液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程温度场数值研究

针对某液体火箭贮箱增压排液过程,采用二维数值模拟方法对其温度场进行计算.选用低雷诺数k-ε模型分析流体与固壁间的耦合换热,考虑到气液之间发生热质转移现象,编写了控制相变的用户自定义程序(UDF)并植入Fluent软件.采用文献实验数据对相同工况下的计算结果进行验证,对比结果表明所建立的二维模型能够有效预测气枕温度、壁面温度沿轴向分布规律.数值模拟结果发现:气体扩散器入口方向、入口面积对气枕温度、壁面温度的轴向分布影响较弱,而对靠近增压口附近的温度场影响明显.当增压气体竖直向下进入气枕时,贮箱上封头附近气枕温度较低,有利于保障安全阀的可靠运行.当增压气体水平进入气枕时,扩散器直径变大,贮箱顶端高温区范围相应扩大.      

低温推进剂贮箱增压系统分布参数数值仿真(Ⅰ)贮箱的有限体积模型

从准一维可压缩瞬变管流的有限体积模型出发,通过数值拓展和集成建立了一种考虑流体与箱壁传热的低温推进剂贮箱分布参数模型.流场采用一维交错网格的有限体积模型,可考虑变物性、轴向热传导、重力场、壁面传热影响;壁面温度场采用圆柱坐标系下的轴对称二维有限体积模型,可处理对流换热和辐射换热两种边界情况,可处理具有包覆层或真空夹层结构的变物性管壁传热.模型全面考虑了贮箱内的分布参数效应,适用于贮箱增压计算领域.      

超燃冲压发动机二维热环境数值模拟

对超燃冲压发动机热环境进行了研究和计算.以二维N-S方程和一维瑞利加热规律为基础, 建立了超燃冲压发动机内流场的热环境计算模型;用MacCormark预测-校正格式编写了数值计算程序;对飞行马赫数Ma=6和Ma=8两种工况的超燃冲压发动机内部热环境进行了数值模拟, 得到了发动机内部流场的温度分布和壁面热流分布;对计算结果进行了分析.结果表明, 采用二维无反应流体计算和一维加热规律相结合的方法, 在超燃冲压发动机热环境研究中是可行且有效的.      

低温推进剂贮箱压力变化的CFD仿真

为预示低温推进剂贮箱在地面停放阶段的压力变化并研究贮箱内物理过程的相互作用关系,建立了包含液体推进剂和混合气体两相的二维轴对称volume of fluid(VOF)计算流体力学(CFD)模型,并引入了基于热力学平衡假设的推进剂相变模型.对实验液氢贮箱进行仿真得到的压力上升速率与实验结果相差9.1%.通过对地面加压停放阶段下的液氢和液氧贮箱的仿真发现:造成液氢贮箱压力上升的主要因素是壁面漏热对气枕的加热作用,而液氢蒸发影响更小,液氧贮箱在加压停放阶段初期明显受到液氧相变的影响.两个贮箱中液面附近的对流运动在不同的气液传热过程作用下有不同的变化趋势,对流运动会影响推进剂的相变进而影响贮箱的压力变化.      

考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向导热的涡轮叶片对流冷却模型研究

为了提高涡轮叶片对流冷却模型预测精度,提出了一种在叶片固壁内同时考虑叶片径向和垂直于壁面方向(法向)导热的二维对流冷却模型。该模型在弦长方向划分多个元素,忽略元素内弦长方向叶片温度变化,在元素内的径向和法向建立二维导热方程作为叶片固壁温度场的控制方程,其边界条件包括叶表燃气绝热温度、燃气侧对流换热系数和叶片叶根、叶顶热流密度等。给出了该模型二维导热方程和边界条件的差分求解方法。以E~3涡轮高压导叶为例,将模型与CFD计算的叶片外壁面温度分布进行了对比。结果表明,该模型在给定冷气量下预测的叶片温度分布变化趋势与CFD相近,最大温度误差不超过6.5%,计算时间与CFD相比缩短了95%,能够快速、准确预测涡轮对流冷却叶片的冷气需求量。     

回流口位置对液体火箭液氧贮箱热分层的影响

低温液体火箭射前需要采用自然循环方式对火箭发动机进行充分预冷,循环预冷管路的回流口位置是影响液氧贮箱内部场分布的重要因素.采用计算流体力学(CFD)技术,通过对不同回流位置的液氧贮箱物理场的数值模拟,揭示了贮箱内部温度场及速度场的分布特性,分析了回流口位置对贮箱内部热分层的影响规律.研究表明,当回流口位于下封头以上2 m位置时,贮箱内部液氧过冷度最大,过冷液体含量最多,回流位置最佳.此研究结果为运载火箭推进系统的设计提供了重要的理论支持.      

氦气鼓泡法获取液氢过冷度的传热传质研究

为了更好地理解氦气鼓泡获取液氢过冷度的冷却行为,优化设计冷却系统,基于集总参数法,建立了氦气鼓泡冷却系统的热力学模型,考虑了气泡界面能和压力对系统冷却效果的影响,分析了氦气注入液氢内时瞬时传热传质过程,讨论了各个影响因素。与液氢试验数据对比,热力学模型的计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明该模型可精确预测氦气鼓泡冷却液氢的热力学过程。研究了相关因素对过冷度的影响,结果表明:采用氦气鼓泡方法可将液氢过冷至三相点处;在额定工况下,氦气消耗量基本上是液氢消耗量的7倍;增加氦气鼓泡速率、降低氦气鼓泡温度、减少环境热侵、减小贮箱气枕压力,均可有效改善液氢过冷度。     

低温推进剂贮箱增压系统分布参数数值仿真(Ⅱ)增压系统数值模型与仿真结果

在所建立低温推进剂分布参数贮箱模型的基础上,采用液体火箭发动机试验台气路系统模块化建模与仿真软件,对某试验台液氧贮箱增压系统在发动机点火工作段的增压过程进行了仿真研究.仿真结果与试验结果以及经验公式计算结果获得了很好的一致,表明分布参数贮箱模型相对于集中参数模型更为准确全面地描述了低温贮箱内的流动和热分层现象,并表明有限体积模型体系及所开发的仿真软件具有广泛的适用范围和良好的仿真精度,在管路系统仿真领域具有工程应用价值和数值拓展潜力.      

燃烧室辐射换热一维区域法模型研究

目前用于工程计算燃烧室辐射热流的Lefebvre零维辐射模型,不考虑燃气区域对附近壁面的辐射影响,过于简化,不能反映实际燃烧室火焰筒内的辐射换热过程。本文发展了一种机理严密,精度高的用于燃烧室壁温计算的区域法辐射换热模型。文中采用Lefebvre模型和区域法模型计算了一个圆筒型不冷却火焰筒结构的换热;对比分析了两种方法计算的壁面辐射热流和壁面温度分布情况。结果表明,使用Lefebvre模型计算时,由于将燃气按一维划分为定向辐射,在燃烧室前后壁面辐射热流较小,存在一定不足;而使用区域法模型计算时,辐射热流分布更趋合理。     

基于CFD的圆形静压油垫数值仿真技术研究

应用CFD技术,采用二维轴对称流动模型对圆形静压油垫内流场特性及其承载能力和油膜刚度进行了定量分析与计算,并与静压设计公式得到的计算结果进行了比对,二者计算结果吻合.研究表明,采用CFD技术能够实现对静压油垫的设计计算.提高了设计效率和计算准确性.     

Simulation of mass and heat transfer in liquid hydrogen tanks during pressurizing

In order to accurately predict the heat and mass transfer behaviors and analyze key factors affecting pressurization process in the hydrogen tank, a comprehensive 2 D axial symmetry Volume-Of-Fluid(VOF) model is established by Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) method.The effects of phase change, turbulence and mass diffusion are included in the model and relationships between physical properties and temperature are also comprehensively considered. The phase change model is based on Hertz-Knudsen equation and the mass transfer time relaxation factor is determined by the NASA's experimental data. The mass diffusion model is included in gaseous helium pressurizing. The key factors including the inlet temperature, inlet mass flow rate, injector types and pressurizing gas kinds are quantitatively analyzed. Compared with the experiment, the simulation results show that the deviation of pressurizing gas mass consumption, condensing mass and ullage temperature are 3.0%, 7.5% and 4.0% respectively. The temperature stratification is existed along the axial direction in the surface liquid region and the ullage region, and the bulk liquid is in subcooled state during pressurizing. The location of phase change mainly appears near the vapor–liquid interface, and the mass transfer expressing as condensation or vaporization is mainly determined by the heat convection and molecular concentration near the vapor–liquid interface.The key factors show that increasing the inlet temperature and inlet mass flow rate could shorten the pressurizing time interval and save the pressurizing gas mass. The proportion of the total energy addition of the tank absorbed by the ullage region, the liquid region and the tank wall respectively is greatly influenced by the injector types and more heat transferred into the ullage would result in a faster pressure rising rate. Gaseous hydrogen pressurization has a higher efficiency than gaseous helium pressurization. The simulation results presented in this paper can be used as a reference for design optimization of the pressurization systems of cryogenic liquid launch vehicles so as to save the mass of pressurizing gases and shorten the pressurizing time interval.     

前缘钝化和化学非平衡效应对斜爆震发动机进气道特性的影响

为了探究前缘钝化、化学非平衡效应对斜爆震发动机进气道的工作性能及出口温度边界层分布的影响,采用热完全气体、化学非平衡气体两种模型对不同顶板、唇口前缘钝化半径下斜爆震发动机进气道进行数值模拟,结果表明：相比基准进气道,钝化后进气道上壁面温度边界层厚度较大,下壁面温度边界层厚度较小;在化学非平衡气体模型下,顶板前缘钝化半径(R1)>2mm时进气道的顶板附近和分离区内离解反应较为明显,唇口前缘钝化半径(R2)>2mm时进气道的唇罩、唇口板附近离解反应较为明显;当钝化半径≥4mm时,两种气体模型下进气道出口总压恢复系数和静温的相对变化量绝对值大于0.5%,有必要考虑化学非平衡气体效应对进气道出口性能的影响。     

Oxygen concentration variation in ullage influenced by dissolved oxygen evolution

To determine the oxygen concentration variation in ullage that results from dissolved oxygen evolution in an inert aircraft fuel tank, the CFD method with a mass transfer source is applied in the present study. An experimental system is also designed to evaluate the accuracy of the CFD simulations. The dissolved oxygen evolution is simulated under different conditions of fuel load and initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert fuel tank with stimulations of heating and pressure decrease. The increase in the oxygen concentration in ullage ranges from 0.82% to 5.92% upon stimulation of heating and from 0.735% to 12.36% upon stimulation of a pressure decrease for an inert ullage in the simulations. The heating accelerates the release of the dissolved oxygen from the fuel by increasing the mass transfer rate in the mass transfer source and decreasing the pressure, thereby accelerating the dissolved oxygen evolution by increasing the concentration difference between the gas and the fuel. The time constant that represents the oxygen evolution rate is independent of the initial oxygen concentration in ullage of an inert tank but depends closely on the fuel load, temperature and pressure. The time constant can be fitted using a polynomial equation relating the fuel load to temperature in the heating stimulation with an accuracy of 4.77%. Upon stimulation of a pressure decrease, the time constant can be expressed in terms of the fuel load and the pressure, with an accuracy of 5.02%.     

超声速旋流器内气相流场的数值模拟

为了研究旋流对超声速喷管内流场的影响，在现有旋流器的基础上，通过简化模型而设计出一套前置式超声速旋流器装置，并建立不同旋流器下的三维几何模型，利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent，结合realizable k-ε湍流模型对气相流场进行数值模拟。结果表明：在保持入口总压恒定时，随着进气道数量的减少，气体在旋流器中产生的最大切向速度会增大，但不会改变喷管流动具有组合螺旋涡的特性；由于气体的角动量是以减小轴向动量为代价，切向速度的增大，导致出口截面处的平均轴向速度减小；入口总压增大时，气体速度与静温在收缩段的分布接近，在扩张段，气体速度和马赫数增大，而静温减小，并且切向速度在出口截面沿径向方向上呈现出几乎相同的分布。     

摆盘流动与换热性能数值仿真

针对受燃烧室出口高温燃气冲刷的摆盘装置的冷却水回路,建立二维、三维物理仿真模型,模拟了冷却水在内部流道的 流动与换热过程,考察了冷却水进口压力、冷却水流量对流阻和换热性能的影响.结果表明:①摆盘冷却水进口压力由2.3×105Pa提高到8.3×105Pa,摆盘壁温变化微小,结构1壁温升高5K,结构2壁温升高7K;②冷却水进口速度由0.5m/s提高到5.3m/s,结构1壁温降低约120K,结构2壁温降低约100K,冷却效果明显;③结构2通过缩小流道的流通面积,能在更小的冷却水流量的工况下得到更好的换热效果.      

Experimental study of an aircraft fuel tank inerting system

In this work, a simulated aircraft fuel tank inerting system has been successfully established based on a model tank. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of different operating parameters on the inerting effectiveness of the system, including flow rate of the inert gas(nitrogen-enriched air), inert gas concentration, fuel load of the tank and different inerting approaches. The experimental results show that under the same operating conditions, the time span of a complete inerting process decreased as the flow rate of inert gas was increased; the time span using the inert gas with 5% oxygen concentration was much longer than that using pure nitrogen;when the fuel tank was inerted using the ullage washing approach, the time span increased as the fuel load was decreased; the ullage washing approach showed the best inerting performance when the time span of a complete inerting process was the evaluation criterion, but when the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration in the fuel was also considered to characterize the inerting effectiveness, the approach of ullage washing and fuel scrubbing at the same time was the most effective.     

复合热条件下椭球形封闭腔内低压气体的自然对流

以填充氦气的平流层浮空器为应用背景,对非均匀复杂热边界条件下大尺寸椭球形封闭腔内低压气体的自然对流热特性与动力学特性进行了数值模拟。以Fluent软件为基础,采用用户自定义函数(UDF)自编程技术引入外部非均匀的对流-辐射耦合热边界条件,考虑了低压气体密度对压力、温度的依赖关系。分析了不同条件下腔壁与内部气体温度、对流换热特性以及流场、压力、质心变化等动力学特性,通过数据分析,获得了腔内自然对流的局部对流换热系数关联式。研究结果表明,在平流层环境下,外部非均匀热边界条件及其变化对封闭腔内低压气体的自然对流热特性与动力学特性影响很大。