高超声速可变形双翼气动特性

为研究高超声速可变形双翼在不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的气动特性,并针对在给定的迎角和马赫数条件下可变形双翼的舵面偏转角选取困难的问题,通过结合二分法、遗传算法和高斯牛顿算法对处于不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的可变形双翼的舵面偏转角进行了选取确定,分析了可变形双翼的气动特性和舵面偏转角对其气动特性产生影响的机理。研究表明:当来流马赫数为5,迎角从1°~8°变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比明显大于Busemann双翼的升阻比,最大可达4.2倍;当迎角为3°,来流马赫数从0.5~5变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比最大可达Busemann双翼升阻比的3.4倍。结果表明可变形双翼在大迎角和大速度范围内均能保持高升阻比,在高超声速飞行中将具有更好的应用价值和前景。     

空天飞行器机翼/翼型的需求分析及应用

空天飞行器飞行空域大,速域宽,经历亚/跨/超/高超声速飞行,气动特性变化大,传统翼型难以同时满足低速、高速时的设计要求,给机翼/翼型设计提出了新的挑战.本文围绕飞行环境特点,分析了低速高升力与高速高升阻比、升重匹配、结构热防护等设计要求,提出了空天飞行器对机翼/翼型设计的新需求.基于一种新的宽速域翼型,采用数值模拟方法,开展三维流动下翼型与机翼平面形状的一体化优化设计,获得了一种翼型沿展向变化的新机翼,相对优化前,低速时机翼产生的升力效率提高了36.3％,超声速和高超声速升重平衡升阻比分别提高了33.4％和12.9％,新机翼能更好地兼顾低速、跨声速、超声速和高超声速气动性能的要求.将新机翼应用于典型空天飞行器,再通过全机气动外形优化设计,进一步提高了宽速域飞行时升重平衡下的使用升阻比,高亚声速时提高了5.9％,超声速时提高了10.3％,高超声速时提高了0.7％,解决了低速飞行时高升力与高速飞行时高升阻比的需求矛盾,并获得了一种满足宽速域总体设计要求的空天飞行器气动布局.研究成果具有一定工程指导意义.     

高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型/机翼设计与分析

对于现代高超声速飞行器的设计而言,除了需要保证高超声速的性能外,还必须兼顾满足工程需求的亚跨超声速特性。首先,采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程流动求解器,结合基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法,开展了高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型的优化设计研究,设计出了一种下表面具有双"S"形特征的新翼型。综合性能评估结果表明,该翼型相比于常规的高超声速翼型,在跨声速和高超声速下具有更加优良的气动特性;其跨声速状态下的升阻比达到78.9,高超声速状态下的升阻比达到5.94,能够实现宽速域内良好的综合气动性能。其次,开展了仿德国"桑格尔号"（SANGER）空天飞机运载机机翼的气动特性研究,对配置宽速域翼型与常规高超声速翼型的机翼进行了气动力特性综合对比分析。结果表明,配置新翼型的机翼在宽速域范围内整体气动性能更优,说明所设计的宽速域翼型在三维机翼上也具有一定的实用价值。     

排式充气机翼的高效气动布局研究

为了提高充气机翼的刚度特性,需要采用较大厚度的翼型,但厚翼型气动效率整体上又不太高。探讨一种适用于低速充气类飞行器的排式双翼布局方案,并尝试给予后翼一定的初始安装偏转角,同时还研究了双翼相对位置以及翼型特性对该排式双翼布局方案的影响。数值模拟结果表明,后翼前缘驻点附近的高压区增大了前翼下表面的压力,使此种布局较普通单翼布局在中小迎角范围内可以明显提高飞行器的升力和升阻比,其中迎角4°时可将升阻比提高62.8%,而给后翼2°的偏转角可使将升阻比提高幅度达到70.5%。同时,双翼相对位置对飞行器气动性能的影响较为敏感。此外,翼型厚度越大,弯度越小,所提出的排式双翼布局方案提高升阻比的效果越明显。综合效果来看,文中探讨的布局可为充气飞机的设计提供一个新思路。     

基于全局/梯度优化方法的宽速域乘波-机翼布局气动设计

宽速域高超声速飞行器是航空航天领域新的战略制高点,其飞行速域与空域极大化特点导致亚/跨/超/高超声速气动性能难以兼顾。为了缓解高低速气动设计的矛盾,以典型宽速域乘波-机翼布局为研究对象,结合基于代理模型的全局优化方法和基于伴随梯度的局部优化方法,对该宽速域构型的布局参数和剖面形状进行了从全局到局部的多目标分步优化。结果表明,在约束亚声速升力系数、高超声速阻力系数的情况下,基于代理模型的布局参数优化方法能够在维持高超声速气动性能的同时,将亚声速的升阻比提升9.5%。进一步选取布局参数优化结果 Pareto面上亚声速气动特性最优的构型,利用基于伴随梯度的优化方法,对机翼剖面进行梯度优化。优化结果表明,梯度优化能够有效地改善飞行器亚/高超声速状态下的阻力特性,并将翼型在几何上优化为兼顾亚/高超声速气动特性的双S翼型。通过上述从布局参数到剖面参数的优化,乘波-机翼构型的亚声速升阻比相比初始构型提升了12.4%,高超声速升阻比相比原始构型提升了6.2%。     

简化自适应机翼的气动外形优化设计

自适应机翼技术的研究对于超声速飞机设计具有重要意义。本文在二维翼型自适应的研究基础上,用Powell法优化计算了对前缘后掠角为35°,展弦比λ=3.9,梢根比η=0.17,机翼剖面为NACA65006翼型的梯形翼的前后缘舵面偏转角,从而获得了在亚跨声速时升阻比大而在超声速时阻力系数小的简化自适应机翼的最优气动外形。本文采用了并行遗传算法,计算了要求亚跨声速升阻比大同时超声速阻力小的气动双目标优化机翼的外形。讨论了优化机翼相对于原始机翼的气动增益。与二维一样,三维数值算例也证明了自适应机翼可获得明显的气动增益。     

前/后掠机翼气动特性对比分析

基于NACA0012对称翼型设计了前掠机翼、后掠机翼和平直机翼,采用CFD方法计算了3种机翼的升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数,通过压力云图和流线图分析了3种机翼的气动特性及流动机理。研究结果表明:前掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼尖流向翼根,翼根首先出现分离,而后掠机翼上表面的流动是由翼根流向翼尖,翼尖首先出现分离,平直机翼由于受翼尖涡的下洗影响,翼根首先出现分离;在30°斜掠角下,前掠机翼形成了机翼前缘涡,表现出旋涡流态气动特性。研究结果揭示了不同机翼之间的流动差异,有助于在飞行器设计过程中选择合适的气动布局。     

基于连续伴随方法的高超声速飞行器高精度气动优化

高精度气动优化是改善高超声速飞行器气动性能的必要途径。基于Navier-Stokes方程推导了连续伴随方程以及与气动力目标函数对应的边界条件和壁面灵敏度公式,考虑了层流输运系数变分对伴随方程的贡献,采用基于二阶熵修正Roe格式的伴随对流项离散形式,构造了适用于高超声速流动的连续伴随求解器;结合FFD （Free Form Deformation）参数化方法和SQP （Sequential Quadratic Programming）优化算法构建了高精度梯度优化框架;在高超声速来流条件下对二维翼型和Sanger飞行器机翼优化开展了验证和应用。结果显示,在高超声速流动条件下所采用的伴随对流项离散形式具有较好的鲁棒性和低耗散性;连续伴随求解器能够较好地给出气动力目标函数梯度;优化后Sanger机翼构型通过二次激波压缩实现了减阻增升,升阻比提高5.0%;验证了连续伴随优化作为高超声速飞行器高精度气动优化方法的可行性。     

基于非定常面元/黏性涡粒子法的低雷诺数滑流气动干扰

针对太阳能无人机螺旋桨滑流与机翼的气动干扰,考虑了低雷诺数流动下气体黏性和压缩性影响,并根据黎曼边界条件和涡量等效原则建立了能够快速计算分析螺旋桨-机翼气动干扰的非定常面元/黏性涡粒子的混合方法。首先使用有试验数据的风洞模型以及数值模拟技术对混合方法进行验证,在此基础上研究了不同安装位置与工况下螺旋桨与机翼的气动干扰。结果表明:螺旋桨对轴向气流的加速以及滑流诱导的上洗和下洗效应使机翼气动力呈现出增升增阻的现象,机翼升阻比有所下降。较大的弦向间距以及较高的垂直安装位置在减缓机翼升阻比下降的同时也使得螺旋桨拉力有所减小。对于多个螺旋桨的气动干扰,不同的桨叶旋转方向导致机翼气动力不同的变化规律,当旋转方向与机翼翼尖涡反向时,螺旋桨滑流能够抑制翼尖涡的强度,提高机翼气动效率。     

表面凹凸充气机翼的气动特性研究

充气机翼在变体飞机和飞艇中具有潜在的应用前景。充气机翼的结构特征与传统硬质机翼显著不同,其外形与传统机翼相比最大的差异在于表面的片条状鼓包,这种外形带来的气动特性、气弹行为等越来越受到人们的关注。以NACA0015翼型为原形,设计制作充气机翼模型,并利用CFX对传统光滑的NACA0015翼型和凹凸表面的0015F2翼型进行定常和非定常气动行为分析。结果表明:充气机翼的凹凸表面外形增加翼型的失速攻角,但其升力线斜率及升阻比都较光滑翼型要小;0015F2翼型的速度梯度过度区大于NACA0015翼型;0015F2翼型在每一个凹槽区生成驻涡,驻涡的存在使得充气机翼的附面层呈现紊流附面层的特性,驻涡的外移改变了机翼后缘的尾涡形成,推迟了分离,使得失速攻角增大。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

基于TOPSIS方法的海上预警机防空作战效能评估

针对目前预警机作战效能评估方法中的几点不足,提出用TOPSIS方法来评估海上预警机防空作战效能。根据预警机系统作战效能的多层次性,采用层次分析（AHP）法建立了海上预警机防空作战效能三层评估模型,并通过应用示例对3种海上预警机的防空作战效能进行分析,得到了理想评判效果。     

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

边界层抽吸效应对分布式推进系统气动性能影响数值研究

为探究边界层抽吸（BLI）效应对飞机的气动性能影响,采用基于沿流线体积力模型的飞机/发动机一体化数值模拟方法对某分布式推进系统进行了计算和分析。结果显示,BLI效应主要影响飞机中心体部分及发动机外整流罩的气体流动,对翼身融合体（BWB）的融合段及外翼段的升阻力影响较小。保持飞行条件和飞行攻角不变,飞机的升、阻力系数均随着无量纲化的发动机流量增加而增大,存在最佳无量纲化的发动机流量对应最大升阻比。发动机的安装位置直接影响机身表面的局部超声区和整流罩外的激波分布,布局在机身尾缘处会获得更好的升阻比,最大升阻比对应的无量纲化的发动机流量为0.65。      

双翼布局微型飞行器气动特性试验研究

通过低速风洞试验研究了使用双翼布局改善固定翼微型飞行器（MAV）气动性能的问题。首先比较不同平面形状单翼（齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼）与双翼布局的气动特性。在此基础上为了优化低雷诺数范围内的双翼布局,研究不同几何参数对气动特性的影响,包括双翼不同的翼间距和交错位置以及不同的上下翼平面形状,并分析了造成这种气动性能差异可能存在的流场相互作用机理。研究表明,双翼布局能够改善单翼微型飞行器的气动性能,双翼之间的相对几何位置对其气动特性影响很大。通过不同平面形状上翼与下翼组合的比较发现,就最大升力和升阻比而言,上翼为齐莫曼翼、下翼为反齐莫曼翼且上翼位于下翼上游的布局较优。     

翼梢装置对机翼颤振特性影响研究

机翼加装翼梢装置在气动上可以起到减小飞机的诱导阻力、提高升阻比、耗散强翼梢涡等作用,但是它也使飞机的结构特性发生了变化,尤其是颤振特性。采用MSCPatran,MSCFlds建立基本翼及几种带翼梢装置机翼的动力学有限元模型和非定常空气动力网格,应用MSCNastran求解序列SOL103对其进行固有模态分析,利用求解序列SOL145进行颤振分析,通过对比分析得到翼梢装置对机翼的振动和颤振特性影响,为飞机翼梢装置设计提供依据。     

连翼机低速气动特性实验研究

连翼机具有前、后机翼,前翼后掠上反,后翼前掠下反;后翼在前翼展60％～100％之间与前翼相连。其前视图和俯视图均构成菱形。在低速风洞中对连翼机进行了纵向及横向测力实验,其中包括前、后翼几何参数改变对气动特性的影响。实验表明,与常规飞机相比连翼机具有如下优点:诱导阻力小,升阻比大且具有较好的失速特性。改变连翼机前翼上反角和后翼下反角对纵向气动特性影响不大,对横向气动特性有明显影响。减小前翼外段的后掠角可使俯仰特性得到改善。     

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

Trailing-edge scalloping effect on flat-plate membrane wing performance

This investigation studies the effect of trailing-edge scalloping on the lift and drag force coefficients of flat, membrane wings that vibrate at low Reynolds numbers (<61,000). A series of rigid, flat plate frames with moderate aspect ratio and repeating membrane cell structure were studied and compared to a rigid plate and a rigid scalloped plate. Lift and drag measurements were acquired using an external force-balance; flow fluctuation measurements were captured with a hot-wire. Results showed that the size and aspect ratio of the latex cell had a greater impact on lift than scalloping and that scalloping had a greater effect on drag than the cell aspect ratio. Compared to the solid wings, the membrane wings exhibited higher lift and drag coefficients, likely due to both effective cambering and dynamic interaction with the free shear layer. While trailing-edge scalloping decreased both the lift and drag coefficients relative to no scalloping, the greater effect was on drag, thus, increasing aerodynamic efficiency. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio was attained for a 25% scallop with a repeating cell aspect ratio of one. A unique nondimensional scaling of the membrane vibration peak frequency is also presented.