补气对飞机油箱催化惰化系统性能的影响

针对国产航空燃油高蒸汽压的特点,提出了 1种带外界补气的燃油箱催化惰化系统。以油箱出口抽吸气体流量为基准,推导了系统各部件进出口各组分气体的流量关系,并基于质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体体积分数变化的数学模型,推导了临界催化效率,并通过实验对核心的油箱模型进行了正确性验证。以 RP-3燃油为研究对象,引入补气比上下限,分析了催化效率、补气比对催化惰化系统性能的影响。结果显示:催化效率高于临界值时,系统补气可以缩短惰化时间,但同时须增加预热功率以及冷却气体流量;催化效率一定时,补气比存在最优解,且与催化效率正相关,归纳了最优解的经验公式。由于惰化效率更为重要,未来国内在设计催化惰化系统时,可通过增设补气系统来加快惰化速度。     

一种燃油箱绿色惰化系统地面惰化性能分析

在描述一种采用催化燃烧产生惰气来降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数的新型绿色惰化工作原理基础上，设计了绿色惰化系统流程，通过一定的假设和简化建立了其数学模型并进行了求解.将结果与采用中空纤维膜产生富氮气体的机载惰化系统进行了比较，结果显示:当绿色惰化系统中抽吸气的流量与中空纤维膜惰化所产生富氮气体流量一致时，前者惰化效果远好于后者.同时，还研究了催化反应器效率和预热气体抽取比例对绿色惰化系统的影响，结果表明:提高反应器效率可有效缩短达到安全氧体积分数所需的时间,且最终油箱气相空间氧体积分数会降低，而选取合适的预热气体抽取比例可以减少系统能耗.      

飞机燃油箱冷却惰化系统地面性能分析

设计了冷却惰化系统的工作流程并建立了地面状态下冷却惰化的数学模型,通过Modelica软件求解得到了油箱气相空间燃油蒸汽体积分数,燃油和气相空间温度以及制冷量随时间变化关系,并且研究了几个关键参数对惰化效果的影响。结果表明:随着抽气流量的增加和蒸发温度的降低,气相空间燃油蒸汽体积分数越低,气相空间温度也越低,达到冷却惰化的时间也越短,惰化效果也越好。虽然内热源对冷却惰化的效果起到了阻碍的作用,内热源越大,冷却惰化越难实现。但整体上看,冷却惰化是油箱惰化的一种可行替代方法。      

温度对耗氧型惰化系统产水性能影响

以油箱出口气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器、冷却器前后各气体组分的摩尔流量关系,建立了耗氧型惰化系统的数学模型。研究了环境温度对系统中“水”性能的影响。结果表明:随着惰化的进行,油箱上部水蒸气占比逐渐增加,而冷却气体量、反应器出口相对湿度及中除水量逐渐降低;液态水析出对冷却气体量影响巨大,不能忽略;另外,系统中水的生成与析出与环境温度相关,且环境温度越低,油箱水蒸气体积分数上升越慢,但系统需要的冷却空气量越多且析出的液态水量越大,如环境温度为0 ℃时,冷却器中所需冷却气体量分别约为20、40 ℃时的111倍、126倍。因此在设计耗氧型惰化系统时,应充分考虑温度变化对水的生成与析出的影响。     

耗氧惰化系统混合产气的油箱充填特性研究

以特定矩形铝制燃油箱为研究对象,建立三维仿真模型,研究不同体积流量下96%的富氮气体(NEA)对油箱冲洗惰化时油箱内氧浓度的变化,仿真结果与文献试验结果对比,两者吻合较好,验证了仿真模型的正确性。在此基础上,研究相同体积流量下,保证惰性气体中氧浓度相同时,不同组分的耗氧惰化混合气体(MIG)对油箱冲洗惰化时油箱内氧浓度的变化规律,结果与文献中NEA试验结果进行比较,分析两种惰化方式对油箱内氧浓度变化的影响。     

飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化数值仿真

通过 COMSOL软件对飞机燃油箱地面冷却惰化进行了 3D仿真,得到了燃油温度、气相空间温度、燃油蒸汽体积分数随时间变化的情况;研究了抽气流量、蒸发温度、内热源功率、外界空气流速对冷却惰化的影响。结果表明:内热源功率过大时,燃油蒸汽体积分数高于可燃体积分数下限,将不能惰化;增大抽气流量以及降低蒸发温度,可以更快地降低气相空间温度,惰化效果更好;外界空气流速越大,气动加热热量越大,油箱气相空间温度越高,但外界空气流速较大时,系统仍能惰化。     

军用飞机机载制氮系统研究

为了有效地提高军机燃油系统的安全性,本文对机载制氮系统用于燃油箱惰化的技术进行了研究,并与飞机燃油箱其它防火抑爆技术进行了比较.采用富氮空气进行燃油冲洗是除去燃油中溶解氧的常用方法,并基于常规气体混合关系,质量守恒方程和Ostwald系数建立了燃油冲洗分析模型,该模型可以确定油箱内无油空间氧浓度随时间变化的规律.     

耗氧型燃油箱惰化技术历史和现状

目前,军用飞机和民用飞机均广泛采用机载中空膜惰化系统以降低飞机燃油箱燃烧爆炸的危险,但是这种惰化技术存在效率低、对引气压力和流量要求较高的固有缺点,因此,研究者还在寻求更好的惰化技术。将燃油箱上部气相空间的可燃气体在催化反应器中反应来降低氧浓度的方式具有很多独特的优势,近年来得到较大关注。本文在介绍国外第一代耗氧型燃油箱惰化技术的基本原理和研究历史的基础上,对近年来第二代耗氧型惰化技术的最新研究成果进行了介绍,包括其基本结构、系统流程、在FAA及A-3攻击机油箱上的实验测试数据。     

飞机燃油箱惰化中氧体积分数控制指标分析

对油箱惰化的氧体积分数控制指标,即极限氧体积分数,测定标准、理论与实验研究成果进行了较为系统地梳理与总结,并基于前人研究成果提出:①采用N2惰化时,对于RP-3燃油,其地面状态下,可采用12%作为油箱氧体积分数控制指标。②对于民机,飞行包线内燃油箱氧体积分数控制指标可为从海平面到3 048 m高度,油箱内气相空间极限氧体积分数不超过12%,3 048～12 192 m高度,不超过从12%线性增加到145%;对于军机,可以考虑在民机标准上增加20%安全裕度,即从地面的9%线性增加至12 192 m的12%。③目前国内军机惰化系统研制中,规定在整个飞行包线内控制燃油箱气相空间氧体积分数不超过9%的要求值得商榷,它将直接带来因过度防护而产生的代偿损失过大等问题。     

耗氧型惰化反应器操作范围及性能分析

通过CFD方法建立了一个耦合化学反应的多孔介质二维拟均相反应器模型,利用此模型研究了耗氧型惰化系统不同工况下反应器的操作范围及工作性能。以RP-3燃油为研究对象,采用Fluent 170软件的多孔介质单温度模型,通过UDS(user defined scalar)添加固相能量方程,通过源项形式添加化学反应热到固相能能量方程。研究了不同表观气速、RP-3摩尔分数时反应器在不飞温状况下的操作范围,引入耗氧速率作为反应器对惰化系统影响的评价指标,讨论了进口气体温度对反应器操作范围及性能的影响。结果显示:反应器有一定的操作范围,增加反应器进口气体温度会缩小可操作范围;随着进口表观气速增加耗氧速率趋于不变;RP-3摩尔分数、进口气体温度增加都会大幅提升耗氧速率。因此在未来设计耗氧型惰化反应器时应充分考虑这些因素。     

Effect of fuel type on the performance of an aircraft fuel tank oxygen-consuming inerting system

The properties of aviation fuel have a great influence on the performance of oxygen-consuming inerting systems. Based on the establishment of the catalytic inerting process, the flow relationship of each gas component flowing through the catalytic reactor was derived. The mathematical model of the gas concentration in the gas phase of the fuel tank was established based on the mass conservation equation, and the fuel tank model was verified by performing experiments. The results showed that the fuel type exerts a considerably higher influence on the performance of the oxygen-consuming inerting system compared to the corresponding influence on the hollow fiber membrane system, and the relative magnitude of the inerting rates of the four fuel types is RP5 > RP3 > RP6 > JP8. In addition, a higher catalytic efficiency or fuel load rate corresponds to a higher rate of decrease of the oxygen concentration in the gas phase, and the inerting time is inversely proportional to the suction flow rate of the fan. When different fuels are used, the amount of cooling gas and water released from the inerting system are different. Therefore, the influence of fuel type on the system performance should be extensively considered in the future.     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化性能

提出了无人机油箱地面洗涤惰化技术理论和方法,利用CFD方法研究了采用地面洗涤惰化技术降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数并使无人机油箱在地面和飞行条件下仍然保持惰化状态的可行性.利用vol-ume of fluid(VOF)两相流模型和自定义传质方程计算了不同油箱初始氧体积分数和载油率下气相空间氧体积分数的变化情况,结果表明:在...     

气体分配方式对多隔仓燃油箱地面惰化的影响

在各仓温度和压力为定常边界条件下,采用数值积分法,建立多仓燃油箱冲洗的数值模型,应用波音747中央翼燃油箱,通过将计算结果与国外文献中公布的实验数据进行比较,验证了模型具有较高的计算精度;然后,选择波音737中央翼燃油箱作为研究对象,采用惰化气体均匀和非均匀两种分配方式,在惰化气体流量按体积和数量两种分配方式下,计算出各隔仓氧气体积分数随时间及换气次数的变化关系,结果表明:要使各隔仓均惰化至目标氧气体积分数,按体积分配富氮气体的均匀进气方式所需的惰化时间最短,按数量分配的均匀进气方式所需的时间最长;由左舷、中弦、右弦整体平均氧气体积分数随换气次数的变化,可知非均匀进气方式优于均匀进气方式.      

飞机燃油氧气析出计算方法研究

为降低燃油箱发生爆炸的风险,需在油箱中设置抑爆系统。咨询通告规定,要计算燃油箱平均氧气浓度,需考虑燃油中的氧气析出。根据不同高度下空气在燃油中的溶解度平衡关系及空气中氧氮分压关系,得m飞机随飞行高度变化氧气析出的计算方法。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.