Aerodynamic design optimization of helicopter rotor blades including airfoil shape for hover performance

This study proposes a process to obtain an optimal helicopter rotor blade shape for aerodynamic performance in hover flight. A new geometry representation algorithm which uses the class function/shape function transformation (CST) is employed to generate airfoil coordinates. With this approach, airfoil shape is considered in terms of design variables. The optimization process is constructed by integrating several programs developed by author. The design variables include twist, taper ratio, point of taper initiation, blade root chord, and coefficients of the airfoil distribution function. Aerodynamic constraints consist of limits on power available in hover and forward flight. The trim condition must be attainable. This paper considers rotor blade configuration for the hover flight condition only, so that the required power in hover is chosen as the objective function of the optimization problem. Sensitivity analysis of each design variable shows that airfoil shape has an important role in rotor performance. The optimum rotor blade reduces the required hover power by 7.4% and increases the figure of merit by 6.5%, which is a good improvement for rotor blade design.     

直升机桨叶气动外形多目标优化设计

基于自由尾迹方法建立了直升机桨叶空气动力学分析模型,应用人工神经网络方法建立代理模型,采用改进的多目标遗传算法构建了优化框架,对直升机的悬停和大速度前飞状态进行优化.以悬停效率、旋翼等效升阻比及桨叶叶素的最大阻力系数为约束,对两个飞行状态的需用功率进行优化,得到了Pareto最优解集.并以UH-60A直升机的桨叶为算例,对其外形进行优化设计,优化结果表明,提出的桨叶气动外形多目标优化框架是有效可行的.      

旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计

为了克服传统旋翼翼型优化设计方法的不足,发展了一种基于Kriging模型与遗传算法的旋翼翼型多目标多约束气动优化设计方法。采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟获得样本翼型气动性能,并建立目标函数和状态函数的Kriging模型,采用遗传算法搜索Kriging模型最小值和相应的EI(Expected Improvement)函数最大值,更新Kriging 模型直至找到满足约束的最优翼型。运用加权目标函数法进行了旋翼翼型的多设计点优化设计。优化结果表明,优化后旋翼翼型在满足约束的同时,与基准旋翼翼型OA209相比:在悬停状态下,阻力系数下降了2.1%;在机动状态下,最大升力系数提高了4.2%;在前飞状态下,阻力系数在不同马赫数下均有所减小。     

悬停状态倾转旋翼噪声试验及数值计算

结合消声室试验和数值计算研究了悬停状态倾转旋翼气动噪声特性。消声室试验采用孤立倾转旋翼模型,测试了不同总距角和桨尖马赫数状态的气动噪声数据。数值计算基于CFD(computational fluid dynamic)结合FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)声学方程的方法,采用试验数据验证了计算模型的可靠性。分析了倾转旋翼的噪声传播特点以及拉力系数和桨尖马赫数对噪声总声压级的影响,并对比了孤立旋翼和双旋翼状态的气动噪声特性。结果表明:倾转旋翼噪声随着拉力系数和桨尖马赫数的增加均有所增加,维持旋翼拉力不变时降低桨尖马赫数虽然使得拉力系数增加,旋翼噪声水平仍然降低;倾转双旋翼噪声相对纵向平面对称分布,在多个方位角区域存在着局部最大值,这和双旋翼噪声传播时的相互叠加以及双旋翼间气动干扰相关。      

低HSI噪声旋翼桨尖外形优化设计方法

建立了一套基于计算流体力学(CFD)/FW-H_pds方程(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations with penetrable data surface)的气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的低噪声旋翼桨尖平面外形设计方法。首先,采用积分形式的可压雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为旋翼流场求解控制方程,围绕旋翼流场的网格采用嵌套网格方法生成。在优化过程中,桨叶网格生成采用提出的高效参数化的网格自动生成方法。在建立的CFD方法求解基础上,采用基于可穿透旋转积分面的鲁棒性较好的FW-H_pds方程来求解旋翼高速脉冲(HSI)噪声。然后,以降低旋翼HSI噪声为目标,以旋翼悬停气动性能为约束,提出具备前掠-后掠-尖削等组合特征的桨尖外形方案并进行优化分析。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法耦合到遗传算法过程中,建立了一种高效的组合优化算法。在当前的计算状态下,优化后的桨尖外形的负压峰值相比于矩形桨叶降低了58.4%,优化后的桨叶有效地减弱了旋翼桨尖区域的跨声速"离域化"现象,因此可以降低旋翼HSI噪声特性,同时可以减弱旋翼桨尖涡强度达30%,旋翼悬停性能提高了2%~3%。     

某型倾转旋翼机的旋翼桨叶气动优化设计

倾转旋翼机的旋翼气动外形设计需要对其直升机模式和固定翼模式下的不同要求进行综合考虑。通过基于Kriging模型的多目标遗传算法建立一套适用于倾转旋翼桨叶气动外形优化设计方法,采用拉丁超立方抽样试验设计方法得到样本点,并建立Kriging模型替代费时的流动数值模拟。以最大化旋翼地面悬停拉力和高空巡航效率为目标,以地面悬停功率不增和巡航拉力不减为约束条件,进行倾转旋翼桨叶平面形状优化设计,并经过非定常数值模拟和风洞试验验证。结果表明:数值模拟结果和风洞试验结果吻合良好,优化结果满足设计指标。     

基于非结构网格CFD技术的旋翼气动噪声计算方法研究

将基于非结构网格技术的旋翼流场CFD计算方法与基于FW-H和Kirchhoff方程的声学方法相结合,建立了一套既适合于直升机旋翼厚度、载荷和桨-涡干扰噪声,又适合于跨声速高速脉冲噪声的综合计算模型。为提高旋翼流场及桨叶表面气动载荷计算的精度,主控方程的求解采用了三维可压非定常的N-S方程,网格划分则使用非结构运动嵌套网格方法。在噪声计算中,通过FW-H方法计算旋翼的厚度噪声和载荷噪声,并选取能够包含流场非线性区域的旋转面作为Kirchhoff积分面,由Kirchhoff方法计算包含四极子项的高速脉冲噪声。应用该模型,以AH-1旋翼为算例,计算了不同飞行状态下的旋翼气动噪声,并与可得到的试验结果进行比较,验证了方法的有效性。然后,着重对两种声学方法对计算结果的影响进行了对比研究,并分析了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声和四极子噪声的特性。     

旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算研究

针对旋翼干扰下的直升机尾桨气动噪声计算问题,将CFD方法与Farassat 1A(F1A)公式相结合,提出了一种适用于旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声数值计算方法。首先,应用所提出的方法进行了噪声的算例验证,并与参考文献结果进行了对比;然后,着重针对悬停和前飞状态旋翼干扰下的尾桨噪声及气动特性进行了计算分析,并与孤立尾桨状态进行了对比。计算分析结果表明:悬停状态下,旋翼干扰下的尾桨气动噪声水平显著大于孤立尾桨;而在前飞状态,由于旋翼尾迹对尾桨桨盘平面产生更强的气动干扰,这一现象会更加明显;同时,在旋翼干扰作用下,尾桨噪声的主传播方向也会发生明显变化。     

悬停状态剪刀式尾桨气动/噪声特性优化分析

建立了一套基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程的剪刀式尾桨气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的尾桨外形参数设计方法。基于嵌套网格方法采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为尾桨流场求解控制方程,采用了一套适用于剪刀式尾桨悬停气动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。在流场分析的基础上,采用FW-H方程预测剪刀式尾桨在典型观察位置处的气动噪声。分别在控制总距以及控制拉力系数不变的情况下,以提高尾桨悬停效率同时降低气动噪声为目标,对剪刀式尾桨的剪刀角和轴间距两个主要外形参数进行优化设计。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法与遗传算法过程相结合,建立了一种有效的组合优化算法。结果表明:剪刀角和轴间距的不同组合可以通过削弱桨-涡干扰现象从而实现降低旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声的目的。在当前的计算状态下,优化得到的剪刀式尾桨的悬停效率比常规尾桨高16%,其平均声压级比常规尾桨降低了2.3 dB。      

Numerical analysis on noise of rotor with unconventional blade tips based on CFD/Kirchhoff method

A solver is developed aiming at efficiently predicting rotor noise in hover and forward flight. In this solver, the nonlinear near-field solutions are calculated by a hybrid approach which includes the Navier-Stokes and Euler equations based on a moving-embedded grid system and adaptive grid methodology. A combination of the third-order upwind scheme and flux-difference splitting scheme, instead of the second-order center-difference scheme which may cause larger wake dissipation, has been employed in the present computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The sound pressure data in the near field can be calculated directly by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and the sound propagation can be predicted by the Kirchhoff method. A harmonic expansion approach is presented for rotor far-field noise prediction, which gives an analytical expression for the integral function in the Kirchhoff formula. As a result, the interpolation process is simplified and the efficiency and accuracy of the interpolation are improved. Then, the high-speed impulsive (HIS) noise of a helicopter rotor at different tip Mach numbers and on different observers is calculated and analyzed in hover and forward flight, which shows a highly directional characteristic of the rotor HIS noise with a maximum value in the rotor plane, and the HSI noise weakens rapidly with the increasing of the directivity angle. In order to investigate the effects of the rotor blade-tip shape on its aeroacoustic characteristics, four kinds of blade tips are designed and their noise characteristics have been simulated. At last, a new unconventional CLOR-II blade tip has been designed, and the noise characteristics of the presented CLOR-II model rotor have been simulated and measured compared to the reference rotors with a rectangular or swept-back platform blade tip. The results demonstrate that the unconventional CLOR-II blade tip can significantly reduce the HSI noise of a rotor.     

直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展

随着直升机的广泛使用,旋翼气动噪声问题逐渐得到重视。概述了旋翼厚度噪声、载荷噪声、高速脉冲(HSI)噪声、桨-涡干扰(BVI)噪声和宽带噪声的国内外研究现状,简述了旋翼气动噪声理论、试验、计算发展历程以及各阶段的研究成果,并对后缘襟翼、高阶谐波控制(HHC)、单片桨叶控制(IBC)、主动扭转桨叶等噪声控制方法和概念进行了介绍。重点叙述了旋翼气动噪声的研究新进展,包括大气、地面和飞行轨迹等对直升机旋翼噪声的影响,机身散射声场以及机动噪声计算方法等方面取得的成就。对直升机旋翼气动噪声的研究进行了总结,并对其发展前景提出了展望。     

悬停状态直升机桨叶扭转分布的优化数值计算

建立了一套基于高精度计算流体力学(CFD)技术和代理模型优化算法的旋翼气动外形设计方法。在该方法中,旋翼流场气动性能的计算采用了基于Navier-Stokes/Euler方程的CFD方法,并根据流场特点、精度和效率的要求采用Baldwin-Lomax(B-L)湍流模型,通量计算采用Roe-MUSCL格式进行。为提高网格生成质量和便于流场控制方程的求解,将流场分成两个区域,即围绕旋翼的黏性区和无黏的背景网格区。其中,桨叶网格使用了基于二维翼型网格的参数化方法生成,数值计算结果表明该方法有效地提高了网格生成质量及效率。在参考旋翼流场及桨叶细节流动分析的基础上给出设计变量及范围,有效减小了优化问题的规模;为满足优化和机理分析的需要,将基于置换遗传算法优化的拉丁超立方(PermGA LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型优化方法引入到桨叶外形的优化设计中。首先以Helishape 7A旋翼为算例,检验了数值模拟方法的准确性。然后,应用所建立的优化方法针对旋翼负扭转分布进行了优化计算,结果表明优化后的旋翼悬停气动性能比优化前有了明显提高。     

ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HELICOPTER ROTOR WITH ANHEDRAL TIP SHAPE

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Aerodynamic optimization design of general parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover based on surrogate model

A surrogate-model-based aerodynamic optimization design method for cycloidal propeller in hover was proposed, in order to improve its aerodynamic efficiency, and analyze the basic criteria for its aerodynamic optimization design. The reliability and applicability of overset mesh method were verified. An optimization method based on Kriging surrogate model was proposed to optimize the geometric parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover with the use of genetic algorithm. The optimization results showed that the thrust coefficient was increased by 3.56%, the torque coefficient reduced by 12.05%, and the figure of merit (FM) increased by 19.93%. The optimization results verified the feasibility of this design idea. Although the optimization was only carried out at a single rotation speed, the aerodynamic efficiency was also significantly improved over a wide range of rotation speeds. The optimal configuration characteristics for micro and small-sized cycloidal propeller were: solidity of 0.2-0.22, maximum pitch angle of 25°-35°, pitch axis locating at 35%-45% of the blade chord length.      

基于涡限制法的旋翼气动噪声计算

在直升机旋翼流动的数值模拟中,流动求解精度对旋翼气动噪声的预测有着重要影响.采用中心格式有限体积法求解可压缩Euler方程数值模拟旋翼绕流,并采用基于Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings( FW-H)方程的声类比方法计算旋翼气动噪声.为了抑制中心格式的数值耗散,保持机翼翼尖以及旋翼桨尖的尾涡结构,引入了涡...     

Aeroacoustic and aerodynamic optimization of propeller blades

It is of great significance to develop a high-efficiency and low-noise propeller optimization method for new-generation propeller aircraft design. Coupled with free form deformation method, dynamic mesh interpolation technology, optimization algorithm, surrogate model, aerodynamic calculation and aeroacoustic prediction model module, the integrated aerodynamic and aeroacoustic design method of propeller is built. The optimization design for the six-blade propeller is carried out. The non-reduction in efficiency, thrust coefficient and the minimum of aerodynamic noise is treated as the optimization design objective. The spatial vorticity distribution of the propeller before and after the design is also analyzed by using unsteady computational fluid dynamics method. The results show that the optimized propeller can effectively reduce the aerodynamic noise level. The maximum total sound pressure level can be reduced by 5 dB without reducing its aerodynamic performance. The developed method has good application potential in low-noise optimization design of propeller and other rotating machinery.     

风扇出口导向叶片低噪声设计Ⅰ:方法与优化

作为"风扇出口导向叶片（Outlet Guide Vanes，OGV）低噪声设计"系列文章的第1篇，本文在现有压气机气动设计流程的基础上，加入了噪声评估过程，建立了基于通流设计的气动/声学一体化设计方法。为提高设计阶段的评估速度，以三维升力面理论与管道声学理论为基础，从通流设计和造型设计输出中提取参数，结合转子尾迹模型，建立了转/静干涉噪声的解析预测模型。以现代大涵道比涡扇发动机风扇/增压级为对象，采用该模型系统分析了OGV轴向掠形与周向倾斜对转/静干涉噪声的影响，获取了轴向掠形角与周向倾斜角等三维设计参数与风扇噪声的关系图谱，初步确定了低噪声设计较优降噪量的掠和倾组合方案。以此为基础，在保持叶尖子午投影位置和弦长不变的前提下，将叶片前缘和径向积叠进行参数化，采用遗传算法进一步开展了OGV的低噪声优化设计，最终获得了2个优化方案，预估的降噪量达到了8 dB。     

倾转旋翼桨叶空气动力学/结构动力学多学科优化设计研究

采用了多学科设计优化方法, 根据涡流理论建立了倾转旋翼桨叶空气动力学分析模型, 利用CATIA, ANSYS和ADAMS等软件分析倾转旋翼桨叶结构动力学特性, 采用iSIGHT多学科设计优化软件集成空气动力学和结构动力学分析模型, 建立起倾转旋翼桨叶空气动力学/结构动力学多学科设计优化系统, 进行多学科设计优化研究.并以倾转旋翼机XV-15的桨叶为算例, 进行设计优化, 结果表明提出的倾转旋翼桨叶空气动力学/结构动力学多学科设计优化方法是可行和有效的.      

直升机旋翼桨叶气弹优化减振设计方法

从振源着手通过设计参数的最优选择设计直升机旋翼桨叶,使传递到机身的交变载荷最小达到降低振动水平的目的是旋翼桨叶设计思想的进步。本文在简单概述该方法的基础上,以某4桨摆振柔软的无铰复合材料桨叶为研究对象,将其大梁模拟为一单闭室复合材料盒形梁,研究了通过铺层角的优化选择,降低4次/转的桨毂交变力与力矩的情况。数值算例表明方法效果良好。      

旋翼桨叶气动外形设计

旋翼桨叶气动外形设计的目的主要是使旋翼的气动特性满足直升机的设计和使用要求,本文针对直升机旋翼桨叶气动外形设计中的有关问题,介绍了桨叶气动外形设计的设计方法,设计参数主要包括桨叶的弦长、扭转角、翼型选择和配置以及桨尖形状,并以某型直升机旋翼桨叶为例,介绍了旋翼桨叶气动外形的设计。