Scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first Mars exploration mission

This paper describes the scientific objectives and payloads of Tianwen-1, China’s first exploration mission to Mars. An orbiter, carrying a lander and a rover, lifted-off in July 2020 for a journey to Mars where it should arrive in February 2021. A suite of 13 scientific payloads, for in-situ and remote sensing, autonomously commanded by integrated payload controllers and mounted on the orbiter and the rover will study the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Mars and the relation with the solar wind, the atmosphere, surface and subsurface of the planet, looking at the topography, composition and structure and in particular for subsurface ice. The mission will also investigate Mars climate history. It is expected that Tianwen-1 will contribute significantly to advance our scientific knowledge of Mars.     

Measurement of mass diffusion coefficients of O_2 in aviation fuel through digital holographic interferometry

The experimental apparatus to measure the mass diffusion coefficients of O2 in aviation fuel was constructed based on the digital holographic interferometry method. The theory of mass diffusion coefficient and interference image processing were introduced in detail. The accuracy of the experiment was verified by measuring the mass diffusion coefficient of 0.33 mol/L KCl in aqueous solution at 298.15 K. The mass diffusion coefficients of O_2 in RP3 and RP5 aviation fuels were measured at temperature from 278.15 K to 333.15 K, and the Arrhenius equation was employed to fit the experimental data. In terms of the Stokes-Einstein equation, the viscosities of these two aviation fuels were tested to estimate the correlation among mass diffusion coefficient, viscosity and temperature. A uniform polynomial calculation correlation was proposed to predict the mass diffusion coefficients of O_2 in both RP3 and RP5 aviation fuels, and its accuracy is considerably higher than that of the Stokes-Einstein equation.     

Event-triggered attitude control of spacecraft

The problem of spacecraft attitude stabilization control system with limited communication and external disturbances is investigated based on an event-triggered control scheme. In the proposed scheme, information of attitude and control torque only need to be transmitted at some discrete triggered times when a defined measurement error exceeds a state-dependent threshold. The proposed control scheme not only guarantees that spacecraft attitude control errors converge toward a small invariant set containing the origin, but also ensures that there is no accumulation of triggering instants. The performance of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated through numerical simulation.     

Simulation and Analysis of Electromagnetic Force in Laser Melting Deposition by Electromagnetic Impact

Magnetic field was introduced in laser melting deposition to reduce the pores in workpieces.Finite 3-D model of the coil-deposition layer-substrate was established.Simulation results show that the electromagnetic force in deposition layer mainly concentrates in the projection area of the coil.Axial electromagnetic force shows repulsion in one cycle.The experimental results indicate that the magnetic field is beneficial for grain refinement,microhardness increasement and decline of quantities and average sizes of pores.     

Parametric Modeling of Circuit Model for AC Glow Discharge in Air

In the parametric modeling of the circuit model for glow discharge in air,a new method for the design of glow discharge circuit model is presented.The new circuit model is an important reference for the design of plasma power supply,the simulation of glow discharge plasma actuator and the simulation of glow discharge plasma anemometer.The modeling approach consists in developing an electrical model of the glow discharge in air based on circuit components.The structure of the circuit model is established according to the theoretical analysis and the experimental device.Then the parameters of the circuit model are obtained based on the circuit analysis.Finally,the circuit model is verified by comparing the simulation current with the experimental current.This model takes into account the whole framework of the air glow discharge including the sheath and the plasma area.The built circuit model is feasible and reliable,thus being instructive for the investigation of the glow discharge in air.     

Global ionospheric scintillations revealed by GPS radio occultation data with FY3C satellite before midnight during the March 2015 storm

Global observations of S4 amplitude scintillation index by the GPS Occultation Sounder (GNOS) on FengYun-3 C (FY3C) satellite reveal global dynamic patterns of a strong pre-midnight scintillations in F-region of the ionosphere during the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic super storm of 17–19 March 2015. The observed strong scintillations mainly occurred in the low latitudes, caused by equatorial plasma bubbles. During the main storm phase (March 17), the scintillations were first triggered in the New Zealand sector near 160°E longitudes, extending beyond 40°S dip latitude. They were also enhanced in the Indian sector, but significantly suppressed in East Asia near 120°E longitude and in Africa around 30°E longitude. During the initial recovery phase (March 18–19), the global scintillations were seldom observed in GNOS data. During the later recovery phase (after March 19), the scintillations recovered to the pre-storm level in Indian, African, and American sectors, but not in East Asian and any of Pacific sectors. These results closely correlate with observations of the density depletion structures by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite, and ground-based instruments. Such consistency indicates reliability of our scintillation sensing approach even in a case-by-case comparison study. The prompt penetration electric field and disturbance dynamo electric field are suggested as the main factors that control the enhancement and inhibition of the scintillations during the storm, respectively.     

内孔结构对旋转空化发生器水力特性的影响

空化普遍存在于工业生产、舰船推进、航空航天等领域.使用高速相机对闭式循环试验台的旋转空化发生器内部流动进行试验观测，然后基于RNG k ε湍流模型和Zwart Gerber Belamri空化模型开展了旋转空化发生器流场的数值模拟.结果表明数值模拟结果与试验观测数据吻合较好，验证了本文数值模拟方法的准确性和可靠性.受离心力作用，转子孔内的压力从内径到外径逐渐增大.内孔底部由于轴向旋涡的作用，产生较大旋涡并耗散能量.内孔顶部流体与腔体区主流相互作用，在内孔顶侧产生碰撞并形成较小漩涡.不同内孔结构对旋转空化发生器的空化效果具有重要影响，在相同工况下椭圆形内孔的空化率小于圆锥形和圆柱形，说明型线光滑的内孔结构局部损失小，产生的空化较弱.不同内孔结构下，旋转空化发生器内部压力脉动的主频为转频fi或24fi(对应圆周方向开孔排数)，压力脉动最大幅值出现在进口管侧和出口管侧，主要原因是受动静干涉作用影响.     

GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计

随着全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System，GNSS）掩星大气探测技术的兴起，GNSS遥感探测数据在气象数据资源中逐步占据重要地位，但是目前的掩星探测数量远不能满足数值天气预报等应用的需求，未来更需要充分利用GNSS信号资源，开展更大规模的GNSS掩星卫星星座探测.本文以世界气象组织发布的大气海洋数据需求为参考，提出新一代GNSS遥感探测星座任务需求与设计约束.在理想大气模型假设下，利用几何解析方法研究了探测卫星星座构型参数对探测性能的影响，并建立了新一代GNSS遥感探测卫星星座设计基本准则.以风云卫星为子星座，给出了星座规模同为40颗的三种GNSS遥感探测微纳卫星星座设计方案.研究结果表明，具备该规模的探测星座可满足数值天气预报等气象应用的最低数据需求，三种构型方案中，由高、中、低倾角三组Walker子星座与风云卫星子星座组建的GNSS遥感探测星座探测性能最优.      

航天测控系统自主运行的关键技术

航天事业发展趋势和未来需求指明,航天测控系统应该向以自主运行能力为代表特征的智能化方向发展。基于此,提出了标准化的支持与服务、映射现实的体系架构、实时响应的运行模式、服务化的基础平台等4项关键技术。通过将测控系统和卫星系统之间的接口、测控系统和用户系统之间的接口标准化,从而在此基础上建立最优化的操作逻辑。通过在计算机中映射现实系统的思想方法,从而产生稳定性和灵活性兼备的、支持自主运行的,并具有良好进化性能的系统架构。通过实时响应的运行模式可以很好满足全时段和突发性等具有挑战性的测控服务需求。通过大数据和云计算技术构建基础计算服务平台实现基础层与业务层分离,有利于整个系统的持续改进,提高服务质量改善的速度,建立竞争力优势。由此说明,在当前技术条件下实现自主运行的航天测控系统是可行的。     

太空温室

对于未来的载人航天来说,在太空中种植植物将是一种生存的手段。不仅是因为在无法从地球上获得食物的时候,植物可以提供食物,而且植物还可以产生可供呼吸的空气和饮用的水。同时,照料植物也是航天员在漫长无聊太空的旅程中一种很好的休闲方式,对于维持航天员良好心理状态至关重要。总而言之,植物和人类将最终生活在一起,维持着航天员在太空和其他星球上的生活。那时,在太空或其他星球上的人类栖息地可以脱离它们的地球母亲,