波音737NG飞机NGS系统

飞机燃油系统的防火防爆能力,直接关系到飞行安全,2008年7月,FAA发布了法规,要求飞机制造厂家必须提供必要的措施来降低全部或者部分位于机身内部燃油箱的可燃性。通过利用飞机自身的引气,将引气中的氧气浓度降低后再将引气送入中央油箱。结果降低油箱内空气中的氧气浓度,使油箱内氧气达到可燃浓度以下,防止油箱爆炸。NGS系统作为燃油箱惰化手段,有效保证了飞机的飞行安全。     

飞机燃油箱地面预洗涤技术理论研究

基于氧氮质量守恒关系,建立了飞机燃油箱爬升过程中气相空间、燃油中平衡氧浓度及地面预洗涤的数学模型,并采用微元段法对其进行了求解。计算结果显示,当采用富氮气体进行地面预洗涤后时达到的平衡浓度越低,则可达到的安全巡航高度越高。由于爬升过程中逸出的氧气很多会排出燃油箱外,因而地面预洗涤时,并不需要将燃油中氧质量浓度降低至安全气相浓度所对应极限质量浓度,且飞机燃油箱中的初始载油率对洗涤后的氧质量浓度有直接要求,当载油率越高,需要将燃油中的氧质量浓度洗涤的越低。计算还显示,在地面洗涤时,油罐中的油量也对换气次数有直接影响。通过选择合适浓度的富氮气体在地面预洗涤燃油箱,可保证飞机在巡航高度下氧浓度在安全范围内,但是会在一定程度上增加设备的初投资费用。文章的研究结果可为燃油地面预洗涤的工程设计奠定初步的理论基础     

军用飞机机载制氮系统研究

为了有效地提高军机燃油系统的安全性,本文对机载制氮系统用于燃油箱惰化的技术进行了研究,并与飞机燃油箱其它防火抑爆技术进行了比较.采用富氮空气进行燃油冲洗是除去燃油中溶解氧的常用方法,并基于常规气体混合关系,质量守恒方程和Ostwald系数建立了燃油冲洗分析模型,该模型可以确定油箱内无油空间氧浓度随时间变化的规律.     

民用飞机燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法初探

适航条款对民用飞机燃油箱内氧气浓度有明确规定,从而对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案的设计提出较高要求。基于燃油箱冲洗惰化理论,以某型飞机燃油箱为例,对燃油箱富氮气体分配方案选型设计方法进行研究。根据燃油箱容积和惰化时间,通过利用单舱燃油箱数学模型计算获得富氮气体需求量;然后利用多隔舱燃油箱数学模型,以简化管路布置为寻优目标获得富氮气体分配方案。使用数学模拟的方法可快速评估富氮气体分配方案性能,特别适用于大量设计参数尚未确定的方案选型设计阶段。     

基于MATLAB/Simulink的飞机燃油箱内燃油温度仿真计算

燃油温度是飞机燃油箱可燃性评估的关键参数之一。为了研究飞机燃油箱内温度的分布规律及传热模型的正确性,采用MATLAB/Simulink软件平台搭建出了客机的燃油箱热仿真模型。在输入飞行实验所对应的的边界条件后,通过数值模拟获得燃油箱内部各计算节点处的燃油温度。结果表明,在三种不同的航行条件下,燃油箱热模型仿真结果均能较好地与飞行实验结果吻合,能够将计算误差控制在一定范围内。采用该燃油箱热模型进行热仿真数值模拟可以获得较为准确的飞机燃油箱热特性,能够在飞机设计阶段,用于对燃油箱结构以及内热源部件布置的优化。     

民用飞机燃油箱系统热模型分析研究

飞机燃油箱系统热分析是飞机燃油系统设计和适航取证的关键技术之一。首先对燃油箱热模型分析方法进行了阐明,然后在典型热天环境中(地面温度为327K)对一种典型民用飞机燃油箱结构的热参数进行了工程计算研究。研究表明,外翼油箱、机身油箱以及集油箱内燃油温度分布不均匀;各油箱燃油温度在地面状态均高于巡航状态;燃油的最高温度时刻出现在地面终了状态,而且最高点位置出现在集油箱内。研究结果既可以指导飞机燃油箱设计,也可以为飞机燃油系统的适航取证提供一定技术支持。     

基于STL模型处理的飞机燃油质量特性计算

飞机燃油系统是飞机不可或缺的系统,燃油量占据了飞机近50%的重量和机翼翼盒80%多的空间,而且现代飞机愈加依赖燃油质量特性来调整重心,机电系统必须基于实时的燃油量状态和系统状态的精确获取,因此现代先进飞机复杂燃油箱中的燃油量测量和燃油质量特性计算成为燃油系统最为关注的基本问题。本文给出了以STL模型为基础的飞机燃油箱燃油量、燃油质量特性计算的主要实现方法和优点。     

基于STL模型处理的飞机燃油质量特性计算

飞机燃油系统是飞机不可或缺的系统,燃油量占据了飞机近50%的重量和机翼翼盒80%多的空间,而且现代飞机愈加依赖燃油质量特性来调整重心,机电系统必须基于实时的燃油量状态和系统状态的精确获取,因此现代先进飞机复杂燃油箱中的燃油量测量和燃油质量特性计算成为燃油系统最为关注的基本问题.本文给出了以STL模型为基础的飞机燃油箱燃油量、燃油质量特性计算的主要实现方法和优点.     

民机燃油箱热模型工程应用研究

为满足民机燃油系统和惰化系统研制过程中对燃油箱热分析的多元化需求,采用Matlab/Simulink软件,针对一典型窄体干线客机燃油箱采用集总参数法建立热模型,通过对部分对流传热过程建模优化,同时在各个计算环节融入实际工程数据,最终经试飞数据校核修正,热模型对主油箱的仿真误差小于±2 ℃。通过对燃油结冰气象条件试飞热分析、燃油系统热气候条件试飞热分析、燃油箱差异对油温影响热分析等多种工程场景的算例研究,展示了燃油箱热模型在民机研制中的典型工程应用。为进一步提升热模型通用性与易用性,结合工程经验,通过关键输入参数化、集成飞行参数自动生成模块和油量分配计算模块,形成具有独立操作界面的工程应用型燃油箱热分析工具,为民机燃油箱热模型的高效工程应用提供一种参考。     

飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的燃油箱热参数计算方法研究

燃油箱热参数是飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的关键输入参数之一。依据燃油箱热量平衡方程,推导得出了燃油箱两个热参数平衡温差与热时间常数的定量关系式。基于该关系式,给出了燃油箱热参数的计算方法。此外,还介绍了燃油平均温度的两种获取方法：燃油箱热模型方法和燃油系统热特性飞行试验方法。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程三种气枕模型的数值对比

针对液氧贮箱氦气增压排液过程,分别建立了零维整体模型、一维分层模型及二维计算流体力学(CFD)模型对气枕物理场的变化规律进行数值研究.零维及一维模型采用经验公式求解气枕与壁面间的换热量,而二维CFD模型通过低雷诺数k-ε模型确定流体与固壁间的耦合换热作用.计算时氦气采用理想气体模型.利用三种模型分别预测了贮箱内气枕压力、气枕平均温度及温度分布规律.计算结果表明:三组结果分布合理,不同模型的结果之间能够互相印证;对于气枕及与气枕接触壁面沿轴向的温度分布,在气枕主体区一维模型与二维模型预测结果基本吻合,而在靠近消能器的气枕上端,两种模型预测值存在偏差;当增压气体入口速度较大时,气枕上端径向温度分层明显,需采用二维CFD模型才能展示气枕物理场分布.      

一种燃油箱绿色惰化系统地面惰化性能分析

在描述一种采用催化燃烧产生惰气来降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数的新型绿色惰化工作原理基础上，设计了绿色惰化系统流程，通过一定的假设和简化建立了其数学模型并进行了求解.将结果与采用中空纤维膜产生富氮气体的机载惰化系统进行了比较，结果显示:当绿色惰化系统中抽吸气的流量与中空纤维膜惰化所产生富氮气体流量一致时，前者惰化效果远好于后者.同时，还研究了催化反应器效率和预热气体抽取比例对绿色惰化系统的影响，结果表明:提高反应器效率可有效缩短达到安全氧体积分数所需的时间,且最终油箱气相空间氧体积分数会降低，而选取合适的预热气体抽取比例可以减少系统能耗.