基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法

在转发式卫星测定轨系统中,基于伪码测距原理的星地距离测量是实现卫星精密定轨和高精度时间比对的基础。为获得高精度的星地距离,需要将地面站设备时延从伪码测距值中精确扣除。在转发式卫星测轨原理的基础上,提出了基于移动站的转发式地面站设备时延标校方法,实现了对转发式地面站设备时延的标校,标校精度能够优于0.5ns,对提高转发式卫星定轨精度和卫星双向时间比对精度具有重要作用。     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

一种基于移动参考站的卫星双向时间频率传递系统时延校准方法CSCD

设备时延是卫星双向时间频率传递过程中的主要误差源,对其进行校准是获得高精度时间比对的关键。从卫星双向时间频率传递的基本原理出发,分析了基于移动参考站的卫星双向时间频率传递链路设备时延校准的方法。工程实践中,限于条件对校准方法进行了调整,实现了对两站卫星双向时间比对链路设备时延的校准。     

卫星双向时间频率传递调制解调器研制进展

卫星双向时间比对调制解调器是卫星双向时间比对系统的核心设备,文章介绍了北京无线电计量测试研究所自主研发的卫星双向时间比对调制解调器(BIRMM modem)的研制情况,该设备具备1Mchip/s,2.5Mchip/s,5Mchip/s三种码速率,最多可拓展10个通道,中频输出频率70MHz。通过本地上星比对试验对BIRMM modem的核心性能指标进行了分析及评估。测试结果表明： BIRMM modem的时间比对精度优于0.3ns。     

IGS电离层产品在双向时间频率传递中的应用

利用IGS组织提供的全球电离层资料对卫星双向时间频率传递中的电离层误差进行修正。IGS提供特定时刻、固定经纬度网格点上的电离层总电子含量。对该电离层资料首先进行空间四点网格内插,然后利用双线性内插得到电离层穿刺点所需时刻的总电子含量,最后将得到电离层数据经过处理用于双向时间频率传递修正。结果表明：电离层对C波段的影响在（0～0.5）ns范围内,这对亚纳秒量级的时间比对是必须考虑的。IGS提供的电离层产品适合应用于双向时间频率传递,具有方法简单、准确度高和价格低廉等特点。     

Analysis of BDS-3 distributed autonomous navigation based on BeiDou system simulation platform

Satellite autonomous navigation is an important function of the BeiDou-3 navigation System (BDS-3). Satellite autonomous navigation means that the navigation satellite uses long-term forecast ephemeris and Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements to determinate its own spatial position and time reference without the support of the ground Operation and Control System (OCS) for a long time to ensure that the navigation system can normally maintain the time and space reference. This paper aims to analyze the feasibility of distributed autonomous navigation algorithms. For the first time, a ground parallel autonomous navigation test system (GPANTS) is built. The performance of distributed autonomous navigation is then analyzed using the two-way ISL ranging of BDS-3 satellites. First, the BDS simulation platform and the GPANTS are introduced. Then, the basic principles of distributed satellite autonomous orbit determination and time synchronization based on ISL measurements are summarized. Preliminary evaluation of the performance of the BDS-3 constellation autonomous navigation service under ideal conditions through simulation data. Then the performance of autonomous navigation for 22 BeiDou-3 satellites using ISL measurements is evaluated. The results show that when satellites operate autonomously for 50 days without the support of any ground station, the User Range Error (URE) of autonomous orbit determination is better than 3 m, and the time synchronization accuracy is better than 4 ns.     

卫星双向时间频率传递校准技术综述

卫星双向时间频率传递技术是高精度时间频率远程比对的基本手段,其时间比对A类标准不确定度优于0.1ns,B类标准不确定度主要取决于系统的校准。本文简述了卫星双向时间频率传递的基本理论,着重说明各种卫星双向时间频率传递系统校准方法和硬件实现,对各种校准技术进行评述和比较,总结并展望了校准技术发展的方向。     

Near real-time BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis with reversed point positioning

The Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite is a crucial part of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) constellation. However, due to various perturbation forces acting on the GEO satellite, it drifts gradually over time. Thus, frequent orbit maneuvers are required to maintain the satellite at its designed position. During the orbit maneuver and recovery periods, the orbit quality of the maneuvered satellite computed with broadcast navigation ephemeris will be significantly degraded. Furthermore, the conventional dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) approach may not work well, because of a lack of publicly available satellite information for modeling the thrust forces. In this paper, a near real-time approach free of thrust forces modeling is proposed for BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis based on the Reversed Point Positioning (RPP). First, the station coordinates and receiver clock offsets are estimated by GPS/BDS combined Single Point Positioning (SPP) with single-frequency phase-smoothed pseudorange observations. Then, with the fixed station coordinates and receiver clock offsets, the RPP method can be conducted to determine the GEO satellite orbits. When no orbit maneuvers occur, the proposed method can obtain orbit accuracies of 0.92, 2.74, and 8.30?m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions, respectively. The average orbit-only Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) is 1.23?m, which is slightly poorer than that of the broadcast navigation ephemeris. Using four days of GEO maneuvered datasets, it is further demonstrated that the derived orbits can be employed to characterize the behaviors of GEO satellite maneuvers, such as the time span of the maneuver as well as the satellite thrusting accelerations. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed method for near real-time GEO satellite orbit determination during maneuvers.     

卫星高度角对GPS单向时间传递性能的影响研究

GPS单向时间传递可用于完成本地时间频率参考的校准及向协调世界时的高精度溯源。然而,卫星高度角的变化对时间频率传递的性能会产生一定的影响。概述了GPS卫星单向时间传递的基本原理,分析了不同卫星高度角对时间频率传递性能产生影响的原因,给出了时间频率传递性能的评估方法。最后,通过实验测试GPS卫星高度角变化对时间频率传递性能的影响,给出了实验结果并进行了分析。实验结果表明,随着卫星截止高度角的增加,GPS单向时间频率传递的性能将会提高,但是可视卫星的数量会减少。工程应用中,如果对时间频率传递长期稳定性要求较高,可将截至高度角设为25°;如只对短期稳定性要求较高,可将截止高度角设为5°。     

“嫦娥4号”中继星开环测速方案设计与试验验证

针对深空探测器轨道测量任务高精度测速需求,提出了一种开环测速方案。首先,采用窄带模式对深空探测器下行信号进行采集记录,利用傅里叶变换+线性调频Z变换+本地重构相关联合信号处理方法,对探测器主载波信号进行处理,自适应提取探测器主载波频率;然后,基于主载波频率获取反映探测器相对于测站速度运动关系的多普勒频率,并评估多普勒频率的随机噪声水平;最后,将基于本文的多普勒频率与深空站测速基带多普勒频率、累积载波相位测速多普勒频率进行比对,并将3种多普勒频率输入探测器联合定轨程序,进一步评估本方案获取的多普勒测速绝对精度。基于"嫦娥4号"中继星在轨实测试验数据分析表明:所获得的多普勒频率提取精度为10 m Hz,优于深空站基带测速多普勒频率与累积载波相位测速多普勒频率精度;联合定轨表明:多普勒测速绝对精度为0.2 mm/s,有效验证了深空开环测速技术,为后续深空探测器轨道联合测量系统研制奠定了技术基础。     

Low-cost precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability based on GNSS carrier observation

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) receivers can be used in time and frequency metrology by exploiting stable GNSS time scales. This paper proposes a low-cost method for precise measurement of oscillator frequency instability using a single-frequency software GNSS receiver. The only required hardware is a common radio frequency (RF) data collection device driven by the oscillator under test (OUT). The receiver solves the oscillator frequency error in high time resolution using the carrier Doppler observation and the broadcast ephemeris from one of the available satellites employing the onboard reference atomic frequency standard that is more stable than the OUT. Considering the non-stable and non-Gaussian properties of the frequency error measurement, an unbiased finite impulse response (FIR) filter is employed to obtain robust estimation and filter out measurement noise. The effects of different filter orders and convolution lengths are further discussed. The frequency error of an oven controlled oscillator (OCXO) is measured using live Beidou-2/Compass signals. The results are compared with the synchronous measurement using a specialized phase comparator with the standard coordinated universal time (UTC) signal from the master clock H226 in the national time service center (NTSC) of China as its reference. The Allan deviation (ADEV) estimates using the two methods have a 99.9% correlation coefficient and a 0.6% mean relative difference over 1–1000 s intervals. The experiment demonstrates the effectiveness and high precision of the software receiver method.     

北斗GEO卫星CEI相时延解算方法研究

连线端站干涉测量(connected element interferometry，CEI)是高精度测角技术，在中高轨卫星、月球及深空航天器定轨定位中有良好的应用前景。基于CEI技术特点，提出了一种新的测量方法，即在相干测距模式下利用测距音和载波信号作为信号源进行连线端站干涉测量。构建了CEI试验系统对北斗GEO卫星进行观测，利用相干测距模式下的下行信号解算群时延、相时延。利用北斗GEO卫星精密星历计算的时延理论值，对北斗GEO卫星CEI群时延和相时延结果进行评估。结果表明，相干测距模式下CEI群时延和相时延残差均值分别为0.47ns、0.08ns，标准差(3σ)分别4.2ns、0.13ns。该项研究验证了相干测距模式下CEI相时延解算的可行性，可为共位地球同步卫星精密相对定位、月球探测器CEI测量提供技术参考。     

Switching and performance variations of on-orbit BDS satellite clocks

The information of the satellite clock switching and performance variations on-orbit of Chinese BeiDou-2 Navigation System (BDS) is not available for the public. In order to detect the BDS satellite clock switching and performances variation, we analyzed the precise clock offset products with a total duration of 5?years every BDS satellite equipped four atomic clocks from four different manufactures from January 2013 to October 2017. Three important contributions are concluded as follows. (1) It is found that the average time of on-orbit operation for BDS satellite clocks is about 1–2?years. There have been 22 times of clock switching for BDS satellites, of which the C05 and C08 satellites have been switched to the fourth (last) atomic clock. (2) There are frequent phase adjustments for BDS on-orbit satellite clocks, and the frequency series is relatively stable. Furthermore, there are semi-annual sinusoid cycles in the frequency drift series of C06 and C09 satellites. (3) The performances of MEO satellite clocks perform better than the IGSO and GEO satellite clocks. The average ten-thousand frequency stability of BDS satellite clocks is about 1E-13, which is worse than that of GPS and Galileo but better than that of GLONASS.     

北斗首颗备份卫星性能初步分析

主要从卫星钟差预报、轨道测定精度、伪距波动情况等角度分析了I6卫星与北斗卫星导航系统（BDS）其他现役倾斜地球同步轨道（IGSO）卫星的异同,并从位置精度因子（PDOP）和格网可用性评估了I6卫星入网对BDS的贡献。利用星地双向时频传递设备观测的星地钟差数据,评估了I6卫星星载原子钟的预报性能,结果表明,I6卫星发播的卫星钟参数外推5h预报误差的均方根误差（RMS）为232ns,外推1h预报误差的RMS为073ns,与现役IGSO卫星钟差预报水平相当;对多星联合精密定轨结果分析表明,与北斗现役I3卫星相比,姿态控制方式优化后的I6卫星在地影期间的轨道精度并未发生明显衰减,克服了现有北斗二号卫星在地影期间轨道精度下降,从而影响北斗服务的连续性、可用性问题;利用大口径抛物面天线采集到的数据对I6卫星的伪距波动进行了分析,结果表明I6卫星单个观测弧段内其伪距波动峰峰差约为1m,与其他IGSO卫星一致;进行PDOP仿真计算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得喀什地区的PDOP最大值由1282下降为726,PDOP大于6的时段所占百分比由2911%下降为1721%;对格网电离层产品实施解算,结果表明I6卫星的加入使得6个电离层格网点的可用度提升至95%以上。     

基于光纤双环网的高精度时频同步技术研究

本文介绍了一种基于光纤双环网的时频同步技术设计方法，针对时频设备协同使用时如何获得高精度同步指标这一问题提出了一种设计思路。以系统时间源使用北斗/GPS/GLONASS，本系统同步精度优于5E-13，频率稳定度优于5E-13@1d；以UTC(BIRMM)输出的TOD+1PPS做系统时间源，本系统同步精度优于4E-13，频率稳定度优于6E-14@1d。本方案提出的方法原理简单，系统可根据使用情况进行裁剪，相比卫星双向等手段成本低廉，适合在时频同步领域推广。     

单星测频静态目标无源定位研究

提出了一种基于非线性最优化技术的单星测频无源定位算法,该方法利用单颗卫星单个通道在不同位置上测得的信号多普勒频率,实现对地面固定辐射源的无源定位,具有有效载荷简单、对卫星姿态无特殊要求、定位收敛快、精度较高等优点。同时,探讨了多普勒频率测量误差预处理技术,以及基于PAR模型的系统误差分离技术,通过对测量误差的分离与处理,可以大幅度提高频率测量数据的精度,从而保证后续测频定位精度。最后,通过仿真试验和工程实际,验证了单星测频定位技术的有效性和准确性。     

基于机动力模型的GEO卫星恢复期间定轨

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)中GEO卫星频繁的轨道机动对高精度、实时不间断的导 航服务需求提出了更高要求, 如何在短弧跟踪条件下提高GEO卫星轨道快速 恢复能力, 是提升导航系统服务精度的关键因素. 针对该问题, 本文提出了基 于机动力模型的动力学定轨方法, 尝试利用高精度的C波段转发式测距数据, 辅 以机动期间的遥测遥控信息建立机动力模型, 联合轨控前后的观测数据进行动 力学长弧定轨. 利用BDS中GEO卫星实测数据进行了定轨试验与分析, 结果表明, 恢复期间需要采用解算机动推力的定轨方法, 联合机动前、机动期间和机 动后4h数据定轨的轨道位置精度在20m量级, 径向精度优于2.5m. 该方 法克服了短弧跟踪条件下动力学法定轨和单点定位中的诸多问题, 提供了解决 GEO卫星机动后轨道快速恢复问题的技术方法.      

Carrier phase prediction method for GNSS precise positioning in challenging environment

Since the signals of global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are blocked frequently in challenging environments, the discontinuous carrier phases seriously affect the application of GNSS precise positioning. To improve the carrier phase continuity, this paper proposes a carrier phase prediction method based on carrier open-loop tracking. In the open-loop tracking mode, the carrier numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) is controlled by the predicted Doppler, but not by the loop filter output. To improve the phase prediction effective time, accurate receiver clock drift estimation is studied in the prediction method. The phase prediction performance is tested on GNSS software receiver. In the phase prediction effective time tests, open-loop processes were set for the tested channel. The test results show that, when some satellite signals are blocked in 15?s, the probability of carrier phase error less than quarter cycles is more than 94%. In the real time kinematic (RTK) positioning tests, some satellite signals are blocked in 10–15?s repeatedly. The test results show that, the carrier phase continuity is basically not affected by the signal interruption, and the RTK can almost keep continuous centimeter-level positioning accuracy without re-fixing the integer ambiguity.     

GNSS实时动态授时精度分析

基于GNSS载波相位观测值的实时动态授时，可有效规避PPP授时对实时精密轨道和钟差产品的依赖问题，对短距离动、静态高精度时间用户具有重要意义。为了更好地验证GNSS实时动态授时性能，基于中国科学院国家授时中心时间频率资源和三个GNSS跟踪站长达2个月的观测数据，以GPS系统为例开展了授时试验。与事后PPP时间传递相比，实时动态授时结果差异STD优于0.15ns；与光纤双向时间传递结果相比，实时动态授时结果差异STD优于0.5ns。试验表明，GNSS实时动态授时精度能够达到亚纳秒量级，可为下一步推广应用提供重要参考。     

双程多卜勒测速

本文从双程多卜勒测速概念出发,给出了双程多卜勒方程提出主要的测量方法和误差源,并对多卜勒测量方法的平均误差作了分析。为了直观起见,本文用几何法推导出多卜勒因子。本文在讨论一般常用的二种测量方法的基础上提出了一种比较理想的方法,这个方法已在实际设备中得到了应用。为了分析测速误差,文中提出了几种主要误差源,尤其是第十种误差源在自旋卫星采用某些特殊天线时必须予以考虑。最后着重分析了多卜勒测量方法和平均误差。在弄清楚平均误差概念的基础上,分析了影响此项误差的主要因素。