并联机床的运动学标定

并联机床具有刚度高、动态性能好、加工效率高等特点,已在大型航空结构件的加工等领域得到了成功应用.运动学标定是并联机床重要的精度保证手段之一.本文从误差建模、位姿测量、误差辨识及误差补偿等方面介绍了并联机床的运动学标定方法,并具体介绍了一台国产并联机床的运动学标定试验及相关研究.     

基于6SPS并联机构标定新方法

系统研究6SPS并联机构标定的方法。研究中应用激光跟踪仪测量、基于并联机构正解和定位误差旋量的计算,正交试验进行试验设计,应用非线性最小二乘参数辨识。仿真验证辨识的几何误差可以等于假定值,试验验证位姿精度提高了10倍。     

面向飞机装配的机器人定位误差和残差补偿

工业机器人由于其高柔性和低成本而被越来越多地应用到飞机自动钻铆系统中,使用精度补偿有效地提高机器人的绝对定位精度是保证产品质量的关键,为进一步提高机器人末端定位精度,提出了基于误差相似度的残差补偿方法。首先使用基于运动学参数标定的方法辨识出机器人的几何参数误差,再利用基于误差相似度的方法对残余误差进行估计,实现对机器人的误差和残差的补偿。以工业机器人KUKA KR-30 HA为对象所进行的试验验证表明,机器人的绝对定位精度平均值由补偿前的0.879mm经过定位误差补偿后提高到0.194mm,经过残差补偿后进一步提高到0.141mm,经过定位误差和残差补偿后的机器人最大误差由1.492mm降低为0.296mm,最大绝对定位精度误差降低了80.16%。该方法能有效地补偿参数辨识后遗留的残差,进一步提高机器人的定位精度。     

基于拉线位移传感器的机器人标定应用研究

通过对拉线位移传感器在机器人标定领域国内外应用现状的研究,简略介绍了单线式一维和三线式三维测量系统,并提出一种单线复用三维测量系统模型。结合各测量系统的特点,提出相应的参数辨识算法。为了选取合适的标定校准点,以码垛机器人为例,分析了机器人工作空间中不同位置扰动误差对拉线测量值的影响。对机器人名义D-H参数和拉线测量值等制造模拟误差进行仿真标定。仿真结果表明,标定后定位精度提升90%,最后通过运动学标定试验进一步验证了标定方法的有效性,并指出仍需解决的若干问题。     

融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法

针对机器人卫星装配阶段舱板与主框架装配精度低、装配干涉力过大的问题,提出了一种融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法。利用视觉检测装置建立卫星舱板与主框架装配误差在线测量系统,并完成了双目标定、机器人手眼标定、其他部件相对位姿的标定,提出了卫星舱板与主框架装配误差补偿控制方法,实现了装配误差实时测量与精确补偿;同时,通过力觉检测装置完成了机器人末端负载辨识与重力补偿,实时测量卫星舱板与主框架装配干涉力,实现了卫星柔性装配。试验结果表明,采用融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法后,卫星舱板与主框架装配误差控制在0.2 mm以内,装配干涉力小于50 N,满足了卫星装配的精度需求,证明本文所提方法的有效性和稳定性。     

大臂展空间机械臂运动学参数精确标定

大臂展空间机械臂,由于臂杆的几何参数误差及柔性等因素将会导致其末端定位产生很大误差,然而在某些空间作业时对机械臂末端定位精度要求较高,为了获得其准确的运动学参数,提出了一种线性标定机器人运动学参数的简便方法。以一个7自由度空间机械臂为研究对象,采用D-H建模方法建立了机器人运动学模型,基于该模型建立了机器人运动学误差模型,最后通过计算机器人末端的位姿误差,标定了该机器人的运动学参数。仿真实验表明该标定方法有较高的精度,并且该方法操作简单、便于实际应用。     

基于杆臂补偿的多MIMU六方位倍速率标定方法

误差建模、标定与补偿是提高微惯性测量单元(MIMU)精度的关键,而杆臂效应是影响低成本微机电系统(MEMS)惯导精度进一步提升的瓶颈。针对杆臂效应引起的多MIMU标定误差问题,提出了一种基于杆臂补偿的多MIMU六方位倍速率标定方法。分析了杆臂效应影响多MIMU标定的误差机理,设计了一种六方位倍速率标定方案,建立了基于杆臂补偿的误差系数标定解算模型,补偿了杆臂效应引起的标定误差,并应用加权最小二乘法对MIMU加速度通道和角速度通道的非对称性误差进行了抑制。试验结果表明,与现有六方位正反速率标定方法相比,采用该方法的MIMU加速度通道补偿误差降低了84%,角速度通道补偿误差降低了68%。     

基于支链受力分析的Stewart平台球铰间隙误差补偿方法

为减小球铰间隙误差对并联机构动平台运动精度的影响,以Stewart并联机构为例,借助静力学分析对球铰间隙误差进行了标定和补偿.首先,采用序列法对机床结构误差及球铰间隙误差进行了标定.其次,采用螺旋理论分析了该机构运动支链的受力状态,进而得到支链在分别受拉力和压力时球铰的作用状态,从而推导出了球铰间隙误差的补偿算法,并通过试验方法对该算法进行了验证.结果表明,基于静力学分析对球铰间隙误差进行相应补偿,可以明显提高并联机构动平台的运动精度.本文提出的针对球铰间隙误差的有效补偿算法为并联机构运动误差的实时补偿提供了参考.     

双频激光干涉仪在SMART-CNC曲面磨床几何误差参数辨识中的实验研究

在对SMART-CNC磨床几何误差建模及对某双频激光干涉仪工作原理分析的基础上,针对该磨床的误差参数辨识进行了实际测量中的应用,并以检测结果作为数控机床误差补偿的前提进行几何误差补偿。     

一种三自由度精密定位系统研究

为了满足航空制造领域中零部件精密装配系统对精密定位的需求,开发了一种基于柔顺机构的三自由度精密定位系统,具有两个移动及一个转动共3个自由度;采用3个封装压电陶瓷致动器驱动,封装压电陶瓷内置应变传感器以实现对压电陶瓷驱动器的闭环精确控制;使用3个激光位移传感器测量实际位姿。提出一种基于激光位移传感器的测量和运动学标定方法,试验结果表明X方向正弦轨迹误差为5.4%,Y方向正弦轨迹误差为8.18%。     

Stifness modeling and analysis of a novel 4-DOF PKM for manufacturing large components

Faster response to orientation varying is one of the outstanding abilities of a parallel kinematic machine（PKM）.It enables such a system to act as a reconfgurable module employed to machine large components effciently.The stiffness formulation and analysis are the beforehand key tasks for its parameters design.A novel PKM with four degrees of freedom（DOFs）is proposed in this paper.The topology behind it is 2PUS-2PRS parallel mechanism.Its semianalytical stiffness model is frstly obtained,where the generalized Jacobian matrix of 2PUS-2PRS is formulated with the help of the screw theory and the stiffness coeffcients of complicated components are estimated by integrating fnite element analysis and numerical ftting.Under the help of the model,it is predicted that the property of system stiffness distributes within the given workspace,which features symmetry about a certain plane and is also verifed by performing fnite element analysis of the virtual prototype.Furthermore,key parameters affecting the system stiffness are identifed through sensitivity analysis.These provide insights for further optimization design of this PKM.     

Positioning error compensation for parallel mechanism with two kinematic calibration methods

Compared with serial mechanisms, the parallel mechanism (PM) theoretically exhibited higher positioning accuracy, dynamic performance, strength-to-weight ratio, and lower manufacturing cost, but they had not been widely used in the practical application. One key issue, positioning accuracy, which directly affected their performance and was greatly influenced by the errors of kinematic structure parameters was analyzed. To effectively enhance the positioning precision of PMs, a novel modeless kinematic calibration method, namely the split calibration, was presented and its compensation effect of the positioning error was comprehensively compared with that of an integrated method on two different types of PMs. A strange phenomenon-correct and incorrect identified results were derived from two different PMs by the same integrated method, respectively-which had not been reported yet was discovered, and the origin of it was revealed utilizing numerical simulations. Finally, respective merits and drawbacks of these two methods obtained in this paper provided underlying insights to guide the practical application of the kinematic calibration for PMs.     

Accuracy enhancement of the spherical actuator with a two-level geometric calibration method

This paper presents a two-level geometric calibration method for the permanent magnet （PM） spherical actuator to improve its motion control accuracy. The proposed actuator is com- posed of a stator with circumferential coils and a rotor with multiple PM poles. Due to the assembly and fabrication errors, the real geometric parameters of the actuator will deviate from their design values. Hence, the identification of such errors is critical for the motion control tasks. A two-level geometric calibration approach is proposed to identify such errors. In the first level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of the kinematic equation, which is to identify the geometric errors in the spherical joint. In the second level, the calibration model is formulated based on the differential form of torque formula, which is to calibrate the geometric parameters of the magnetization axes of PM poles and coils axes. To demonstrate the robustness and availability of the calibration algorithm, simulations are conducted. The results have shown that the proposed two-level calibration method can effectively compensate the geometric parameter errors and improve the positioning accuracy of the spherical actuator.     

Geometric error analysis of an over-constrained parallel tracking mechanism using the screw theory

This paper deals with geometric error modeling and sensitivity analysis of an overconstrained parallel tracking mechanism. The main contribution is the consideration of overconstrained features that are usually ignored in previous research. The reciprocal property between a motion and a force is applied to tackle this problem in the framework of the screw theory. First of all, a nominal kinematic model of the parallel tracking mechanism is formulated. On this basis, the actual twist of the moving platform is computed through the superposition of the joint twist and geometric errors. The actuation and constrained wrenches of each limb are applied to exclude the joint displacement. After eliminating repeated errors brought by the multiplication of wrenches, a geometric error model of the parallel tracking mechanism is built. Furthermore,two sensitivity indices are defined to select essential geometric errors for future kinematic calibration. Finally, the geometric error model with minimum geometric errors is verified by simulation with SolidWorks software. Two typical poses of the parallel tracking mechanism are selected, and the differences between simulation and calculation results are very small. The results confirm the correctness and accuracy of the geometric error modeling method for over-constrained parallel mechanisms.     

扩大并联机床工作空间方法的研究

针对机床坐标系和工件坐标系的关系,采用一致坐标系转台转角分解和非一致坐标系转台转角分解方法,从而达到扩大并联机床工作空间的目的。     

机器人技术在机械加工中的应用

机器人取代机床从事机械加工已成为自动化加工发展的一大趋向。本文在分析工业机器人应用现状的基础上,提出了机器人加工系统存在的一些问题,还对并联机床的发展作了展望。     

A two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm for GNSS kinematic precise point positioning

In kinematic navigation and positioning, abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances are one of the key factors affecting the stability and reliability of positioning performance. Generally, robust adaptive filtering algorithm is used to reduce the influence of them on positioning results. However, it is difficult to accurately identify and separate the influence of abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances on positioning results, especially in the application of kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP). This has always been a key factor limiting the performance of conventional robust adaptive filtering algorithms. To address this problem, this paper proposes a two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm, which includes two filtering steps: without considering the kinematic model information, the first step of filtering only detects the abnormal observations. Based on the filtering results of the first step, the second step makes further detection on the kinematic model disturbances and conducts adaptive processing. Theoretical analysis and experiment results indicate that the two-step robust adaptive filtering algorithm can further enhance the robustness of the filtering against the influence of abnormal observations and kinematic model disturbances on the positioning results. Ultimately, improvement of the stability and reliability of kinematic PPP is significant.     

柔性冗余度机器人运动灵活性的研究

 对改善柔性冗余度机器人的运动灵活性问题进行了研究。首先分析了机器人的关节速度与其运动灵活性之间的关系;然后利用柔性冗余度机器人的二次优化能力,进一步研究了改善柔性冗余度机器人运动灵活性的问题,通过泰勒级数展开的办法把振动的抑制从加速度级等效转化到速度级,从而可以在速度级上同时实现振动的抑制和灵活性的改善,并给出了在抑振的同时改善机器人运动灵活性的方法。最后通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性。     

Tracking with classification-aided multiframe data association

In most conventional tracking systems, only the target kinematic information from, for example, a radar or sonar or an electro-optical sensor, is used in measurement-to-track association. Target class information, which is typically used in postprocessing, can also be used to improve data association to give better tracking accuracy. The use of target class information in data association can improve discrimination by yielding purer tracks and preserving their continuity. In this paper, we present the simultaneous use of target classification information and target kinematic information for target tracking. The approach presented integrates target class information into the data association process using the 2-D (one track list and one measurement list) as well as multiframe (one track list and multiple measurement lists) assignments. The multiframe association likelihood is developed to include the classification results based on the "confusion matrix" that specifies the accuracy of the target classifier. The objective is to improve association results using class information when the kinematic likelihoods are similar for different targets, i.e., there is ambiguity in using kinematic information alone. Performance comparisons with and without the use of class information in data association are presented on a ground target tracking problem. Simulation results quantify the benefits of classification-aided data association for improved target tracking, especially in the presence of association uncertainty in the kinematic measurements. Also, the benefit of 5-D (or multiframe) association versus 2-D association is investigated for different quality classifiers. The main contribution of this paper is the development of the methodology to incorporate exactly the classification information into multidimensional (multiframe) association.