BM1308-52型GPS/BDS时间传递接收机研制与性能分析CSCD

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的发展与完善,基于BDS的时间传递应用需求越来越迫切。简要介绍了为开展北斗时间传递研究自研的多通道多频GPS/BDS时间传递接收机BM1308-52。接收机可同时接收GPS、BDS的码信息和载波相位信息,输出GPS、BDS的CGGTTS标准共视文件和Rinex观测文件,观测时间、处理方法及数据输出格式符合国际规范。最后,利用实测数据测试了BM1308-52的性能,测试结果表明,GPS单向时间比对和零基线共视比对不确定度优于2ns,BD单向时间比对不确定度优于3ns,与国际水平相当。BM1308-52的系统稳定可靠,观测精度高,可以更好地为时间频率传递服务。     

BM1308-52型GPS/BDS时间传递接收机研制与性能分析

随着北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)的发展与完善,基于BDS的时间传递应用需求越来越迫切。简要介绍了为开展北斗时间传递研究自研的多通道多频GPS/BDS时间传递接收机BM1308-52。接收机可同时接收GPS、BDS的码信息和载波相位信息,输出GPS、BDS的CGGTTS标准共视文件和Rinex观测文件,观测时间、处理方法及数据输出格式符合国际规范。最后,利用实测数据测试了BM1308-52的性能,测试结果表明,GPS单向时间比对和零基线共视比对不确定度优于2ns,BD单向时间比对不确定度优于3ns,与国际水平相当。BM1308-52的系统稳定可靠,观测精度高,可以更好地为时间频率传递服务。     

航天GPS接收机信号搜索捕获策略

航天GPS接收机的无辅助冷启动时间是一项重要指标,研究近地轨道应用的12通道C/A码导航型接收机减小冷启动时间的方法.分析GPS信号的多普勒频率和伪码相位搜索方法、捕获检测器及其参数选择、多普勒频率搜索步长和伪码搜索速率, 得到多普勒频率搜索步长为500?Hz,伪码搜索速率为475码元/s.研究轨道倾角、轨道高度、GPS天线仰角和轨道偏心率等因素对多普勒频率搜索范围的影响.阐述根据GPS卫星间夹角的统计信息选择合理的卫星分配方法.分析和仿真结果表明,根据GPS卫星间夹角的统计信息选择合理的卫星分配方法,可将冷启动时间减少25%~30%,影响多普勒频率搜索范围的因素按程度依次为:轨道倾角、轨道高度、GPS天线仰角和轨道偏心率,再考虑这些因素时可将冷启动时间减少25%~40%.     

卫星双向时间频率传递校准技术综述

卫星双向时间频率传递技术是高精度时间频率远程比对的基本手段,其时间比对A类标准不确定度优于0.1ns,B类标准不确定度主要取决于系统的校准。本文简述了卫星双向时间频率传递的基本理论,着重说明各种卫星双向时间频率传递系统校准方法和硬件实现,对各种校准技术进行评述和比较,总结并展望了校准技术发展的方向。     

一种基于移动参考站的卫星双向时间频率传递系统时延校准方法CSCD

设备时延是卫星双向时间频率传递过程中的主要误差源,对其进行校准是获得高精度时间比对的关键。从卫星双向时间频率传递的基本原理出发,分析了基于移动参考站的卫星双向时间频率传递链路设备时延校准的方法。工程实践中,限于条件对校准方法进行了调整,实现了对两站卫星双向时间比对链路设备时延的校准。     

IGS电离层产品在双向时间频率传递中的应用

利用IGS组织提供的全球电离层资料对卫星双向时间频率传递中的电离层误差进行修正。IGS提供特定时刻、固定经纬度网格点上的电离层总电子含量。对该电离层资料首先进行空间四点网格内插,然后利用双线性内插得到电离层穿刺点所需时刻的总电子含量,最后将得到电离层数据经过处理用于双向时间频率传递修正。结果表明：电离层对C波段的影响在（0～0.5）ns范围内,这对亚纳秒量级的时间比对是必须考虑的。IGS提供的电离层产品适合应用于双向时间频率传递,具有方法简单、准确度高和价格低廉等特点。     

卫星双向时间频率传递链路中的功率预算分析

根据卫星双向时间传递的原理,研究了时间传递不确定度与双向链路总信噪比的关系,基于卫星通信系统链路功率的计算方法,给出了卫星双向链路功率计算的关键环节与链路预算步骤,并结合实际情况给出了北京一西安两地卫星双向时间传递链路的功率设计.     

光纤频标传递的稳定性分析

光纤是进行长距离、高精度频标传递的理想介质,为达到更好的传递效果,分析了光纤频标传递系统的稳定性能,找出了影响频标稳定度的主要因素,进行了稳定性的仿真计算,并得出了与相关精密测算一致的结果。结果表明,几种主要因素的影响大小均与频标的中心频率无关,强度噪声是影响频标稳定性的最大因素,控制信噪比是提高稳定性的关键所在。     

一种IGSO卫星轨道维持时的偏航角调整策略

针对倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星的轨道维持问题，提出了在轨卫星在各种不同工况及约束下的偏航角调整策略。其目的在于减小偏航角的调整范围以及缩短偏航角调整时间，减小轨道维持过程对卫星业务连续性的影响。分析了偏航角的运动规律，以及升交点赤经对偏航角的影响。在此基础上，根据轨道维持时升交点赤经的不同、太阳高度角范围、轨道控制的时间约束、交叉点位置约束等不同情况，分别给出了卫星轨道维持时偏航角的调整方法及推力器选择方案。对于交叉点位置在中国境内的卫星，可以使偏航角调整范围不超过45°。此方法可应用于在轨卫星轨道维持管理的实践中。     

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

Diviner红外温度与嫦娥卫星微波探测仪月表亮温的比较分析

提出使用高分辨率的Diviner辐射计红外温度作为月壤热传导的边界输入条件,使得月壤物理温度廓线的模拟更接近月表真实情况. 利用Diviner物理温度廓线模拟的微波亮温与嫦娥二号卫星微波探测仪（CELMS2）的实测亮温匹配,来分析CELMS2数据的有效性和稳定性,为月壤微波特性的反演奠定基础. 以哥白尼坑区域为例,对比分析了Diviner辐射计红外通道温度与CELMS1实测微波亮温的变化趋势. 选择月球虹湾地区内一位置点（45.1°-45.5°N,33.1°-33.5°W）,分析了CELMS2在该位置点内5个月球时刻的亮温数据. 通过对实测亮温与模拟亮温在经纬度和太阳高度角的匹配分析得到,在高频微波通道内两者的相关性达到96%以上,表明嫦娥二号微波探测仪亮温数据具有较高的稳定性,可以为月壤特性反演研究提供可靠数据来源.      

The use of ionospheric tomography and elevation masks to reduce the overall error in single-frequency GPS timing applications

Signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites at the horizon or at low elevations are often excluded from a GPS solution because they experience considerable ionospheric delays and multipath effects. Their exclusion can degrade the overall satellite geometry for the calculations, resulting in greater errors; an effect known as the Dilution of Precision (DOP). In contrast, signals from high elevation satellites experience less ionospheric delays and multipath effects. The aim is to find a balance in the choice of elevation mask, to reduce the propagation delays and multipath whilst maintaining good satellite geometry, and to use tomography to correct for the ionosphere and thus improve single-frequency GPS timing accuracy. GPS data, collected from a global network of dual-frequency GPS receivers, have been used to produce four GPS timing solutions, each with a different ionospheric compensation technique. One solution uses a 4D tomographic algorithm, Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS), to compensate for the ionospheric delay. Maps of ionospheric electron density are produced and used to correct the single-frequency pseudorange observations. This method is compared to a dual-frequency solution and two other single-frequency solutions: one does not include any ionospheric compensation and the other uses the broadcast Klobuchar model. Data from the solar maximum year 2002 and October 2003 have been investigated to display results when the ionospheric delays are large and variable. The study focuses on Europe and results are produced for the chosen test site, VILL (Villafranca, Spain). The effects of excluding all of the GPS satellites below various elevation masks, ranging from 5° to 40°, on timing solutions for fixed (static) and mobile (moving) situations are presented. The greatest timing accuracies when using the fixed GPS receiver technique are obtained by using a 40° mask, rather than a 5° mask. The mobile GPS timing solutions are most accurate when satellites at lower elevations continue to be included: using a mask between 10° and 20°. MIDAS offers the most accurate and least variable single-frequency timing solution and accuracies to within 10 ns are achieved for fixed GPS receiver situations. Future improvements are anticipated by combining both GPS and Galileo data towards computing a timing solution.     

Influence of ionospheric perturbations in GPS time and frequency transfer

The stability of GPS time and frequency transfer is limited by the fact that GPS signals travel through the ionosphere. In high precision geodetic time transfer (i.e. based on precise modeling of code and carrier phase GPS data), the so-called ionosphere-free combination of the code and carrier phase measurements made on the two frequencies is used to remove the first-order ionospheric effect. In this paper, we investigate the impact of residual second- and third-order ionospheric effects on geodetic time transfer solutions i.e. remote atomic clock comparisons based on GPS measurements, using the ATOMIUM software developed at the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB). The impact of third-order ionospheric effects was shown to be negligible, while for second-order effects, the tests performed on different time links and at different epochs show a small impact of the order of some picoseconds, on a quiet day, and up to more than 10 picoseconds in case of high ionospheric activity. The geomagnetic storm of the 30th October 2003 is used to illustrate how space weather products are relevant to understand perturbations in geodetic time and frequency transfer.     

航天器应急姿态捕获中GPS信号的应用

星载全球定位系统（GPS）卫星接收机在测量接收各GPS卫星信号时,可同时得到接收信号的信号强度测量辅助数据E。理论分析表明,接收信号的强度E与信号入射天线的法向夹角α强相关。如建立E与α稳定的先验模型,E就可以作为测量值,计算入射天线的角度α。在同一时刻,通过三个以上GPS卫星信号入射天线的角度α,可计算星载GPS卫星接收机接收天线的空间姿态。确定姿态的精度取决于E与α相关先验模型的稳定性。利用CHAMP卫星星载接收机在轨实测数据检验,估算的初始姿态精度为2°~3°。该方法可作为航天器故障状态下应急姿态捕获的一种辅助手段,也可为携带星载GPS而无高精度定姿要求的简易航天器提供一种新的无附加成本的定姿途径。     

多通道GPS共视法时频传递接收机的研制

GPS共视法是国际上流行的远距离时间频率传递技术,核心是共视法接收机。我们成功研制了多通道GPS共视法时频传递接收机系统,硬件部分主要由自主研制的高精度时间间隔计数器和Motorola生产的VPONCORE GPS引擎组成,软件符合时间频率咨询委员会(CCTF)发布的GPS共视法数据处理软件标准化指南的要求,与单通道GPS定时接收机相比,界面更友好,操作更方便,具有很强的分析处理数据功能。经测试证明多通道GPS接收机零基线共钟共视时间比对的不确定度小于4 ns(仰角40°),与国外报道基本相同。     

激光时间传递技术的进展

激光时间传递是通过激光脉冲在空间的传播来实现地面与卫星时钟或地球上远距离两地时钟的同步。本文介绍了激光时间传递的国内外进展情况 ,重点介绍我们建立的一套地面激光时间比对系统。比对结果表明 ,激光时间传递获得很高的精度和稳定度。     

Evaluation and analysis on positioning performance of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation systems in Asian-Pacific region

By using the observation data and products of precise obit and clock offset from Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) and GNSS Research Centre, Curtin University in this paper, the positioning performance of BDS/QZSS satellite navigation system has been analyzed and evaluated in aspects of the quantity of visible satellites, DOP value, multipath effect, signal-to-noise ratio, static PPP and kinematic PPP. The analysis results show that compared to BDS single system when the cutoff angle are 30°and 40°, the DOP value of BDS/QZSS combined system has decreased above 20%, and the quantity of visible satellites increased about 16–30% respectively, because of the improved spatial geometric configuration. The magnitude of satellite multipath effect of BDS system shows the trend of MEO?>?IGSO?>?GEO, which is consistent with that of QZSS satellite system, as the constellation structure of the two systems is similar. The variation tendencies of signal-to-noise ratio with respect to elevation angle of the two systems are almost the same at all frequencies, showing that at the same elevation angle the signal-to-noise ratio of MEO satellites is higher than that of IGSO satellites, as the higher obit is the lower transmitting power is obtained. For having a specially designed obit, the variation of signal-to-noise ratio of BDS system is more stable. However, the magnitude of signal-to-noise ratio of QZSS system appears the trend of frequency 3?>?frequency 2?>?frequency 1. The static PPP performance of the BDS/QZSS combination system has been improved more significantly than the BDS single system in E, N and U directions. When the cutoff angle are at 7°, 15° and 30°, the PPP accuracy is increased about 25–34% in U direction, 10–13% and 23–34% in E and N directions respectively. When the elevation angle is large (40°), compared to BDS single system at lower elevation angles (7° and 15°) the PPP accuracy of the BDS/QZSS combination system is improved above 30% in U direction. In kinematic PPP performance, compared to BDS single system, the accuracy, availability and reliability of the BDS/QZSS combination system has been improved too, especially at large elevation angles (30° and 40°), the kinematic PPP accuracy in E and U directions has been improved about 10–50%, and above 50% in U direction. It can be concluded that the combination with QZSS system can improve the positioning accuracy, reliability and stability of BDS system. In the future, with the improvement of the satellite construction of Japan’s QZSS system and the global networking of China’s BDS satellites, the QZSS satellites will contribute greatly to improve the positioning accuracy, reliability, availability and stability of GNSS systems in areas such as cities, mountains, densely-packed buildings and severely covered areas in Asian-Pacific region.     

用户星高度对中继卫星星间链路的性能影响

数据中继卫星(简称中继星)系统可为各种用户星提供优质服务,但用户星轨道高度严重影响了中继星与用户星之间的星间链路(IOL)性能。文章通过数学模型来计算IOL自由空间损耗的极值和中继星星间天线的视场角,并用STK进行了仿真验证。基于此模型,对近地圆轨道航天器和导航卫星两种用户进行了实例分析。发现对近地圆轨道用户星,自由空间损耗的最大值与最小值之差和天线视场角均不大,设计时不需要特别考虑;而对导航卫星用户,两项参数值分别高达15dB和大于35°,需采用相应措施来避免过设计和解决视场角大的问题。