Coordinated optical and Yohkoh observations of 26 June 1992 flare loops

Optical spectra of large flare loops were detected by the Ondejov Multichannel Flare Spectrograph (MFS) during coordinated observations with MSDP at Pic du Midi (H) and the soft X-ray telescope (SXT) on Yohkoh. The CCD video images taken by the MFS slit-jaw camera document the time-development of the flare loops as seen through the H filter. Preliminary analysis of the MSDP images shows the intensity structure of the cool flare loops and their velocity fields. From the spectra we can clearly see the intensity variations along the cool loops. SXT images show the structure of hot X-ray loops similar to that of cool loops. Special attention is devoted to the bright tops, simultaneously observed in X-rays, H and other optical lines. Based on a preliminary analysis of the optical spectra, we speculate about possible mechanisms leading to an observed bright emission at the tops of cool loops. We suggest that direct soft X-ray irradiation of cool loops at their tops could be, at least partly, responsible for such a strong brightening.     

面向复杂曲面的爬壁机器人机构及运动学分析

针对表面附有轨道的复杂曲面,提出了一种能够沿轨道移动的爬壁机器人机构.由于环境约束的复杂性,提出了功能分离的模块化机构设计思想,将机器人的功能划分为攀爬及姿态调整和沿轨道移动两种功能,并相应地设计了两套运动机构.四足爬行机构实现机器人的攀爬及姿态调整功能;轮轨机构完成沿轨道快速移动功能.对抓持与姿态调整运动进行了详细分析,并以球形曲面为例,得出相关关节控制变量的解析表达式.定性地分析了机构在其它曲面下,相关关节的变化形式.理论分析及设计实例表明机构对布有轨道的复杂曲面具有较好的适应性.     

短舱扰流片对运输机增升装置气动特性的影响

 以民用运输机增升装置复杂增升构型气动设计为背景,针对短舱扰流片对增升构型气动性能的影响,借助数值模拟对流动控制效果和影响机理进行研究。数值结果表明:合理的扰流片设计可以明显改善增升装置的气动特性,提高最大升力系数0.3以上,增大失速迎角3°左右。短舱扰流片安装参数研究表明:短舱扰流片产生旋涡强度对其推迟失速的效果有明显影响;在所研究的范围内,短舱扰流片弦向位置明显影响扰流片的当地来流迎角,进而改变所产生旋涡的强度;扰流片的周向安装角主要影响扰流片的来流强度,同样影响所产生旋涡的强度;扰流片面积对提高升力系数贡献不大,主要影响失速形态。     

An archival study of extended X-ray emission from classical and recurrent novae

I discuss morphology and spectrum of the first resolved and detected classical nova shell in the X-rays – the remnant of GK Persei (1901). The existence of such a nebulosity brings about the possibility of other nova remnants emitting X-rays. I calculate that the X-ray luminosity should be about 10²⁶–10³³ ergs s⁻¹ on the onset of cooling for nova remnants. I have done an archival search on 250 classical and recurrent nova candidates using Chandra, XMM-Newton, ROSAT and ASCA databases. There is no significant extended emission detected which places an upper limit of F_x < × 10⁻¹² erg s⁻¹ cm⁻² (unabsorbed). Only exceptions are GK Per, RR Pic and DQ Her (all observed by Chandra ACIS-S and GK Per also by ROSAT HRI) where the latter two show marginal extended emission in the X-rays associated with emission knots (DQ Her) or an equatorial ring (RR Pic).     

Methods to determine stress profile in ALT based on theoretical life models

With the recent products being more reliable,engineers cannot obtain enough failure or degradation information through the design period and even the product lifetime,therefore,accelerated life test(ALT)has become the most popular way to quantify the life characteristics of products.Test design is the most essential topic,such as testing duration,stress profile,data inference,etc.In this paper,a method and procedure based on theoretical life models is proposed to determine the accelerated stress profile.Firstly,the method for theoretical life calculation is put forward based on the main failure mechanism analysis and the theoretical life models.Secondly,the method is provided to determine the accelerated stress profile,including the method to determine the accelerated stress types and the stress range on the basis of the main failure mechanism analysis,the method to determine the acceleration factor and the accelerated stress level based on life quantitative calculation models,and the collaborative analysis method of the accelerated test time while taking the multiple failure mechanisms into consideration.Lastly,the actuator is taken as an example to describe the procedure of the method and the engineering applicability and the validity are verified.     

An optimization method for metamorphic mechanisms based on multidisciplinary design optimization

The optimization of metamorphic mechanisms is different from that of the conventional mechanisms for its characteristics of multi-configuration. There exist complex coupled design variables and constraints in its multiple different configuration optimization models. To achieve the compatible optimized results of these coupled design variables, an optimization method for metamorphic mechanisms is developed in the paper based on the principle of multidisciplinary design optimization（MDO）. Firstly, the optimization characteristics of the metamorphic mechanism are summarized distinctly by proposing the classification of design variables and constraints as well as coupling interactions among its different configuration optimization models. Further, collaborative optimization technique which is used in MDO is adopted for achieving the overall optimization performance. The whole optimization process is then proposed by constructing a two-level hierarchical scheme with global optimizer and configuration optimizer loops. The method is demonstrated by optimizing a planar five-bar metamorphic mechanism which has two configurations,and results show that it can achieve coordinated optimization results for the same parameters in different configuration optimization models.     

连杆机构容差可靠性分析

容差问题是机构系统功能可靠性研究的一个基础，也是机构系统功能可靠性研究的一个方面。本文首先提出了机构容差可靠性的基本随机模型，然后运用随机模拟方法编制了容差可靠性分析程序系统，并以平面四杆机构为例，分析了考虑回转副间隙的连杆机构的容差可靠性。分析结果表明，这一随机模拟可靠性分析方法在机构容差可靠性分析中有重要的工程应用价值。     

飞行器机构可靠性

对飞行器机构物特点进行了讨论，针对它的运动性质将其运动过程分为三个阶段；开锁－运动－到位锁定，构造典型机构系统三个运动阶段的失效树，并建立三个阶段的功能可靠度的一般表达式和机构系统功能可靠度的计算式。     

空间光学精密展开机构展开方法的初步探讨

文章对空间光学精密展开机构（以下简称展开机构）进行分类，分析了几种典型可展开空间光学系统的展开方法和特点。讨论了展开机构设计需要考虑的主要因素，并给出设计建议。     

Nonthermal Radiation Mechanisms

In this paper we review the possible radiation mechanisms for the observed non-thermal emission in clusters of galaxies, with a primary focus on the radio and hard X-ray emission. We show that the difficulty with the non-thermal, non-relativistic Bremsstrahlung model for the hard X-ray emission, first pointed out by Petrosian (Astrophys. J. 557, 560, 2001) using a cold target approximation, is somewhat alleviated when one treats the problem more exactly by including the fact that the background plasma particle energies are on average a factor of 10 below the energy of the non-thermal particles. This increases the lifetime of the non-thermal particles, and as a result decreases the extreme energy requirement, but at most by a factor of three. We then review the synchrotron and so-called inverse Compton emission by relativistic electrons, which when compared with observations can constrain the value of the magnetic field and energy of relativistic electrons. This model requires a low value of the magnetic field which is far from the equipartition value. We briefly review the possibilities of gamma-ray emission and prospects for GLAST observations. We also present a toy model of the non-thermal electron spectra that are produced by the acceleration mechanisms discussed in an accompanying paper Petrosian and Bykov (Space Sci. Rev., 2008, this issue, Chap. 11).