主/从动式组合旋翼悬停状态气动特性分析

针对传统直升机构型中主旋翼旋转时产生的扭矩需要尾翼或是反向旋转的共轴旋翼加以抵消,从而造成能量浪费的问题,以将主旋翼旋转时产生的扭矩转化为升力为出发点,提出了一种主旋翼带动下方无动力旋翼旋转的主/从动式组合旋翼气动布局构型。通过动量叶素理论以及CFD数值模拟中的多重参考系法,对主/从动式组合旋翼悬停状态的气动特性进行了初步分析,结果表明,此构型中的下方从动旋翼利用上方主动旋翼的扭矩产生了额外10%的升力,同时下方从动旋翼在上方主动旋翼引流的有利干扰下升力系数提高了35%。     

直升机主,尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟

本文给出了一种新的旋翼和尾桨干扰的数值计算了方法,通过对常值直升机肇翼和尾桨自由尾迹相互干扰的数值模拟,给出了干扰对旋翼和尾桨非定常气动力以及相应的非定常尾迹几何形状的影响,数值结果表明,悬停时尾桨叶面非定常压力脉动主要是由于在旋翼下洗流的诱导下,尾桨与其自身尾涡于干扰引起的,随着旋翼和尾桨间距的增加,旋翼对尾桨气运特性的影响逐渐减弱。     

Performance analysis of variable speed tail rotors with Gurney flaps

Gurney Flaps (GFs) are used for improving the performance of variable speed tail rotors. A validated analytical helicopter model able to predict the main and tail rotor power is utilized. The fixed height GF has substantially small influence on the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed forward flight, and can obtain significant power reduction in high speed flight. This ability can be enhanced by decreasing the tail rotor speed. With the deployment of GF, the collective pitch of the tail rotor decreases, and the maximum tail rotor thrust increases. The GF can compensate the reduction of the maximum thrust by the decrease in the tail rotor speed. The GF with a height of 5% of the chord length can almost remedy 50% of the thrust reduction introduced by decreasing 10% of the tail rotor speed. With the increase of GF height, the maximum thrust generated by the tail rotor increases. The GF with larger height can cause the increase in the tail rotor power in hover and low to medium speed flight. The retractable GF can obtain more power savings than the fixed height GF. However, the benefit is substantially small even in high speed flight. Considering the side effects introduced by the active GF, the fixed height GF may be more preferable. The mechanism for the retractable GF to generate more tail rotor thrust is to increase the lift in advancing side due to the higher dynamic pressure.     

悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转气动特性

针对桨叶气动性能的提高,建立了一套基于悬停状态的共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计方法.在该方法中,设定单旋翼桨叶扭转几何安装角,通过仿真验证,合理的桨叶扭转,可提高旋翼性能7.0%;根据桨尖涡对桨叶的影响,以及共轴双旋翼气动特性,分别对桨尖几何安装角及上下旋翼几何安装角进行修正,实现悬停状态共轴双旋翼桨叶扭转设计.最后,对所设计的共轴双旋翼进行模拟仿真,结果表明该扭转翼较未经扭转的矩形翼升力提高了10.3%.      

共轴式双旋翼悬停诱导速度场的PIV实验研究

采用粒子图像测速（PIV）技术对悬停状态下共轴式双旋翼和单旋翼的流场特性进行了水洞实验测量,得到流场矢量图和涡量云图数据。通过对所得数据进行处理和深入分析,得出了悬停状态下共轴双旋翼流场特性的一系列有价值的结论,如：共轴式双旋翼产生的轴向诱导速度大于单独靠下旋翼产生的轴向诱导速度,但小于其两倍;沿旋翼轴向下,轴向诱导速度逐渐增大。径向诱导速度在桨尖区域表现为快速向内收缩,上旋翼收缩速度比下旋翼快,收缩范围大;对于单双旋翼,周向诱导速度都存在一个方向转向的半径位置,在其内和该旋翼转向相同,在其外则相反,对于理论研究和工程设计有重要的参考作用。     

新型桨尖旋翼悬停气动性能试验及数值研究

通过旋翼台试验和数值模拟方法对具有China Laboratory of Rotorcraft（CLOR）桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能进行研究。为进行对比研究,共设计完成3副模型旋翼,分别为参考的矩形桨叶、常后掠桨尖的桨叶以及具有CLOR桨尖气动外形的桨叶。在模型旋翼台上进行这3副模型旋翼在不同转速、不同桨叶安装角条件下的旋翼拉力和扭矩测量;数值计算是采用一个基于Narier-Stokes方程／自由尾迹分析／全位势方程的旋翼流场求解的混合计算流体力学（CFD）方法进行的,计算结果与试验结果显示出较好的一致性。在此基础上,数值模拟了在旋翼试验台上很难开展的高速旋转试验状态。最后,根据试验和数值结果,对比分析具有CLOR新型桨尖旋翼与矩形桨尖以及常后掠桨尖旋翼的悬停气动性能,得出关于非常规气动外形桨尖对旋翼气动特性的影响机理,初步体现了CLOR桨尖旋翼具有良好的悬停性能。     

Numerical investigation of full scale coaxial main rotor aerodynamics in hover and vertical descent

The original free vortex wake model was used for numerical investigation. Calculation of the aerodynamic characteristics in hover and vertical descent modes in the range of vertical descent speed of 0–30 m/s including the Vortex Ring State (VRS) area was performed. The calculations were carried out under the condition of variable blade pitch angle values providing a fixed time-average thrust value. Visualization data of free vortex wake shapes, flow structures, and velocity fields were obtained and analyzed. The time-dependences of the rotor’s thrust and torque coefficients were obtained and analyzed. The obtained data allows determining the boundaries of the VRS area by various criteria such as rotor thrust and torque pulsations, growth of rotor power consumption relative to the hover, growth of rotor induced velocities relative to the hover, and growth of the required rotor blade pitch angles values. The results of the study are compared with experimental and calculated data of other authors and can significantly supplement the available results of experimental and computational studies in this area.     

直升机旋翼功率传递系数确定方法

阐明了在现有的直升机性能计算中,旋翼功率传递系数总是假定为常数,这种处理方法具有很大的局限性。文章详细地介绍了从飞行力学的角度来确定直升机平直飞行时的旋翼功率传递系数。首先,通过飞行力学中的配平计算得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼和尾桨的需用功率;然后,用试飞实测方法确定除旋翼和尾桨外的功率损耗;最终,得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼功率传递系数。认为:由于旋翼、尾桨的需用功率由飞行力学的配平方法得到,其结果能合理地反映飞行状态和直升机尾部构型等因素对它们的影响,加上除旋翼和尾桨外的功率由试飞实测得到,因而文中所述的直升机旋翼功率传递系数能更准确地反映直升机的功率传递关系。     

直升机旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响

悬停和侧滑状态的直升机主旋翼桨尖涡将穿透尾桨桨尖平面,由此导致尾桨非定常气动载荷发生明显变化。为更准确地模拟由主旋翼/尾桨干扰产生的尾桨非定常气动载荷变化,通过在面元压力项中增加由旋翼桨尖涡诱导的时变项,体现旋翼桨尖涡速度和几何时变对桨叶非定常压力的影响,同时采用涡面镜像法修正涡粒子法的黏性项,确保桨叶附近区域旋翼涡量守恒,建立旋翼尾迹对尾桨叶的非定常气动干扰模型,并耦合面元/黏性涡粒子法,构建直升机主旋翼/尾桨干扰下的尾桨非定常气动载荷分析方法。通过计算AH-1G旋翼桨叶非定常气动载荷特性,并与实验测量值、计算流体力学(CFD)计算结果对比,验证本文非定常气动干扰模型的有效性。随后基于NASA ROBIN(Rotor Body Interaction)模型分析悬停、侧风和60°右侧滑状态主旋翼对尾桨非定常气动载荷的影响,分析表明主旋翼尾迹对尾桨非定常气动载荷影响显著。悬停状态的主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力平均值下降、非定常气动载荷显著增加;左侧风状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰削弱尾桨"涡环"程度,显著增加尾桨拉力和非定常气动载荷;60°右侧滑状态,主旋翼/尾桨干扰导致尾桨拉力损失最大,且在低速侧滑状态出现尾桨拉力"迅速恢复"现象,尾桨非定常气动载荷幅值迅速增加。     

Aerodynamic design optimization of helicopter rotor blades including airfoil shape for hover performance

This study proposes a process to obtain an optimal helicopter rotor blade shape for aerodynamic performance in hover flight. A new geometry representation algorithm which uses the class function/shape function transformation (CST) is employed to generate airfoil coordinates. With this approach, airfoil shape is considered in terms of design variables. The optimization process is constructed by integrating several programs developed by author. The design variables include twist, taper ratio, point of taper initiation, blade root chord, and coefficients of the airfoil distribution function. Aerodynamic constraints consist of limits on power available in hover and forward flight. The trim condition must be attainable. This paper considers rotor blade configuration for the hover flight condition only, so that the required power in hover is chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Sensitivity analysis of each design variable shows that airfoil shape has an important role in rotor performance. The optimum rotor blade reduces the required hover power by 7.4% and increases the figure of merit by 6.5%, which is a good improvement for rotor blade design.     

改进型CLOR桨尖旋翼气动特性试验研究及数值分析

 通过风洞试验及数值模拟对具有改进型CLOR(CLOR-Ⅱ)桨尖的旋翼悬停和前飞状态气动特性开展研究。在CLOR桨尖旋翼试验及数值分析的基础上,考虑旋翼非定常流场特点,兼顾旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能,对旋翼桨叶的气动外形进行了改进,主要包括采用多种翼型优化配置以综合改善旋翼前行侧压缩性及后行侧桨叶失速特性,并考虑旋翼前飞状态对其桨叶动力学特性的需求,重新设计了桨尖前后缘的外形。在风洞中分别对3种旋翼进行多种状态条件下的试验研究,为从流动细节上获得不同桨尖旋翼的气动特性差别,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对试验状态进行了数值模拟对比。对更高转速状态进行模拟,结果表明相对于其他两种旋翼,CLOR-Ⅱ桨尖旋翼在改善跨声速特性和提高失速迎角等方面具有明显优势,而且综合提高了旋翼悬停和前飞气动性能。     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

桨叶结冰对尾桨气动性能的影响

基于某直升机尾桨桨叶地面结冰试验数据,建立了结冰桨叶的气动计算模型。对NACA0012翼型的气动特性计算表明,翼型升力系数和阻力系数的计算结果与试验数据吻合良好。然后根据所建模型,利用Fluent软件分别计算了某尾桨桨叶翼型结冰前后剖面的气动特性,发现结冰使桨叶翼型升力系数降低,阻力系数增大。最后采用动量一叶素理论结合...     

直升机旋翼功率传递系数确定方法

提出了一种确定直升机平直飞行时旋翼功率传递系数的方法;首先,通过飞行力学中的配平计算得到直升机在不同飞行速度下旋翼和尾桨的需用功率;然后,用试飞实测方法确定除旋翼和尾桨外的功率损耗;最终,得到直升机在不同飞行速度下的旋翼功率传递系数。结果表明：由于旋翼、尾桨的需用功率由飞行力学的配平方法得到,能合理地反映飞行状态和直升机尾部构型等影响因素,加上除旋翼和尾桨外的功率由试飞实测得到,因而文中所述的直升机旋翼功率传递系数能更准确地反映直升机的功率传递关系。     

Effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio on hovering performance of cycloidal rotor with large blade pitching amplitude

In recent years, a lot of research work has been carried out on the cycloidal rotors. However, it lacks thorough understanding about the effects of the blade platform shape on the hover efficiency of the cycloidal rotor, and the knowledge of how to design the platform shape of the blades. This paper presents a numerical simulation model based on Unsteady ReynoldsAveraged Navier–Stokes equations(URANSs), which is further validated by the experimental results. The effects of blade aspect ratio and taper ratio are analyzed, which shows that the cycloidal rotors with the same chord length have quite similar performance even though the blade aspect ratio varies from a very small value to a large one. By comparing the cycloidal rotors with different taper ratios, it is found that the rotors with large blade taper ratio outperform those with small taper ratio. This is due to the fact that the blade with larger taper ratio has longer chord and hence better efficiency. The analysis results show that the unsteady aerodynamic effects due to blade pitching motion play a more important role in the efficiency than the blade platform shape. Therefore we should pay more attention to the blade airfoil and pitching motion than the blade platform shape.The main contributions of this paper include: the analysis of the effects of aspect ratio and taper ratio on the hover efficiency of cycloidal rotor based on both the experimental and numerical simulation results; the finding of the main influencing factors on the hover efficiency; the qualitative guidance on how to design the blade platform shape for cycloidal rotors.     

基于涡限制法的旋翼气动噪声计算

在直升机旋翼流动的数值模拟中,流动求解精度对旋翼气动噪声的预测有着重要影响.采用中心格式有限体积法求解可压缩Euler方程数值模拟旋翼绕流,并采用基于Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings( FW-H)方程的声类比方法计算旋翼气动噪声.为了抑制中心格式的数值耗散,保持机翼翼尖以及旋翼桨尖的尾涡结构,引入了涡...     

自适应旋翼性能研究进展

自适应旋翼不同于常规被动旋翼设计,通过主动改变旋翼参数,优化旋翼升阻比,以适应飞行环境和飞行状态的变化,从而降低旋翼需用功率、提升直升机飞行性能。本文归纳了自适应旋翼在提升旋翼性能方面的国内外研究进展,主要包括：变转速旋翼、变直径旋翼、独立桨距控制旋翼、智能扭转旋翼以及桨叶翼型变体等,并对自适应旋翼提升旋翼性能方面的研究进展进行了总结和展望。     

悬停状态剪刀式尾桨气动/噪声特性优化分析

建立了一套基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程的剪刀式尾桨气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的尾桨外形参数设计方法。基于嵌套网格方法采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为尾桨流场求解控制方程,采用了一套适用于剪刀式尾桨悬停气动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。在流场分析的基础上,采用FW-H方程预测剪刀式尾桨在典型观察位置处的气动噪声。分别在控制总距以及控制拉力系数不变的情况下,以提高尾桨悬停效率同时降低气动噪声为目标,对剪刀式尾桨的剪刀角和轴间距两个主要外形参数进行优化设计。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法与遗传算法过程相结合,建立了一种有效的组合优化算法。结果表明:剪刀角和轴间距的不同组合可以通过削弱桨-涡干扰现象从而实现降低旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声的目的。在当前的计算状态下,优化得到的剪刀式尾桨的悬停效率比常规尾桨高16%,其平均声压级比常规尾桨降低了2.3 dB。      

垂直着陆中直升机旋翼动力学行为研究

提出了直升机垂直着陆撞击激起旋翼扰动的动力学模型,为预估粗暴着陆时起落架载荷和旋翼液压阻尼器轴向速度幅值给出了一种数值模拟方法。以弹性轴承旋翼直升机为例,对垂直着陆时直升机机体、起落架、旋翼桨叶及阻尼器的动力响应进行了数值模拟,分析了着陆撞击引起机体和旋翼扰动的力学机理,可知在起落架触地后的第1个振荡周期中,各片桨叶将经历其不同的摆振幅值,并激起旋翼摆振后退型响应。着陆撞击引起桨叶的大扰动,将冲开阻尼器的定压安全活门,严重降低其等效阻尼。随机着陆时,起落架触地速度及过载系数、旋翼挥舞及摆振幅度和阻尼器速度峰值等动态参数由于着陆时机体的姿态角及角速度不同呈现很大的分散性,其分散性与着陆高度有关。     

旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算研究

针对旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算问题,将CFD方法与Farassat 1A(F1A)公式相结合,提出了一种适用于旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声数值计算方法。首先,应用所提出的方法进行了噪声的算例验证,并与参考文献结果进行了对比;然后,着重针对悬停和前飞状态旋翼干扰下的尾桨噪声及气动特性进行了计算分析,并与孤立尾桨状态进行了对比。计算分析结果表明:悬停状态下,旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声水平显著大于孤立尾桨;而在前飞状态,由于旋翼尾迹对尾桨桨盘平面产生更强的气动干扰,这一现象会更加明显;同时,在旋翼干扰作用下,尾桨噪声的主传播方向也会发生明显变化。