民用飞机燃油箱系统热模型分析研究

飞机燃油箱系统热分析是飞机燃油系统设计和适航取证的关键技术之一。首先对燃油箱热模型分析方法进行了阐明,然后在典型热天环境中(地面温度为327K)对一种典型民用飞机燃油箱结构的热参数进行了工程计算研究。研究表明,外翼油箱、机身油箱以及集油箱内燃油温度分布不均匀;各油箱燃油温度在地面状态均高于巡航状态;燃油的最高温度时刻出现在地面终了状态,而且最高点位置出现在集油箱内。研究结果既可以指导飞机燃油箱设计,也可以为飞机燃油系统的适航取证提供一定技术支持。     

基于STL模型处理的飞机燃油质量特性计算

飞机燃油系统是飞机不可或缺的系统,燃油量占据了飞机近50%的重量和机翼翼盒80%多的空间,而且现代飞机愈加依赖燃油质量特性来调整重心,机电系统必须基于实时的燃油量状态和系统状态的精确获取,因此现代先进飞机复杂燃油箱中的燃油量测量和燃油质量特性计算成为燃油系统最为关注的基本问题.本文给出了以STL模型为基础的飞机燃油箱燃油量、燃油质量特性计算的主要实现方法和优点.     

飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的燃油箱热参数计算方法研究

燃油箱热参数是飞机燃油箱可燃性定量分析的关键输入参数之一。依据燃油箱热量平衡方程,推导得出了燃油箱两个热参数平衡温差与热时间常数的定量关系式。基于该关系式,给出了燃油箱热参数的计算方法。此外,还介绍了燃油平均温度的两种获取方法：燃油箱热模型方法和燃油系统热特性飞行试验方法。     

机载燃油惰化技术及标准研究

针对目前广泛应用于飞机燃油箱起火和爆炸防护的机载燃油惰化系统,详述了国外机载燃油惰化技术的发展历程,并介绍了国内发展现状,提出影响机载燃油惰化系统设计的关键因素。在此基础上,简述了国内外标准情况,提出了制定我国机载燃油惰化系统标准的建议。     

基于STL模型处理的飞机燃油质量特性计算

飞机燃油系统是飞机不可或缺的系统,燃油量占据了飞机近50%的重量和机翼翼盒80%多的空间,而且现代飞机愈加依赖燃油质量特性来调整重心,机电系统必须基于实时的燃油量状态和系统状态的精确获取,因此现代先进飞机复杂燃油箱中的燃油量测量和燃油质量特性计算成为燃油系统最为关注的基本问题。本文给出了以STL模型为基础的飞机燃油箱燃油量、燃油质量特性计算的主要实现方法和优点。     

某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化的工程计算

为研究某飞机多舱燃油箱洗涤惰化过程,将洗涤气分为与燃油发生传质部分和未发生传质部分,通过理论计算获得洗涤气与燃油发生传质并向气相空间逸出的氧气量.未发生传质的部分用于气相冲洗,其余与液相洗涤逸出量相结合,建立模型进行工程计算.由此将整个洗涤惰化过程转化为有逸出的气相冲洗过程.结果表明:这种将洗涤惰化转化为有逸出的冲洗模型是可行的,其结果与实验值基本吻合.随着时间的增长,气相氧体积分数一般经历先增长后下降的过程,最终趋向于洗涤气体积分数.多舱飞机燃油箱的各舱氧体积分数值变化快慢与进气出气口位置和各舱体积有关.      

飞机燃油氧气析出计算方法研究

为降低燃油箱发生爆炸的风险,需在油箱中设置抑爆系统。咨询通告规定,要计算燃油箱平均氧气浓度,需考虑燃油中的氧气析出。根据不同高度下空气在燃油中的溶解度平衡关系及空气中氧氮分压关系,得m飞机随飞行高度变化氧气析出的计算方法。     

某型飞机燃油箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料水解问题解决方案

某型飞机燃油系统产生颗粒污染,影响飞行安全。结合飞机分解阶段的工作,排查出燃油系统污染源是燃油箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料的水解颗粒。本文对燃油箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料的水解原理进行了分析,并调研研究了其他类型材料,得出适宜的解决方案是换装新型聚醚脂泡沫塑料。     

运输类飞机燃油系统点火源防护相关适航限制研究

燃油箱爆炸对航空安全构成持续不断的严重威胁。通过对运输类飞机燃油系统点火源防护的适航限制相关条款要求、咨询通告的分析、研究,梳理了燃油系统点火源防护相关适航限制的制定流程、考虑;并对典型机型的燃油系统点火源防护相关适航限制进行了分析。可为运输类飞机燃油系统点火源防护相关适航限制的制定提供参考。     

基于FAA适航要求的飞机燃油箱防爆技术研究

燃油箱爆炸是航空安全的主要威胁之一。通过研究FAA对于燃油箱防爆适航条款的要求,分析了燃油箱内可能出现的点火源分类和防止出现点火源的方法以及降低燃油箱可燃性的方法。针对FAA推荐的燃油箱防爆最重要的方法之一的惰化系统进行描述,重点阐述了惰化系统的构架和原理,并对惰化系统各子系统的功能进行了论述。     

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

一种燃油箱绿色惰化系统地面惰化性能分析

在描述一种采用催化燃烧产生惰气来降低油箱气相空间氧体积分数的新型绿色惰化工作原理基础上，设计了绿色惰化系统流程，通过一定的假设和简化建立了其数学模型并进行了求解.将结果与采用中空纤维膜产生富氮气体的机载惰化系统进行了比较，结果显示:当绿色惰化系统中抽吸气的流量与中空纤维膜惰化所产生富氮气体流量一致时，前者惰化效果远好于后者.同时，还研究了催化反应器效率和预热气体抽取比例对绿色惰化系统的影响，结果表明:提高反应器效率可有效缩短达到安全氧体积分数所需的时间,且最终油箱气相空间氧体积分数会降低，而选取合适的预热气体抽取比例可以减少系统能耗.      

{MC COMMENT: PA CORRECTION}Theoretical study of ullage washing with mixed inert gas in a non-equilibrium state

The Mixed Inert Gas (MIG) produced by the novel Green OnBoard Inerting Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) mainly consists of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen. Because of the large solubility of carbon dioxide in jet fuel compared with nitrogen, the no gas release or equilibrium model could not be employed any more. In this paper, first, a mathematical model of the ullage washing was set up to predict the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage and in the fuel, and the gas evolution and dissolution rate were calculated by Fick’s second law. Then, an experimental apparatus was constructed to verify the accuracy of the model. Finally, the numerical comparisons of ullage washing using Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) and MIG are presented under various flow rates and fuel loads, and the result reveals that the variation of the oxygen concentration on ullage is nearly identical whatever the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the variation of the oxygen concentration in the fuel is disparate, and the oxygen concentration decreases rapidly if the inert gas is MIG, especially when the fuel load is low or the flow rate of the inert gas is high. Besides, MIG could suppress the rising trend of the oxygen concentration on ullage when the aircraft ascends if the fuel tank is fully washed into an equilibrium state on ground.     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

Experimental comparison between aircraft fuel tank inerting processes using NEA and MIG

Fuel tank inerting technologies are able to reduce the fire risk by injection of inert gas into the ullage or fuel, the former called ullage washing and the latter fuel scrubbing. The Green On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (GOBIGGS) is a novel technology based on flameless catalytic combustion, and owning to its simple structure and high inerting efficiency, it has received a lot of attentions. The inert gas in the GOBIGGS is mainly comprised of CO₂, N₂, and O₂ (hereinafter, Mixed Inert Gas (MIG)), while that in the On-Board Inert Gas Generation System (OBIGGS), which is one of the most widely used fuel tank inerting technologies, is Nitrogen-Enriched Air (NEA). The solubility of CO₂ is nearly 20 times higher than that of N₂ in jet fuels, so the inerting capability and performance are definitely disparate if the inert gas is selected as NEA or MIG. An inerting test bench was constructed to compare the inerting capabilities between NEA and MIG. Experimental results reveal that, if ullage washing is adopted, the variations of oxygen concentrations on the ullage and in the fuel are nearly identical no matter the inert gas is NEA or MIG. However, the ullage and dissolved oxygen concentrations of MIG scrubbing are always higher than those of NEA scrubbing.     

民用飞机多舱油箱内惰性气体分布的研究

针对某种通风方式,对1／6比例的波音747中心翼油箱内的气流分布进行了可视化实验,得到了该油箱内气流分布的详细信息。建立三维数值模型,对不同Re数下的多舱气流分布进行了计算,经与实验结果对比显示二者吻合较好。通过数值模拟得到了各舱的流量分配系数,采用微元段的计算方法得到了各舱氧浓度的分布。对3种不同通风方式下的惰化效果进行了对比研究,提出“最不利舱氧浓度”的概念,认为对多舱油箱进行惰化系统的设计时,这一因素不容忽略。该研究可为多舱油箱惰化工程设计提供相应的支持,为通风系统的优化提供理论依据。     

DQ-1000型惰气灭火装置补燃室的设计和试验研究

本文介绍了航空发动机用作煤矿灭火装置的研制简况,重点论述了其关键部件——补燃室的试验研究。结果表明,该补燃室采用降低流速、分区供油、旁路火炬点火,燃烧区喷水、多排火焰稳定器以及夹层水冷外套等方案,能够实现“软点火”,燃烧稳定,效率高达0.99,排气成分符合灭火要求,工作安全可靠。      

航空燃油类型对催化惰化系统性能的影响

在设计了一种催化惰化系统流程并描述其工作原理的基础上,以从油箱中抽吸气体的摩尔流量为基准,推导了流经催化反应器后各气体组分的流量关系,通过质量守恒方程及气体平衡溶解关系,建立了油箱气相空间气体浓度变化的数学模型。选择了RP-3、RP-5和RP-6燃油作为对象,用所建立的数学模型计算了不同载油率和催化反应器效率下的气相空间氧浓度变化关系。研究显示,由于3种燃油的蒸汽压不同,造成从外界环境补气及进入油箱的混合惰气流量不同,从而导致气相空间氧浓度的变化规律差异远大于采用中空纤维膜的机载惰化系统。因此,在设计催化惰化系统时要充分考虑燃油类型对惰化系统性能的影响。     

基于自适应神经模糊推理算法的无人机电推进燃料电池供气系统性能优化

本文针对某无人机基于聚合物交换膜燃料电池和锂离子电池的混合动力电推进系统的应用,研究开发了一种基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的电源管理系统控制技术,以控制混合动力电力推进系统,同时优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。本文以所建立的某无人机混合电推进系统数学模型为研究对象,研究了燃料电池电流与燃料电池供气系统压缩机功率之间的关系,建立了燃料电池电流与最佳压缩机功率关系的参考模型。在参考模型的基础上,引入自适应控制器来优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的控制器将压缩机的实际运行功率动态调整到参考模型中定义的最佳值。自适应控制器的在线学习和训练能力用来辨识燃料电池电流的非线性变化,并产生压缩机电机电压的控制信号,以优化燃料电池供气系统的性能。在Matlab 仿真环境中开发了质子交换膜燃料电池和锂离子混合动力电推进系统模型并对所设计的控制器进行了仿真分析,结果表明基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的控制器为燃料电池供气系统压缩机性能优化提供了一种新颖而全面的途径,使燃料电池供气系统获得最大净功率输出。将燃料电池系统的净功率输出与最佳压缩机功率和恒定压缩机功率进行了比较,结果表明优化的压缩机功率配置比恒定的压缩机功率配置节能2.62%。同时,燃料电池自适应神经模糊推理系统控制器优化了燃料电池供气系统的能量利用。     

某型燃气轮机燃油及叶片角控制系统方案与仿真

提出了某型燃气轮机燃油及叶片角控制系统方案,阐述了其工作原理,建立了其仿真模型,并进行了对其动态特性的仿真研究。仿真结果表明,该系统方案设计合理,可以满足某型燃气轮机台架试车使用要求。