单站GPST/GLONASST时差监测研究

精密定时/授时是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）中重要的一部分。每个GNSS都维护有自己的参考时间,尽管他们都向协调世界时溯源,但各系统间可能存在着几十甚至几百ns的偏差。要充分利用各个系统的卫星资源进行统一定位和授时服务就必须准确确定各个系统间的时差。文中分析了基于空间信号法的单站时差监测原理,提出了利用GPS/GLONASS多模双频接收机输出的两个系统的观测数据、导航电文以及标准共视数据监测GLONASST与GPST的时差方法。利用BIPM T公报公布的相关数据对130d的时差监测结果进行了评定。结果表明,130d中,时差监测结果消除系统差后与T公报结果最大偏差优于8ns,证明监测结果是有效可用的。     

北斗卫星导航系统实时定轨与钟差处理策略

目前鲜有对北斗卫星导航系统（BeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem,BDS）实时精密定轨与钟差确定的研究,文章提出了BDS实时轨道与实时钟差处理策略,包括了观测与动力学模型、实时轨道与实时钟差处理流程与评估方法。尤其对于实时钟差,为了提高计算效率,联合使用两个独立并行的线程估计非差绝对钟差和历元间相对钟差。利用多模全球卫星导航系统试验(MGEX)与全球连续检测评估系统（iGMAS）实测数据进行了北斗实时轨道与钟差解算,BDS实时轨道径向平均精度对于GEO卫星优于20cm,对于IGSO与MEO一般优于10cm;钟差精度对于GEO卫星为0.5~4.5ns,对于IGSO／MEO为0.2~2.0ns。基于目前的轨道与钟差结果,实时精密单点定位（PrecisePointPositioning,PPP）结果可以达到分米量级。     

应用iGMAS超快速星历的实时精密单点定位研究

中国主导建设的国际GNSS监测评估系统（iGMAS）相比国际上比较成熟的IGS系统在产品精度等方面存在差别，目前实时精密单点定位应用多采用IGS实时、近实时产品。为改变这一现状，针对iGMAS产品特性以及实时精密单点定位对超快速精密星历的需求，对iGMAS超快速星历的精度和稳定性方面进行评估，设计了iGMAS产品实时/事后下载应用程序，开展了基于iGMAS超快速星历的实时精密单点定位研究，并结合NovAtel OEM617双频接收机进行了GPS实时精密单点定位试验。实验结果表明，在连续观测23min后定位误差即可收敛到分米级，较接收机原始定位精度高一个量级，且稳定性好，最终在E/N/U方向定位误差均方根分别为7.2cm、6.4cm、15.2cm，与应用IGS超快速星历实时PPP试验取得相近的结果。研究实现了iGMAS数据获取、评估和实时PPP应用的一整套方案，验证了iGMAS超快速产品的性能，对推进iGMAS产品的应用提供了借鉴。     

基于TDC和ARM的高精度北斗授时系统设计

针对已有的电力、通信等授时系统精度较低的问题,设计了一种基于TDC和ARM的高精度北斗授时系统。该系统以STM32F2xx/STM32F4xx芯片作为核心信号处理器,对比标准1PPS与1PPS的相位差,结合TDC对时间延时的高精度测量技术,采用PID算法调整本地OCXO压控值,使OCXO输出稳定的时钟频率,进而达到高精度授时目的。目前,北斗接收机授时精度一般优于50ns,而授时精度低于20ns即达到高精度授时标准。实验结果表明,该方法授时精度能达到13ns,能够实现北斗高精度授时。     

BM1308-52型GPS/BDS时间传递接收机研制与性能分析CSCD

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的发展与完善,基于BDS的时间传递应用需求越来越迫切。简要介绍了为开展北斗时间传递研究自研的多通道多频GPS/BDS时间传递接收机BM1308-52。接收机可同时接收GPS、BDS的码信息和载波相位信息,输出GPS、BDS的CGGTTS标准共视文件和Rinex观测文件,观测时间、处理方法及数据输出格式符合国际规范。最后,利用实测数据测试了BM1308-52的性能,测试结果表明,GPS单向时间比对和零基线共视比对不确定度优于2ns,BD单向时间比对不确定度优于3ns,与国际水平相当。BM1308-52的系统稳定可靠,观测精度高,可以更好地为时间频率传递服务。     

BM1308-52型GPS/BDS时间传递接收机研制与性能分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的发展与完善,基于BDS的时间传递应用需求越来越迫切。简要介绍了为开展北斗时间传递研究自研的多通道多频GPS/BDS时间传递接收机BM1308-52。接收机可同时接收GPS、BDS的码信息和载波相位信息,输出GPS、BDS的CGGTTS标准共视文件和Rinex观测文件,观测时间、处理方法及数据输出格式符合国际规范。最后,利用实测数据测试了BM1308-52的性能,测试结果表明,GPS单向时间比对和零基线共视比对不确定度优于2ns,BD单向时间比对不确定度优于3ns,与国际水平相当。BM1308-52的系统稳定可靠,观测精度高,可以更好地为时间频率传递服务。     

GPS全视法时间传递回顾与展望

目前,时间传递技术正处于GPS伪码技术到GNSS多种技术组合的过渡时期,介绍了高精度时间传递技术在近年来的发展情况:首先回顾了GPS伪码共视(CV)与全视法(AV)时间传递,并证明全视法比共视法更具优越性。CCTF 2006通过,从MJD 53979,即2006九月(Circular T225)开始,使用AV法进行TAI比对。CV法需要满足共视条件,这限制了载波相位(CP)方法的应用,载波相位观测量比码观测量的观测精度可以高出两个数量级。由于CP观测数据优良,CCTF 2006推荐也可以引用CP观测数据进行时间传递。PPP方法是一种充分研究的时间传递方法,它充分地利用了载波相位信息,可以认为是伪码AV法的自然延伸。最后,给出我们的最新研究成果,即将GPS PPP和TW时间链路结合的方法,该方法结合两种时间传递链路的优点并消除了它们的缺点。     

基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号模拟

全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）共视（CV）技术应用中需要对GNSS共视信号进行模拟仿真,可以降低对共视接收机和共视算法进行测试过程中的成本。为此,提出了一种基于信道复用方法的GNSS共视信号的双路信号模拟方法。首先,对GNSS共视技术原理进行了分析。然后,根据GNSS直射信号的模拟思路,设计了基于GNSS直射信号模拟器的GNSS共视信号模拟方法,对共视信号传播过程中可能产生的误差进行了分析。最后,对零基线、短基线、长基线3种场景下仿真的共视信号,以及实场采集的试验数据进行了验证分析。验证的结果表明,仿真的GNSS共视信号定位准确,定位精度在米级;共视比对结果均方根值（RMS）精度优于12 ns,可以进行共视法时间传递,证明了提出的共视信号模拟方法能够有效地用于GNSS共视信号生成。对GNSS共视信号模拟器、共视接收机的研制和共视算法的研究具有一定的理论参考意义和实际应用价值。      

基于卡尔曼滤波平滑多普勒值的单频周跳探测方法

针对高轨卫星搭载的GNSS单频接收机观测值精度低导致多普勒法难以准确探测周跳的问题，提出了基于卡尔曼滤波平滑多普勒值的单频周跳探测方法。首先使用卡尔曼滤波平滑多普勒观测值，以降低观测噪声的影响，然后联合使用平滑后的多普勒值和载波相位观测值按照传统多普勒法计算周跳探测量，并对其进行历元间差分，从而降低系统误差，提高周跳检出率。实验使用探月三期再入返回试验任务中月地转移段返回舱接收到的GNSS观测数据，结果证明提出的方法相比传统的多普勒法可以在低信噪比的环境下更准确地进行周跳探测，可为后续高轨卫星的GNSS搭载试验提供技术支撑。     

互联网上计算机时间传递系统设计方案及实验结果分析

计算机互联网的发展，使信息的传递更加方便、快捷。在时间频率用户中，中、低准确度的用户占很大比例，计算机互联网时间传递已经成为一个重要的手段。中国的网络授时系统从２０００年１月开通以来，近万人访问了授时网站ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｋｘｚｈ．ｓｘｓｏ．ａｃ．ｃｎ或其镜像站点ｈｔｔｐ：／／Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇｔｉｍｅ．１２６．ｃｏｍ。介绍了国家授时中心网络授时系统的设计要点，给出了网络授时传递时间准确度的测量方法，分析了网络授时实验结果。     

Initial accuracy and reliability of current BDS-3 precise positioning,velocity estimation,and time transfer (PVT)

The primary system of Chinese global BeiDou satellite system (BDS-3) was completed to provide global services on December 27, 2018; this was a key milestone in the development process for BDS in terms of its provision of global services. Therefore, this study analyzed the current performance of BDS-3, including its precise positioning, velocity estimation, and time transfer (PVT). The datasets were derived from international GNSS monitoring and assessment system (iGMAS) tracking networks and the two international time laboratories in collaboration with the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). With respect to the positioning, the focus is on the real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning and precise point positioning (PPP) modes with static and kinematic scenarios. The results show that the mean available satellite number is 4.8 for current BDS-3 system at short baseline XIA1–XIA3. The RTK accuracy for three components is generally within cm level; the 3D mean accuracy is 8.9 mm for BDS-3 solutions. For the PPP scenarios, the convergence time is about 4 h for TP01 and BRCH stations in two scenarios. After the convergence, the horizontal positioning accuracy is better than cm level and the vertical accuracy nearly reaches the 1 dm level. With respect to kinematic scenarios, the accuracy stays at the cm level for horizontal components and dm level for the vertical component at two stations. In terms of velocity estimation, the horizontal accuracy stays at a sub-mm level, and the vertical accuracy is better than 2 mm/s in the BDS-3 scenario, even in the Arctic. In terms of time and frequency transfer, the noise level of BDS-3 time links can reach 0.096 ns for long-distances link NT01–TP02 and 0.016 ns for short-distance links TP01–TP02. Frequency stability reaches 5E–14 accuracy when the averaging time is within 10,000 s for NT01–TP02 and 1E–15 for TP01–TP02.     

Analysis of GNSS clock prediction performance with different interrupt intervals and application to real-time kinematic precise point positioning

Continuous and timely real-time satellite orbit and clock products are mandatory for real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP). Real-time high-precision satellite orbit and clock products should be predicted within a short time in case of communication delay or connection breakdown in practical applications. For prediction, historical data describing the characteristics of the real-time orbit and clock can be used as the basis for performing the prediction. When historical data are scarce, it is difficult for many existing models to perform precise predictions. In this paper, a linear regression model is used to predict clock products. Seven-day GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) final clock products sampled at 30 s are used to analyze the characteristics of GNSS clocks. It is shown that the linear regression model can be used as the prediction model for the satellite clock products. In addition, the accuracy of the clock prediction for different satellites are analyzed using historical data with different periods (such as 2 and 10 epochs). Experimental results show that the accuracy of the clock with the linear regression prediction model using historical data with 10 epochs is 1.0 ns within 900 s. This is higher accuracy than that achieved using historical data of 2 epochs. Finally, the performance analysis for real-time kinematic precise point positioning (PPP) is provided using GFZ final clock prediction results and state space representation (SSR) clock prediction results when communication delay or connection breakdown occur. Experimental results show that the positioning accuracy without prediction is better than that with prediction in general, whether using the final clock product or the SSR clock product. For the final clock product, the positioning accuracy in the north (N), east (E), and up (U) directions is better than 10.0 cm with all visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 15.0 cm to 7.0 cm. For the SSR clock product, the positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions is better than 12.0 cm with visible GNSS satellites with prediction. In comparison, the 3D positioning accuracy of N, E, and U directions with visible GNSS satellites whose prediction accuracy is better than 0.1 ns using historical data of 10 epochs is improved from 12.0 cm to 9.0 cm.     

Mitigation of receiver biases in ionospheric observables from PPP with ambiguity resolution

PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) positioning method that requires SSR (State Space Representation) corrections in order to provide solutions with an accuracy of centimetric level. The so-called RT-PPP (Real-time PPP) is possible thanks to real-time precise SSR products, for orbits and clocks, provided by IGS (International GNSS Service) and its associate analysis centers such as CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). CNES SSR products also enable RT-PPP with integer ambiguity resolution. In GNSS related literature, PPP with ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR) in real-time is often referred as PPP-RTK (PPP – Real Time Kinematic). PPP-WIZARD (PPP - With Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) is a software that is made available by CNES. This software is capable of performing PPP-RTK. It estimates slant ionospheric delays and other GNSS positioning parameters. Since ionospheric effects are spatially correlated by GNSS data from active networks, it is possible to model and provide ionospheric delays for any position in the network coverage area. The prior knowledge ionospheric delays can reduce positioning convergence for PPP-RTK users. Real-time ionospheric models could benefit from highly precise ionospheric delays estimated in PPP-AR. In this study, we demonstrate that ionospheric delays obtained throughout PPP-AR estimation are actu ally ionospheric observables. Ionospheric observables are biased by an order of few meters caused by the receiver hardware biases. These biases prohibit the use of PPP-WIZARD ionospheric delays to produce ionospheric models. Receiver biases correction is essential to provide ionospheric delays while using PPP-AR based ionospheric observables. In this contribution, a method was implemented to estimate and mitigate receiver hardware biases influence on slant ionospheric observables from PPP-AR. In order to assess the proposed approach, PPP-AR data from 12 GNSS stations were processed over a two-month period (March and April 2018). A comparison between IGS ionospheric products and PPP-AR based ionospheric observables corrected for receiver biases, resulted in a mean of differences of −39 cm and 51 cm standard deviation. The results are consistent with the accuracy of the IGS ionospheric products, 2–8 TECU, considering that 1 TECU is ~16 cm in L1. In another analysis, a comparison of ionospheric delays from 5 pairs of short baselines GNSS stations found an agreement of 0.001 m in mean differences with 22 cm standard deviation after receiver biases were corrected. Therefore, the proposed solution is promising and could produce high quality (1–2 TECU) slant ionospheric delays. This product can be used in a large variety of modeling approaches, since ionospheric delays after correction are unbiased. These results indicate that the proposed strategy is promising, and could benefit applications that require accuracy of 1–2 TECU (~16–32 cm in L1).     

Performance improvement of real-time PPP ambiguity resolution using a regional integer clock

Obtaining reliable GNSS uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) or integer clock products is the key to achieving ambiguity-fixed solutions for real-time (RT) precise point positioning (PPP) users. However, due to the influence of RT orbit errors, the quality of UPD/integer clock products estimated with a globally distributed GNSS network is difficult to ensure, thereby affecting the ambiguity resolution (AR) performance of RT-PPP. In this contribution, by fully utilising the consistency of orbital errors in regional GNSS network coverage areas, a method is proposed for estimating regional integer clock products to compensate for RT orbit errors. Based on Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES) RT precise products, the regional GPS/BDS integer clock was estimated with a CORS network in the west of China. Results showed that the difference between the estimated regional and CNES global integer clock/bias products was generally less than 5 cm for GPS, whereas clock differences of greater than 10 cm were observed for BDS due to the large RT orbit error. Compared with PPP using global integer clock/bias products, the AR performance of PPP using the regional integer clock was obviously improved for four rover stations. For single GPS, the horizontal and vertical accuracies of ambiguity-fixed PPP solutions were improved by 56.2% and 45.3% on average, respectively, whereas improvements of 67.5% and 50.5% in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, were observed for the combined GPS/BDS situation. Based on a regional integer clock, the RMS error of a kinematic ambiguity-fixed PPP solution in the horizontal direction could reach 0.5 cm. In terms of initialisation time, the average time to first fix (TTFF) in combined GPS/BDS PPP was shortened from 18.2 min to 12.7 min. In view of the high AR performance realised with the use of regional integer clocks, this method can be applied to scenarios that require high positioning accuracy, such as deformation monitoring.     

Real-time clock comparison and monitoring with multi-GNSS precise point positioning: GPS,GLONASS and Galileo

The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is widely used in time and frequency applications. Because of the real-time service (RTS) project of the International GNSS Service, we can use the PPP technique for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. As a participant in the RTS, the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) implements the PPPWIZARD (Precise Point Positioning with Integer and Zero-difference Ambiguity Resolution Demonstrator) project to validate carrier phase ambiguity resolution. Unlike the Integer-PPP (IPPP) of the CNES, fixing ambiguities in the post-processing mode, the PPPWIZARD operates in the real-time mode, which is also called real-time IPPP (RT-IPPP). This paper focuses on applying the RT-IPPP for real-time clock comparison and monitoring. We review the principle of real-time clock comparison and monitoring, and introduce the methodology of the RT-IPPP technique. The observations of GPS, GLONASS and Galileo were processed for the experiments. Five processing modes were provided in the experiment to analyze the benefits of ambiguity resolution and multi-GNSS. In the clock comparison experiment, the average reduction ratios of standard deviations with respect to the G PPP mode range from 9.7% to 35.0%. In the clock monitoring experiment, G PPP mode can detect clock jumps whose magnitudes are larger than 0.9 ns. The RT-IPPP technique with GRE PPP AR (G) mode allows for the detection of any clock jumps larger than 0.6 ns. For frequency monitoring, G PPP mode allows detection of frequency changes larger than 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴. When the RT-IPPP technique is applied, monitoring with GRE PPP AR (G) mode can detect frequency changes larger than 6.1 × 10⁻¹⁵.     

LEO enhanced Global Navigation Satellite System (LeGNSS) for real-time precise positioning services

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely used in many geosciences areas with its Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service. However, GNSS still has its own bottleneck, such as the long initialization period of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without dense reference network. Recently, the concept of PNTRC (Positioning, Navigation, Timing, Remote sensing and Communication) has been put forward, where Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are recruited to fulfill diverse missions. In navigation aspect, a number of selected LEO satellites can be equipped with a transmitter to transmit similar navigation signals to ground users, so that they can serve as GNSS satellites but with much faster geometric change to enhance GNSS capability, which is named as LEO constellation enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS). As a result, the initialization time of PPP is expected to be shortened to the level of a few minutes or even seconds depending on the number of the LEO satellites involved. In this article, we simulate all the relevant data from June 8th to 14th, 2014 and investigate the feasibility of LeGNSS with the concentration on the key issues in the whole data processing for providing real-time PPP service based on a system configuration with fourteen satellites of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), twenty-four satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), and sixty-six satellites of the Iridium satellite constellations. At the server-end, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) and Precise Clock Estimation (PCE) with various operational modes are investigated using simulated observations. It is found out that GNSS POD with partial LEO satellites is the most practical mode of LeGNSS operation. At the user-end, the Geometry Dilution Of Precision (GDOP) and Signal-In-Space Ranging Error (SISRE) are calculated and assessed for different positioning schemes in order to demonstrate the performance of LeGNSS. Centimeter level SISRE can be achieved for LeGNSS.     

A real-time ionospheric model based on GNSS Precise Point Positioning

This paper proposes a method of real-time monitoring and modeling the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) by Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Firstly, the ionospheric TEC and receiver’s Differential Code Biases (DCB) are estimated with the undifferenced raw observation in real-time, then the ionospheric TEC model is established based on the Single Layer Model (SLM) assumption and the recovered ionospheric TEC. In this study, phase observations with high precision are directly used instead of phase smoothed code observations. In addition, the DCB estimation is separated from the establishment of the ionospheric model which will limit the impacts of the SLM assumption impacts. The ionospheric model is established at every epoch for real time application. The method is validated with three different GNSS networks on a local, regional, and global basis. The results show that the method is feasible and effective, the real-time ionosphere and DCB results are very consistent with the IGS final products, with a bias of 1–2 TECU and 0.4 ns respectively.