FPGA设计中的亚稳态问题及其预防方法研究

由于在复杂FPGA（Field Programmable Gate Array,现场可编程门阵列）设计中存在跨时钟域,通常会产生亚稳态现象.为有效地预防和解决该问题,分析FPGA设计中亚稳态的产生机理及其对数字信号处理系统的影响.根据不同的信号同步类型,针对单比特电平信号、脉冲信号和边沿信号,分别给出基于触发器级联的跨时钟域信号同步方法;针对并行信号,提出基于异步FIFO （First In First Out,先进先出队列）和握手协议的跨时钟域同步方法;并通过仿真手段分析信号同步方法的有效性及其适用范围.结果表明：这些方法能够正确有效地完成跨时钟域信号同步,预防可能出现的亚稳态问题,从而提高复杂FPGA设计的可靠性和稳定性.     

基于TTE端系统的时钟同步设计与实现

随着航空电子体系架构的日益更新,航空机载总线技术得到了飞速发展.时间触发以太网作为新一代的航空总线适合在分布式综合模块化电子系统中应用.时钟同步机制是该网络的核心技术,通过该技术建立的高精度全局同步时钟是保障TTE的数据通信强实时性和确定性的先决条件.本文在分析研究TTE时钟同步算法的基础上,提出了符合SAE AS6802协议标准的TTE端系统的时钟同步机制的设计方案,并在FPGA硬件上得以实现.     

激光跟踪仪角度采集系统设计及误差修正研究

高精度的角度采集和测量是激光跟踪仪实现跟踪和精密测量的关键。针对激光跟踪仪中采用的圆光栅编码器,本文介绍了一种基于FPGA的数据采集系统的设计与实现方法。该采集系统分为滤波、计数、通信三大模块。数字滤波模块用于消除跟踪控制过程中跟踪头振动、抖动产生的信号干扰;计数模块实现方波脉冲的倍频、辨向及计数;通信模块实现跨时钟域的数据传输。系统通过Modelsim仿真及实验测试验证了方法的可行性与可靠性。采用谐波分析方法对角度误差进行了修正,测量误差由3.5″降低到1.5″。本文设计的角度采集系统及谐波分析误差修正方法具有一定的通用性,可广泛应用于相关领域。     

基于PCI总线的LXI B类接口模块设计

介绍了在LXI C类接口模块的基础上,设计的基于PCI总线的LXI B类接口模块。重点解决了基于IEEE1588协议的LXI精密时钟同步技术。在模块设计中采用了FPGA对时间信息加盖时戳和直接获取网络数据包的方法,以提高系统的定时精度。该模块可以与传统仪器组合,构成低成本、高性能的LXI仪器。     

分区OS与TTE网络之间的时钟同步方法研究

随着航空电子系统综合化模块化程度的不断提高,日益增加的软件功能使得系统规模和复杂程度随之增加。为了满足系统高安全、高可靠的性能需求,确保周期任务的顺利执行,提出了一种基于时间触发以太网与ARINC 653分区操作系统的时钟同步优化算法,在传统算法的基础上,分别针对起始点同步与周期性调整两个阶段进行了算法优化。经试验验证,算法能够更加精确地对上下层时钟周期进行同步,有效地缩短了起始点同步时长、提高了周期性调整精度。     

基于CAN总线的冗余系统同步技术研究

为了解决自动油门伺服控制器冗余系统中双CPU时钟不同步导致的系统工作不稳定问题,本文提出了一种改进的同步技术,该技术通过CAN总线通信,基于PYP协议进行信息交互,实现双CPU的时钟同步。通过开发试验板进行验证测试,测试结果表明,该技术可以有效地解决冗余系统同步问题,同步后的时钟误差为微秒级,大大优于硬件同步技术的毫秒级。     

测控通信中卫星数据复用电路的同步方法

随着卫星高速电路的出现,在测控通信中采用了多条低速数据电路共用一条高达数据电路的数据复用技术。数据复用技术的功能设备——数据复用器接入测控通信电路之后,使全程电路的同步问题复杂化。全程电路的同步特性直接影响到数据传输的质量,因而受到了广泛的重视。本文从测控通信中几种常用的卫星数据复用电路入手,提出了时钟体系的概念,进而推导出电路同步的充分必要条件。最终给出了判别电路同步和实现电路同步的方法。     

FPGA在高性能数据采集系统中的应用

设计了以FPGA(现场可编程门阵列)为核心逻辑控制模块的高性能数据采集系统，该系统除了可完成24路最大采样频率为100kHz(精度16位)的模拟信号采集和8路宽范围频率信号采集，还具有较强的数字信号处理能力和一定的容错、自检功能。FPGA模块采用VHDL语言设计，在MAX PLUSII集成环境中进行软件设计和系统仿真，本文给出了FPGA主要功能模块的仿真图形。     

FPGA内嵌处理器的SoPC系统设计与分析

SoPC技术是在片上系统SoC技术的基础上发展起的,二者的共同点为将处理器、存储器、IYO接口等系统设计需要的功能模块集成到一个芯片上实现。相比SoC系统,SoPC系统还具有可编程性强、产品问世周期短等优点,在保证系统性能与灵活性、提高系统执行速度的同时又可显著地降低系统成本。在对SoPC技术进行概述的基础上．较为详细地介绍了一个基于FPGA内嵌PowerPC处理器的可编程片上系统的设计,利用软硬件协同设计技术．完成软硬件划分、软硬件设计、硬件综合、软件编译以及软硬件协同验证等工作,并结合SoPC技术的特点对其优势进行了分析,对其应用前景进行了探讨。     

基于软件无线电的机会信号实时盲分离系统

在复杂的电磁环境中,往往存在多种频率交叠的机会信号,为利用机会信号进行定位增加了难度。针对这个问题,提出了一种基于软件无线电的机会信号实时盲分离系统。系统的硬件部分是在FPGA中实现等变自适应盲分离算法的,实现了AD采集后的复数域混合信号的分离。分离后的信号通过USB3.0数据线上传到上位机中进行存储、识别和实时显示。算法的FPGA实现采用流水线架构和浮点运算设计来提高信号的实时处理能力和数据计算精度。实测结果表明,该系统能够实时分离多路复数域混合机会信号。     

Review of aerospace engineering cost modelling: The genetic causal approach

The primary intention of this paper is to review the current state of the art in engineering cost modelling as applied to aerospace. This is a topic of current interest and in addressing the literature, the presented work also sets out some of the recognised definitions of cost that relate to the engineering domain. The paper does not attempt to address the higher-level financial sector but rather focuses on the costing issues directly relevant to the engineering process, primarily those of design and manufacture. This is of more contemporary interest as there is now a shift towards the analysis of the influence of cost, as defined in more engineering related terms; in an attempt to link into integrated product and process development (IPPD) within a concurrent engineering environment. Consequently, the cost definitions are reviewed in the context of the nature of cost as applicable to the engineering process stages: from bidding through to design, to manufacture, to procurement and ultimately, to operation. The linkage and integration of design and manufacture is addressed in some detail. This leads naturally to the concept of engineers influencing and controlling cost within their own domain rather than trusting this to financers who have little control over the cause of cost. In terms of influence, the engineer creates the potential for cost and in a concurrent environment this requires models that integrate cost into the decision making process.     

基于某高速信号处理模块的信号完整性设计方法

信号完整性设计越来越成为高速电路设计成败的关键。基于某高速信号处理模块的设计经验，从器件选型、布局设计、叠层规划、电源地设计、时钟网络设计和布线要求等六个方面总结了信号完整性设计的工程化设计方法，并给出了高速串行信号特殊的设计要求。     

VXI based breadboard module use

Plug-in VXI based breadboard modules are an excellent solution to achieve a lower costing, time and hardware saving test bench. These breadboard modules are equipped with built-in VXI bus interface circuitry and a breadboard area for creating a design to suit your test needs. A prime example for the use of this capability was demonstrated on a recent radar system test bench created to test many unique Units Under Test (UUTs) previously tested on separate test benches. A single breadboard module design replaced the dedicated interface and control hardware within the many test benches and test fixtures previously used to test the individual UUTs. This paper presents some design considerations and techniques implemented as part of this VXI breadboard module that can be useful when creating a VXI breadboard design. It also addresses the inherent built-in test capabilities provided by the module in conjunction with the techniques presented in the paper     

鲁棒性固定反馈增益阵控制系统设计

讨论了一种鲁棒性控制器的设计方法。此法已在总能量控制系统(TECS)的设计中得到应用。本文基于根平面理论来讨论这一问题,从而避免了复杂的数学计算,仅利用几何作图或计算机辅助设计,使控制器成为满足一定带宽和超调要求的鲁棒控制器。     

Aircraft VSCF generator expert system

VSCF (variable-speed constant-frequency) electrical systems are designed using standard modules to reduce the manufacturing cost and improve the product quality and services. An expert system that automatically configures the modules required for a particular application is described. It is a rule-based synthesis system with a domain that encompasses the matrix of standard modules. The module functions include electrical generation, conversion, the control. All the modules must be placed in a proper package to fit the space available inside the particular airplane. The configuration system is built by using a rule-based expert system development tool, OPS5, in a VAX 11/750 computer. It has the domain-specific knowledge necessary to configure the generators embedded in its rulebased and exhibits expertise to place the modules in the proper arrangement based on customer specifications and design criteria. The system can also help the engineers and salespersons to determine the configuration at quotation time and to point out any new design which is required     

Hybrid discriminative/class-specific classifiers for narrowband signals

The class-specific (CS) method of signal classification operates by computing low-dimensional feature sets defined for each signal class of interest. By computing separate feature sets tailored to each class, i.e., CS features, the CS method avoids estimating probability distributions in a high-dimension feature space common to all classes. Building a CS classifier amounts to designing feature extraction modules for each class of interest. In this paper we present the design of three CS modules used to form a CS classifier for narrowband signals of finite duration. A general module for narrowband signals based on a narrowband tracker is described. The only assumptions this module makes regarding the time evolution of the signal spectrum are: (1) one or more narrowband lines are present, and (2) the lines wandered either not at all, e.g., CW signal, or with a purpose, e.g., swept FM signal. The other two modules are suited for specific classes of waveforms and assume some a priori knowledge of the signal is available from training data. For in situ training, the tracker-based module can be used to detect as yet unobserved waveforms and classify them into general categories, for example short CW, long CW, fast FM, slow FM, etc. Waveform-specific class-models can then be designed using these waveforms for training. Classification results are presented comparing the performance of a probabilistic conventional classifier with that of a CS classifier built from general modules and a CS classifier built from waveform-specific modules. Results are also presented for hybrid discriminative/generative versions of the classifiers to illustrate the performance gains attainable in using a hybrid over a generative classifier alone.     

N-半单半环

主要思想是把环模中好的结果推广到半环半模中来．因此把半环和半模的条件加强．达到顺利推广环模理论，并得出有别于环模理论且具有创新结论的目的。主要引进了N-半单半环的概念，并结合半环中Nk-投射半模与Ni-内射半模刻画了N-半单半环和Noether半环的某些性质．这些性质是N-半单环和NoetherN-半单环某些性质的推广。     

测控计算机系统系统软件驱动程序设计与开发

本文介绍了基于串口时统和PCICCP硬件设备的测控计算机系统系统软件中的驱动程序的设计与开发,介绍了驱动程序与硬件设备的接口,驱动程序模块设计以及主要模块的编程实现。这两个驱动程序模块划分清晰,代码执行高效,运行稳定可靠,在实践中得到了较好应用。     

单元体结构发动机总体结构尺寸控制与分析

在单元体结构发动机中,在各小的维修单元体或大的单元体内部,通过逐级控制一些关键尺寸,来满足单元体本身互换性要求,同时满足发动机总体结构设计的要求,这也是单元体发动机设计和装配中需重点关注的问题。以国外某发动机为例,通过尺寸链的分配和必要时在内部设置调整环,使单元体内部的这些关键的总体结构特征尺寸达到一定的精度要求,贯穿至发动机总体结构设计和协调、传装及总装装配的各环节中,使发动机总体结构尺寸如转、静子轴向间隙等更加合理可靠,避免发生干涉等问题。     

飞行状态对太阳能飞机中组件性能的影响

基于光伏组件产生功率模型，研究了太阳能飞机中飞行速度、高度、时间及区域等状态参数影响组件性能的规律。以单晶硅组件及Xihe太阳能飞机为研究对象，当飞机飞行速度增加时，组件产生的功率随之增加但趋于饱和。原因在于速度的增加能有效降低组件的表面温度，但提升是有限的。飞机所需的功率随飞行速度呈现指数增加，且组件产生的功率与飞机所需的功率有能量平衡点。组件产生的功率随飞行高度的增加而增加，但有饱和的趋势。原因在于，当飞行高度上升，大气温度随之下降，组件表面温度下降；同时海拔越高，大气密度和大气通透率越大，太阳辐射增加，从而组件产生的功率增加了；饱和的原因在于组件本身性能的限制。一天之中，组件产生的功率基本以太阳时12点为中心左右近似对称，中午最强；一年中组件性能在夏季最强，冬季最弱。原因在于组件性能主要由所受太阳辐射决定。随着纬度的增加，组件产生的功率减小。原因在于，纬度越高，太阳高度角越小，组件所能接受到的太阳辐射也就越小；纬度越低，组件总产生功率越高且平稳。纬度低的地区更适合太阳能飞机的飞行。该文为太阳能飞机的能量分配、长时间驻空提供一定的帮助。