶倾斜是最适宜的降噪方式。     

低速风洞的消声降噪改造设计研究

对搬迁改造中的西北工业大学低（变）湍流度风洞进行了降噪设计研究。根据低速风洞噪声的机理及频率特性和该风洞的结构形式及风扇转速,采用两种降噪方法——主动降噪和被动降噪,对风洞进行降噪设计。主动降噪设计方法包括风扇动力段的气动、结构及振动的声学优化设计,被动降噪设计则采用在风洞洞体上安装微穿孔板,利用共振吸声技术进行降噪。结果表明：结合上述措施,55m/s风速下,相同测点和相同运行条件下,风洞噪声值下降约30%;76m/s最大设计风速下,风洞环境噪声被控制在78dB以下。     

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

声学引导风洞高效低噪声风扇设计

运用任意涡风扇设计方法,进行声学引导风洞高效低噪声风扇设计。在设计过程中,通过调整叶片径向旋转系数分布优化叶片出口速度分布,通过合理匹配转子、定子数目及定子后掠角度来改善动静叶的干涉噪声。气动及声学性能试验表明,高效低噪声风扇设计点气动效率达到83.9%,相比引导风洞原风扇效率的73%有了明显的提高;高效低噪声风扇入口及出口噪声分别比原风扇入口及出口噪声低3dB（A）和2dB（A）。试验结果成功验证了任意涡设计方法在风扇气动及声学性能上的优越性。