倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰的试验研究

在模型旋翼台和风洞中,针对倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼的两个主要干扰状态(悬停和低速前飞)进行了试验,分别测量了悬停状态不同机翼安装角和旋翼总距角、前飞状态不同机翼安装角和吹风速度等试验条件下的倾转旋翼拉力、扭矩以及机翼上下表面压力分布,并对试验结果进行了分析,得出了一些有意义的结论,为进一步研究倾转旋翼机旋翼/机翼气动干扰的特性问题做了些探索性的工作.     

改进型CLOR桨尖旋翼气动特性试验研究及数值分析

 通过风洞试验及数值模拟对具有改进型CLOR(CLOR-Ⅱ)桨尖的旋翼悬停和前飞状态气动特性开展研究。在CLOR桨尖旋翼试验及数值分析的基础上,考虑旋翼非定常流场特点,兼顾旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能,对旋翼桨叶的气动外形进行了改进,主要包括采用多种翼型优化配置以综合改善旋翼前行侧压缩性及后行侧桨叶失速特性,并考虑旋翼前飞状态对其桨叶动力学特性的需求,重新设计了桨尖前后缘的外形。在风洞中分别对3种旋翼进行多种状态条件下的试验研究,为从流动细节上获得不同桨尖旋翼的气动特性差别,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对试验状态进行了数值模拟对比。对更高转速状态进行模拟,结果表明相对于其他两种旋翼,CLOR-Ⅱ桨尖旋翼在改善跨声速特性和提高失速迎角等方面具有明显优势,而且综合提高了旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能。     

尾梁边条对直升机气动性能影响试验研究

为克服旋翼产生的反扭矩,目前直升机上主要采用单旋翼带尾桨、双旋翼等布局方案,同时发展了尾梁环量控制及尾梁边条技术。本文应用旋翼/机身组合模型风洞试验方法,探究了尾梁边条对直升机悬停及前飞性能的影响。重点研究了悬停及不同前飞速度下,不同长度和不同安装角度尾梁边条对直升机气动性能的影响。试验结果表明,悬停状态尾梁边条可通过提供侧向力来增加机身扭矩,能够帮助尾桨卸载从而减少尾桨功率消耗。而前飞状态尾梁边条对直升机气动性能基本没有影响。     

旋翼布局对共轴刚性旋翼直升机气动特性影响研究

为研究旋翼布局对共轴刚性旋翼直升机气动特性的影响,建立了一种基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术的共轴刚性旋翼直升机全机气动干扰分析方法。通过某模型旋翼进行计算并与试验数据对比,验证了该方法的正确性。然后,针对旋翼间距、旋翼轴前倾角和桨毂中心相对直升机重心位置对共轴旋翼与旋翼/机身的气动特性进行了研究,分析了旋翼布局改变对共轴旋翼及旋翼/机身气动影响。结果表明：3个旋翼布局参数改变对悬停及前飞状态的气动特性均存在一定影响,其中旋翼轴前倾角影响明显;随旋翼轴前倾程度增加,悬停状态下轴向速度峰值与机身上表面相对压力峰值出现前移情况,前飞状态下桨毂中心后侧的轴向速度和机身上表面相对压力数值均有所减小。     

悬停和前飞状态倾转旋翼机的旋翼自由尾迹计算方法

将倾转旋翼机的旋翼尾迹问题区分为二类,即悬停和前飞等状态的定常尾迹以及过渡飞行状态的非定常尾迹.基于Weissinger-L升力面理论和卷起桨尖涡模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态的倾转旋翼自由尾迹分析方法.该方法不仅适合于单旋翼尾迹计算,也适用于双旋翼尾迹分析.分别以ATB旋翼和缩比的V-22旋翼为算例,计算了悬停状态的旋翼自由尾迹和诱导速度,并与可得到的试验数据进行了对比,验证了该方法的有效性.本文也对双旋翼的干扰尾迹进行了计算,表明了悬停和前飞状态不同的尾迹干扰影响.     

悬停和前飞状态下旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导影响计算

应用自由尾迹方法和旋翼配平模型,建立了一个悬停和前飞状态旋翼在导弹发射线上的诱导速度计算模型.基于该模型,以AH-1G直升机缩比模型为算例,计算了悬停和低速前飞状态导弹在发射线上受到的气流诱导影响,并通过与可得到的试验结果对比验证了计算方法的有效性;以Z-9直升机为算例,计算了悬停和前飞时的旋翼尾迹边界,分析了导弹在发射线上受到的下洗影响随直升机前进比的变化规律,表明了在大于某一前进比后,旋翼下洗流场对导弹发射线的诱导影响很小.     

悬停状态下旋翼尾迹测量试验研究

采用粒子图像测速(PIV)技术,对悬停状态下直升机旋翼尾迹进行了全面测量,获得了在不同试验条件时旋翼流场的涡量和速度分布。测量结果合理可信,为开展旋翼流动机理研究及提高CFD分析精度奠定了基础。     

高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性分析

研究双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机的气动特性可以为高速直升机的设计及气动优化提供参考。基 于动量源方法构建针对双拉力螺旋桨复合式高速直升机旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性数值计算及分析方法;对 孤立旋翼、旋翼/机身干扰进行算例验证;应用所构建的方法对双拉力螺旋桨高速复合式直升机悬停及前飞状 态的干扰流场进行数值模拟,分析机身对悬停流场影响及不同前飞速度旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰特性。结果表 明:悬停时机身对气流的阻塞作用降低了旋翼的升力,螺旋桨对旋翼下洗气流的加速作用使旋翼升力提高;低 速前飞时旋翼/螺旋桨/机身干扰较大,主要体现在旋翼下洗流造成螺旋桨滑流偏折以及机翼上表面压力分布 增大,高速前飞时这种干扰较小。     

基于自由尾迹和升力面方法的四旋翼气动干扰分析

为研究悬停与小速度前飞状态下四旋翼直升机四副旋翼之间的气动干扰,建立了一种适用于多个旋翼气动干扰分析的计算方法。该方法桨叶模型采用升力面/涡格法,尾迹使用畸变的自由尾迹模型。然后,计算单旋翼与纵列式旋翼的气动性能,并与试验值对比,以验证方法的有效性。最后,将配平的四副旋翼置入同一流场,来自其他旋翼的干扰会改变四副旋翼的力和力矩,计算了这些力和力矩的变化并对计算结果进行了分析。结果表明:在悬停和小速度前飞时,由于干扰,四旋翼前方的两副旋翼拉力增加、功率减小,后方的两副旋翼在距离前方旋翼尾迹较近时拉力减小,功率增加。     

共轴式双旋翼诱导速度的PIV水洞试验研究

采用PIV（粒子图像测速）技术,对共轴式双旋翼在悬停和以不同速度前飞时的流场进行水洞试验,测量得到旋翼流场的速度和涡量分布,主要研究了共轴式双旋翼流场的垂向诱导速度沿径向的分布规律。为了比较,对单旋翼也进行了测量。试验结果对共轴式直升机的气动计算和合理设计具有重要意义。     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

Aerodynamic design optimization of helicopter rotor blades including airfoil shape for hover performance

This study proposes a process to obtain an optimal helicopter rotor blade shape for aerodynamic performance in hover flight. A new geometry representation algorithm which uses the class function/shape function transformation (CST) is employed to generate airfoil coordinates. With this approach, airfoil shape is considered in terms of design variables. The optimization process is constructed by integrating several programs developed by author. The design variables include twist, taper ratio, point of taper initiation, blade root chord, and coefficients of the airfoil distribution function. Aerodynamic constraints consist of limits on power available in hover and forward flight. The trim condition must be attainable. This paper considers rotor blade configuration for the hover flight condition only, so that the required power in hover is chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Sensitivity analysis of each design variable shows that airfoil shape has an important role in rotor performance. The optimum rotor blade reduces the required hover power by 7.4% and increases the figure of merit by 6.5%, which is a good improvement for rotor blade design.     

旋翼结冰对直升机飞行动力学特性的影响

基于旋翼冰风洞试验数据,考虑桨叶表面附着冰脱落及桨叶表面局部温度对结冰的影响,提出了旋翼结冰的工程模型,建立了直升机旋翼结冰后的飞行动力学模型,以UH-60A为样机,研究了直升机旋翼结冰后的平衡特性,分析了结冰对直升机稳定性的影响.根据有人驾驶垂直/短距起落飞机军用品质规范(MIL-F-83300)与军用旋翼飞行器驾驶...     

旋翼模型桨叶表面压力测量试验

采用"桨叶表面预先压槽,再粘贴片式压力传感器并粘胶带再开测量孔"的方法测量旋翼模型桨叶表面压力,在8 m x6 m风洞完成了地面悬停和风洞前飞试验,研究了桨叶表面压力测量技术和数据采集处理技术,获得了桨叶表面特征剖面的压力分布,建立了实用的旋翼模型桨叶表面压力测量试验技术.     

变转速刚性旋翼性能与载荷风洞试验

为研究转速变化对旋翼性能与振动载荷的影响，研制了一副无铰式刚性缩比模型旋翼，开展动力学和马赫数相似的悬停试验与风洞试验。试验研究不同旋翼拉力和吹风速度时变旋翼转速对配平、性能、桨叶与拉杆载荷、桨毂载荷等多个方面的影响，以性能和交变载荷的重复性与周期性证明试验结果是可信的。结果表明：降转速可降低旋翼悬停和前飞状态的需用功率，且拉力越低效果越明显；降转速对桨毂振动载荷影响不明显，但增加了配平所需的周期变距操纵，会增加桨叶与变距拉杆的旋翼转速频率振动载荷，对旋转部件疲劳寿命不利；变旋翼转速应避开旋翼固有频率，防止因共振而导致交变载荷增大。     

Hover performance of helicopter main and tail rotors with swirl velocities

It is important to quickly predict the hover performance of main and tail rotors with sufficient precision for helicopter design. To investigate the effects of swirl velocities on the hover performance of main and tail rotors, and give a better prediction for the hover performance, a flight performance model was derived and a swirl velocity model was coupled into it. The test data of the UH-60A helicopter were used for validation. When the blade loading coefficient of the main rotor was higher than 005, the effects of the swirl velocities on the main rotor power became significant. The swirl velocities increased the profile torque of the main rotor. The increased torque required the tail rotor to produce more thrust with more power consumption. At a higher blade loading coefficient of the main rotor of 012, the swirl velocities increased the main rotor power, tail rotor power and total power by 380%, 524% and 508%, respectively. The profile power increase of the main rotor caused by the profile swirl velocity was less than that of the induced swirl velocity, but the power increase was higher at high rotor blade loadings. Considering the swirl velocities in the main rotor can improve the prediction precision of the hover performance, especially at high blade loadings      

应用时间精确自由尾迹方法的桨叶总距突增响应特性分析

直升机旋翼的气动特性对总距操纵输入的动态响应具有复杂的非定常特性。文中结合尾迹模型、PC2B算法、桨叶气动模型、挥舞动力学模型、非定常翼型模型和旋翼平衡模型,建立了一个时间精确旋翼自由尾迹和气动特性分析方法。利用该方法,首先,计算了前飞时旋翼入流分布,以及悬停状态桨叶总距增加时拉力系数的变化,通过计算值与实验值的对比,验证了方法的有效性;然后,利用该方法对模型旋翼在悬停和前飞状态桨叶总距阶跃突增时的拉力系数、俯仰力矩系数、滚转力矩系数和挥舞锥度角变化的时间历程进行了计算分析,得出了一些新的结论。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor by wind tunnel test and numerical calculation

Focusing on aerodynamic characteristics of rigid coaxial rotor of a high-speed helicopter in hover and forward flight, a wind tunnel test is conducted in the 8 m ? 6 m low-speed straightflow wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center. In the experiment,a 4 m diameter composite model rigid coaxial rotor is designed and manufactured, and firstorder flapping frequency ratio of the blade is 1.796 to ensure sufficient stiffness at the blade root.Rotor aerodynamic performance is measured under hovering and high advance ratio conditions.Also, the numerical method is used to calculate aerodynamic characteristics in typical states of the rigid coaxial rotor for analysis purpose. The rotor lift-drag ratio and lateral lift offset in the experiment are emphatically analyzed for the rigid coaxial rotor. The results indicate that in forward flight condition, the rotor lift-drag ratio first increases and then decreases with the increment of advance ratio and lift offset. When advance ratio remains constant, with the increment of lift offset, the lift-drag ratio of rigid coaxial rotor first increases and then decreases.     

旋翼气动力数值模拟准确度影响因素计算

针对旋翼气动力CFD计算时的一些常见影响因素的选择问题,进行了数值计算讨论.计算求解器选择自研代码,该代码采用基于共享内存(OMP)的并行化方法,在嵌套网格系统下求解Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上使用2阶迎风格式,时间方向采用双时间方法.讨论的问题包括背景网格数目对悬停桨尖涡捕捉、对前飞状态激波捕捉和气动力的影响,远场动量理论修正作用对计算结果影响等.对于讨论的不同网格数目情况下,计算的悬停状态旋翼拉力差异在6%左右,扭矩差异2.6%左右,旋翼前飞阻力和扭矩最大差异为2.58%和3.28%.是否采用动量修正旋翼拉力相差3%~5%.通过计算,给出了针对以上因素计算结果差异的范围,可以为旋翼气动力计算工作提供一定的参考.