全球卫星导航系统的近期进展

２０世纪末,卫星导航发展势态出现了ＧＬＯＮＡＳＳ星座维持困难,ＧＰＳ推行现代化计划和欧洲Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ计划出台三大新闻。有望于２０１０年左右Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ星座和ＧＰＳ星形成互补和卫为余度。最近,美国国会削减ＧＰＳ预算,在ＧＰＳ民用进展上投下阴影,ＧＰＳ单一导航手段暂难实行,有利于欧洲争取时间,积极筹措Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ系统。     

基于ISM参数偏差阶梯式变化的ARAIM可用性

针对双频多星座全球卫星导航系统提供垂直引导服务的先进接收机端完好性监测技术(ARAIM)是当前完好性研究的重要热点之一,完好性支持信息(ISM)是实现ARAIM可用性的核心内容。为了探讨ARAIM可用性对ISM参数偏差的敏感度,在梳理ISM各参数和ARAIM性能关系的基础上,研究了基于阶梯式变化的ISM参数偏差对ARAIM可用性的影响情况。研究结果表明,ARAIM算法的四种可用性判据对ISM参数偏差表现出不同的耐受性,ISM各参数偏差对ARAIM可用性影响差异较大,且ISM参数中的用户测距精度(URA)对ARAIM可用性的影响最为明显,可造成大于10%的严重影响。     

Galileo卫星星钟故障前后信号质量分析

星载原子钟是卫星导航系统的核心器件,是影响导航信号质量的重要因素。2016年11月,Galileo系统利用一箭四星发射升空4颗新一代Galileo卫星。根据观测显示,截至2017年7月,仅能接收到其中1颗卫星发射的导航信号。在2017年1月,欧洲航天局通告称多颗卫星原子钟大规模故障。针对此,40m 大口径高增益天线系统设备对不同批次和星钟故障情况的3颗Galileo卫星E5频点信号进行了数据采集处理,对各信号分量的功率谱、星座图、码片波形、相关损失、相关峰、S曲线偏差等信号质量指标进行了分析评估。结果表明,此次星载原子钟的大面积故障并未影响Galileo卫星信号的可用性,足够的星载备份钟避免了信号质量的严重恶化。     

中低纬地区混合LEO星座增强GNSS UPPP收敛性能评估

针对全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）精密单点定位（PPP）收敛时间过长的问题，提出了利用低轨卫星（LEO）几何结构变化快的优势，增强GNSS非差非组合PPP（UPPP）的收敛性能。选取中低纬度地区28个能接收GPS、GALILEO和BDS3信号的测站观测数据，比较了极轨和混合LEO星座的增强效果。结果表明：混合LEO星座增强GPS、GALILEO和BDS组合系统时，各测站收敛时间减少60%~80%，70%的测站收敛速度优于极轨星座。当混合LEO星座增强单BDS时，CL和GCL组合系统的收敛时间相当，ENU方向定位误差变化基本一致。收敛时间从10~20 min 下降至3 min以内，原因是混合LEO增强BDS定位时，大大改善了卫星的空间结构。     

低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航技术研究CSCD

现有低轨(LEO)卫星导航研究主要以低轨星座独立导航定位和增强全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)导航定位为主,对低轨卫星和惯性导航系统(INS)组合导航技术研究较少。本文面向应用较小规模低轨星座资源实现米级定位精度的需求,提出了一种低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航方法,系统性地分析了不同规模低轨星座、不同精度级别惯导器件以及不同导航信号播发频度下组合导航定位的性能,并利用构建的仿真试验系统进行了低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航方法的仿真试验验证。试验结果表明,相较于低轨星座独立导航,低轨星座/惯导紧组合导航在星座不满足四重覆盖时仍能达到米级定位精度,并且在低轨星座规模较小和导航信号播发频度较低时,惯导测量精度对组合导航定位精度影响明显。研究结果表明,在利用低轨卫星进行导航时,通过引入惯性观测辅助低轨卫星导航,可有效提高导航效能和精度,为低轨星座和导航信号播发方式设计带来更多的选择。     

Galileo系统对卫星导航系统的增强作用

介绍了正在建设的Galileo系统，从卫星导航系统的星座、完备性、通讯能力、求解载波相位整周模糊数能力以及对系统轨道漂移影响抑制能力五个方面入手，研究了Galileo系统对空间飞行器导航的增强作用。最后通过仿真研究．进一步分析了Galileo系统在空间飞行器导航应用中的增强作用。     

Performance evaluation of GPS augmentation using Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

The current global positioning system (GPS) provides limited availability and capability for a country like Japan where mountainous terrain and urban canyons do not allow a clear skyline to the horizon. At present, the Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is under investigation through a cooperative effort between the government and the private sector. QZSS is considered a multi-function satellite system, as it is able to provide communication, broadcasting, and positioning services for mobile users in a specified region with a high elevation angle. The additional GPS compatible signals from QZSS can remarkably improve the availability, accuracy, and capability of GPS positioning. This work focuses on the performance of GPS augmentation using the proposed QZSS. The QZSS satellite constellation and signal structure are briefly reviewed. Positioning with pseudo-range and carrier phase are discussed. The performance of GPS augmentation using QZSS in the Asian-Pacific and Australian area is studied using software simulations. The results are presented using the number of visible satellites as a measure of availability, GDOP as a measure of accuracy, and ambiguity success rate as a measure of capability of carrier-phase-based positioning with spatial and temporal variations. The results show that the QZSS will improve not only the availability and accuracy of GPS positioning, but will also enhance the capability of the GPS carrier-phase-based positioning in Japan and neighboring regions.     

Feasibility study of autonomous orbit determination using only the crosslink range measurement for a combined navigation constellation

In order to expand the coverage area of satellite navigation systems, a combined navigation constellation which is formed by a global navigation constellation and a Lagrangian navigation constellation was studied. Only the crosslink range measurement was used to achieve long-term precise autonomous orbit determination for the combined navigation constellation, and the measurement model was derived. Simulations of 180 days based on the international global navigation satellite system(GNSS) service(IGS) ephemeris showed that the mentioned autonomous orbit determination method worked well in the Earth–Moon system. Statistical results were used to analyze the accuracy of autonomous orbit determination under the influences of different Lagrangian satellite constellations.     

基于北斗的ARAIM算法在LPV-200 下的可用性研究

随着全球卫星导航系统的发展和完善, 用户在飞机进近着陆阶段使用 GNSS 保障安全的要求已成为可能,而应用于航路阶段的常规接收机自主完好性监测已 不能满足如此高的完好性要求,因此,导致了高级接收机自主完好性监测(ARAIM)的出 现。在北斗区域导航系统下, 针对进近阶段最重要的垂直导航和ARAIM 算法理论分 析,通过优化配置危险误导性信息概率(PHMI),为较难检测的故障模式分配较大的值, 最小化垂直保护水平, 在保证完好性指标不变的条件下提高ARAIM 算法可用性。仿真 结果表明,在LPV-200 性能要求下,ARAIM 优化算法的可用性明显提高,所提方法是有 效的。     

不同GNSS在高纬度地区时间传递性能分析

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）载波相位时间传递技术是高精度时间传递领域的主要研究方法之一，但目前关于该部分的研究主要集中在中低纬度地区，在高纬度地区并不多见。不同GNSS由于星座设计不同，在高纬度地区结构差异较大，因此需要对不同GNSS在高纬度地区的时间传递性能进行分析。实验结果表明，在高纬度地区时间传递中，Galileo稳定度最高，GPS和BDS次之，GLONASS最差。同时因在高纬度地区卫星的高度角普遍偏低，为合理平衡低高度角时可视卫星多和多路径误差大的矛盾，对不同截止高度角下获取的链路时间传递性能进行了分析。结果表明，在5°截止高度角下，高纬度地区的时间传递链路稳定性最好。     

视函数法分析卫星覆盖研究

通过所建立的视函数法,得到了星座中每一颗卫星对地面的覆盖区和间隙区出现的时刻,各覆盖区和间隙区的长度、最大间隙出现的时刻等覆盖的详细信息;讨论了星座的覆盖性能指标,并建立了各项覆盖性能指标的计算方法。最后,对ＧＰＳ星座的覆盖性能进行了数值仿真,给出了ＧＰＳ星座的视函数图,并得到了ＧＰＳ星座在不同纬度的覆盖性能。     

故障星分布对星座PDOP可用性影响的建模及评价

 导航星座定位精度衰减因子（PDOP）可用性是卫星导航系统顶层设计的重要指标。研究了不同故障星分布状况对全球导航星座PDOP可用性的影响。首先,从概率角度并采用组合方法建立了全球导航星座PDOP可用性指标的统计评价模型。进而对给定数量的故障星分布在单个或多个轨道面内的不同状况下,典型的Walker δ构型导航星座的PDOP可用性如何变化进行了仿真计算和比较分析。仿真结果表明,故障星分布状况和轨道平面数对星座PDOP可用性有较显著影响,适当地减少轨道平面数对于改善星座的PDOP可用性是有利的。提出的评价模型物理意义明确,避免了主观性和局限性,且可以保证较高的指标评价效率。     

Galileo系统完好性处理的方法研究

对于卫星导航系统而言,系统所能提供的完好性指标和导航定位精度是同样重要的。欧洲的Galileo系统将在2008年建成,届时它将与美国的GPS系统相互补充。本文在对GMileo系统导航定位指标分析的基础上,结合系统完好性监测的设计特点,推导了系统地面完好性信道(GIC)监测算法和用户自主完好性(RAIM)监测算法,建立了数据完好性播发体制。     

对低轨导航系统发展趋势的思考CSCD

全球卫星导航系统成熟的产业推广和技术应用极大地牵引了卫星导航发展需求,使相关学者愈来愈关注恶劣电磁环境下的抗干扰技术以及分米、厘米级高精度导航定位服务。低轨星座优越的平台/轨道特性使其被誉为未来极具潜力的卫星导航手段。特别是近十年商业航天的蓬勃发展,带动卫星平台技术及火箭运载技术突飞猛进,大大降低了低轨卫星制造与发射成本,使得面向低轨星座的导航定位技术成为研究热点和发展方向。首先深入地剖析了不同历史阶段低轨导航的应用方向和技术体制,梳理归纳了低轨卫星星座独立定位及低中高轨卫星联合定位两种应用模式的技术特点,然后分析了未来低轨导航在整个卫星导航系统体系中的应用前景和技术挑战,为未来低轨导航系统建设和发展提供设计参考与技术借鉴。     

基于Markov过程的卫星星座备份策略研究

如何在满足星座可用性指标的同时降低卫星星座备份成本,是当前研究的热点问题。为了选出一种兼顾星座性能与经济效益的备份策略,研究不同备份策略对某低轨卫星星座性能的影响,建立考虑降级运行的星座可用度模型,利用 Markov 状态转移过程对星座可用度模型进行求解,并基于真实低轨卫星星座在轨运行数据对采用不同备份策略的星座在不同...     

Next generation GPS-aided space navigation systems

The next generation of low cost Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers for space navigation and attitude determination are positioned to take full advantage of the improvements made in the commercial GPS receivers used for terrestrial applications. There have been recent improvements made to the GPS receivers that include the addition of extra GPS satellite channels that can be tracked simultaneously. The older style GPS receivers were only able to handle five channels at a time. In order for proper determination of three-dimensional position, a minimum of four channels was required and the fifth channel of the receiver was reserved to perform search functions for finding the next satellite. This included searching for satellites that could be used to replace exiting satellites moving out of the Field of View (FOV). The search function also enables the GPS receiver to search for the best constellation for maximum performance accuracy. The fifth roaming channel also provided a best next-satellite selection capability in case the field of view to one of the satellites was blocked or shaded.     

基于低轨互联网星座的全球导航增强——机遇与挑战CSCD

针对当前卫星导航发展的瓶颈问题,结合当前低轨互联网星座蓬勃发展的趋势,提出了基于低轨互联网星座的全球导航增强系统建设方案。从新兴用户群体对PNT性能的需求、低轨互联网星座的优势、建设成本优势以及通导融合优势等角度出发,分析了低轨全球导航增强的发展机遇。从频率资源、功率资源以及收敛时间三方面,总结了发展低轨全球导航增强系统面临的挑战。在此基础上,为系统体制、信号体制以及系统建设提出了发展建议。最后给出了总结认为低轨全球导航增强采用天基监测+信号增强体制,信号落地功率有望提升15~30dB,收敛时间缩短至秒级,信号频段向Ka频段扩展,最终实现城市挑战性环境下快收敛、高精度、高完好、高安全、高可用的PNT目标。     

Enhancing filter robustness in cascaded GPS-INS integrations

Filter robustness is defined herein as the ability of the Global Positioning System/Inertial Navigation System (GPS-INS) Kalman filter to cope with adverse environments and input conditions, to successfully identify such conditions and to take evasive action. The formulation of two such techniques for a cascaded GPS-INS Kalman filter integration is discussed This is an integration in which the navigation solution from a GPS receiver is used as a measurement in the filter to estimate inertial errors and instrument biases. The first technique presented discusses the handling of GPS position biases. These are due to errors in the GPS satellite segment, and are known to be unobservable. They change levels when a satellite constellation change occurs, at which point they introduce undesirable filter response transients. A method of suppressing these transients is presented. The second technique presented deals with the proper identification of the filter measurement noise. Successful formulation of the noise statistics is a factor vital to the healthy estimation of the filter gains and operation. Furthermore, confidence in the formulation of these statistics can lead to the proper screening and rejection of bad data in the filter. A method of formulating the filter noise statistics dynamically based on inputs from the GPS and the INS is discussed     

星座碰撞规避的迭代学习构型保持方法CSCD

针对低轨卫星星座运行中地球引力摄动的周期特性,基于迭代学习控制(ILC)方法,提出了星座碰撞规避的迭代学习构型保持方法。该方法由反馈控制和ILC两部分构成,分别抑制卫星运行过程中的非周期摄动和周期摄动对构型保持精度的影响,进而在地球非球形引力摄动未知条件下,通过相对构型的精确保持实现对星座卫星碰撞的有效规避。仿真结果表明,在地球J摄动影响下,与传统反馈控制相比,ILC方法以更小的控制输入实现了轨道保持精度的显著提升,进而在星座卫星轨道高度相近的情形下显著降低了碰撞风险,且控制器可在保证收敛性能的前提下,实现启动时间的灵活选择。     

LEO navigation augmentation constellation design with the multi-objective optimization approaches

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite for navigation augmentation applications can significantly reduce the precise positioning convergence time and attract increasing attention recently. A few LEO Navigation Augmentation (LEO-NA) constellations have been proposed, while corresponding constellation design methodologies have not been systematically studied. The LEO-NA constellation generally consists of a huge number of LEO satellites and it strives for multiple optimization purposes. It is essentially different from the communication constellation or earth observing constellation design problem. In this study, we modeled the LEO-NA constellation design problem as a multi-objective optimization problem and solve this problem with the Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. Three objectives are used to strive for the best tradeoff between the augmentation performance and deployment efficiency, namely the Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP), visible LEO satellites and the orbit altitude. A fuzzy set approach is used to select the final constellation from a set of Pareto optimal solutions given by the MOPSO algorithm. To evaluate the performance of the optimized constellation, we tested two constellations with 144 and 288 satellites and each constellation has three optimization schemes: the polar constellation, the single-layer constellation and the two-layer constellation. The results indicate that the optimized two-layer constellation achieves the best global coverage and is followed by the single-layer constellation. The MOPSO algorithm can help to improve the constellation design and is suitable for solving the LEO-NA constellation design problem.