基于Busemann双翼的三维高超声速机翼研究

为研究Busemann双翼翼型在高超声速机翼上的应用,构建了一种基于Busemann双翼翼型的高超声速机翼,研究其在高超声速流动中的气动特性和温度对其前6阶模态固有频率的影响。针对高超声速流动的复杂性和高超声速机翼涉及学科的多样性,首先从理论上证明高超声速Busemann双翼能够提高升阻比,然后通过数值模拟研究了Busemann双翼在高超声速流动中的气动特性,及其增升减阻和减小翼尖涡的机理,并使用分层理论简化高超声速机翼所涉及学科之间的复杂耦合关系,研究了温度对高超声速Busemann双翼模态的影响。结果表明：在高超声速流动中,Busemann双翼能够显著提高升阻比并减小翼尖涡的强度,相对于菱形单翼,Busemann双翼的升力系数增加了28.95%,阻力系数增大了13.58%,升阻比提高了13.53%,升阻比提高较为明显;同时,在1 300℃时,相对于菱形单翼的一阶固有频率,Busemann双翼的一阶固有频率提高了99.8%,说明Busemann双翼具有更好的抗弯能力;相对于在20℃时的一阶固有频率,Busemann双翼在1 300℃时的一阶固有频率下降了34.2%,说明不能忽略高温对Busemann双翼结构性能的影响。     

排式充气机翼的高效气动布局研究

为了提高充气机翼的刚度特性,需要采用较大厚度的翼型,但厚翼型气动效率整体上又不太高。探讨一种适用于低速充气类飞行器的排式双翼布局方案,并尝试给予后翼一定的初始安装偏转角,同时还研究了双翼相对位置以及翼型特性对该排式双翼布局方案的影响。数值模拟结果表明,后翼前缘驻点附近的高压区增大了前翼下表面的压力,使此种布局较普通单翼布局在中小迎角范围内可以明显提高飞行器的升力和升阻比,其中迎角4°时可将升阻比提高62.8%,而给后翼2°的偏转角可使将升阻比提高幅度达到70.5%。同时,双翼相对位置对飞行器气动性能的影响较为敏感。此外,翼型厚度越大,弯度越小,所提出的排式双翼布局方案提高升阻比的效果越明显。综合效果来看,文中探讨的布局可为充气飞机的设计提供一个新思路。     

迎角动态变化对二元高超声速进气道气动特性的影响

针对高超声速飞行器受到扰动后迎角可能会发生瞬时大幅度改变或振荡的问题,对来流马赫数为4.03、迎角动态变化的二元高超声速进气道流场进行了非定常数值模拟,分别在进气道等速上仰和按正弦波振荡条件下研究了迎角动态变化对进气道气动特性的影响。计算结果表明:迎角动态变化时,进气道流场特征和性能参数的变化规律和稳态时情况基本保持一致,但是存在明显的迟滞现象;二元高超声速进气道动态上仰的迎角速率越大,进气道发生不起动时的迎角值越大;在进气道下壁面附近的低速区,非定常效应的影响显著,受进气道固壁面运动的影响,低速区的产生、发展及消失影响进气道气动特性。     

高超声速风洞舵面测力双天平技术及应用

介绍了舵面的双天平测力技术,以及它在0.5m高超声速风洞铰链力矩试验中的应用。天平为轮毂结构形式,竖置在一种十字型尾翼布局的体-尾组合体的后端。在一次吹风中可同时测量左右两片水平全动舵的气动特性,给出Ma=6舵面法向力、铰链力矩、弦向压力中心等系数随迎角的变化特性,定量描述大迎角大舵偏角条件下,舵面气动特性的非线性效应,以及由此引起控制力增量的变化趋势。     

弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

高超声速咽式进气道起动特性研究

为了研究高超声速咽式进气道在非设计迎角以及低马赫数下的起动性能,利用流线追踪生成了设计马赫数Ma=7,具有8-7无粘基本流场（即俯仰平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈8°夹角的斜压缩面产生;偏航平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈7°夹角的斜压缩面产生）的咽式进气道,并对边界层修正前后的两种咽式进气道进行了数值模拟和高超声速风洞实验。实验观测和记录了各个来流条件下进气道模型唇口的激波系结构,测量了沿进气道模型上下壁面中心线从气流进口到出口的沿程静压分布。结果表明：迎角的增大和来流马赫数的减小都会对进气道的起动性能造成不利的影响,通过对咽式进气道进行边界层修正,可以提高进气道的总压恢复系数,减小内收缩比,从而扩宽进气道起动的马赫数以及迎角范围,对进气道设计有着积极的作用。     

一种X-51A相似飞行器模型的气动特性初探

参考公开文献资料,建立了一个气动外形类似于美国X 51A的飞行器模型,采用Fluent软件对其进行了数值模拟,得到了飞行器在迎角-10°～10°范围和马赫数6条件下内外流场结果及升力系数、阻力系数和升阻比等气动特性,并与国内参考模型及国外公开文献的结果进行了对比,评估了这种气动外形的可用性及迎角变化对其内外流场和基本气动特性的影响.     

通气模型高超声速风洞铰链力矩试验技术研究

针对通气飞行器内外流一体化气动布局的特点,在通气模型高超声速风洞铰链力矩试验中,通过对模型进行适当改型,在保证内流道不发生壅塞、模型外部流场结构不发生改变的前提下,实现了高超声速通气模拟和模型尾支撑;通过合理设计试验装置布局、采取防隔热措施等,解决了通气模型高超声速风洞试验中内流道气动加热和舵面缝隙窜流等导致天平产生严重温度效应,舵面气动力难以精确测量的难题。在某高超声速风洞上开展的铰链力矩试验结果表明,所采用的试验技术能够实现通气模型高超声速舵面气动力特性的精确测量。     

通用大气飞行器的参数化气动布局研究

提出了一种新的升力体类通用大气飞行器布局方案.应用基于二次曲线的模线设计方法,通过二次曲线的控制点和形状参数实现参数化外形建模,构造适用于通用大气飞行器的升力体布局方案,提高飞行器气动布局方案的设计效率,为进一步的气动特性计算和布局方案设计优化奠定基础.采用修正的内伏牛顿流理论,对通用大气飞行器进行高超声速气动特性计算,并进行了质心设计,获得的高超声速稳定配平升阻比达到3.5以上.进行了控制舵面设计和控制效率的计算分析.     

带控制舵椭圆截面飞行器的气动设计

非圆截面弹身布局在高超声速再入飞行器的机动能力、隐身特性、飞行性能和毁伤效能等方面具有许多潜在的优势,是当前飞行器设计的一个重要发展方向。本文进行了带舵的钝头椭圆截面双锥体的气动布局设计,进一步发展了快速有效的高超声速气动力工程预测方法,并将带舵椭圆截面双锥体的气动特性与带舵圆截面双锥体的气动特性进行了比较。研究表明,带舵的椭圆截面弹身布局方式可以获得较高的配平升力、配平升阻比及配平攻角,利用质心运动和控制舵偏转的综合控制可以获得更高的配平效率,是高超声速飞行器实现大升力、大升阻比飞行的潜在可行方案。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

褶皱位置对蜻蜓滑翔翼气动性能的影响

改变昆虫翅膀的褶皱结构可以优化翼型的气动性能,有利于微型飞行器的气动设计。以蜻蜓翼作为参考,采用计算流体力学（CFD）的方法计算了攻角范围为0°~20°,雷诺数范围为700~2300时褶皱位于前缘、尾缘和中部位置时三种翼型的滑翔气动性能。结果表明:在不同攻角和雷诺数下,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型具有最大的升力系数和升阻比,滑翔气动性能最优;当雷诺数为1500,攻角为10°时,褶皱位于尾缘的翼型时均升力系数分别比位于前缘和中部的翼型提高了58%和82%,升阻比分别提高了49%和33%;这是由于尾缘褶皱中的涡起到了延缓前缘涡脱落的作用,使前缘涡更为集中,更贴近壁面。      

组合发动机可调进气道气动性能

为使涡轮/冲压组合发动机能在宽广的飞行高度、速度内飞行,设计一种组合发动机可调进气道气动结构.编制带黏性修正激波系结构预估程序,实现不同来流马赫数及来流攻角下,进气道内激波系结构布置及强度预估,并指导进气道可调楔板尺寸选取.考虑进气道附面层抽吸后,对来流在马赫数为1.6～4.0范围内,-2°,0°和+2°三种攻角下进气...     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

基于Kriging模型的翼型气动性能优化设计

将基于Kriging模型的近似技术引入气动优化设计。通过计算两个测试函数的全局极值以及翼型几何形状的重构,比较了基于Kriging模型的优化方法与传统的梯度类优化方法、标准遗传算法的特点。结果表明基于近似模型的优化方法不仅全局性良好,而且有效节约了计算资源。用此方法进行了翼型的气动优化设计,目标函数为来流马赫数为0.7、攻角为3°时升阻比最大。设计结果表明,与参考翼型相比,优化翼型升阻比提高了81%,而翼型截面积减少不到1%,优化效果非常明显。     

HB-2 high-velocity correlation model at high angles of attack in supersonic wind tunnel tests

Responding to a need for experimental data on a standard wind tunnel model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, and in the absence of suitable reference data, a series of tests of two HB-2 standard models of different sizes was performed in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel of Vojnotehnickˇi Institut(VTI), in the Mach number range 1.5–4.0, at angles of attack up to+30°. Tests were performed at relatively high Reynolds numbers of 2.2 millions to 4.5 millions(based on model forebody diameter). Results were compared with available low angle of attack data from other facilities, and, as a good agreement was found, it was assumed that, by implication, the obtained high angle of attack results were valid as well. Therefore, the results can be used as a reference database for the HB-2 model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, which was not available before. The results are presented in comparison with available reference data, but also contain data for some Mach numbers not given in other publications.     

利用试验设计法建立翼型气动特性的人工神经网络模型

建立了翼型气动特性预测的BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型,重点研究了3种选取训练样本的试验设计(DOE)法:完全析因法、正交设计法和均匀设计法,对BP神经网络预测精度的影响,利用所建立的BP神经网络对FX63-137翼型几何型线进行了优化设计。研究结果表明:在因素数和水平数较少时,完全析因法、正交设计法及均匀设计法的平均测试误差分别为0.002%、0.029%、0.023%;在因素和水平数较多时,完全析因法的样本规模太大而不再适合,正交设计法和均匀设计法的平均测试误差分别为0.42%和0.15%,均匀设计法的预测精度更高,更适合于翼型气动特性预测的人工神经网络模型。优化后翼型的升阻比在迎角为0°~18°范围内均高于原始翼型,在迎角为1°、4°和15°时升阻比分别提高了4.38%、1.38%和5.51%。该研究方法及成果可以应用于翼型的多参数优化设计。     

大型客机后缘铰链襟翼巡航变弯度气动性能数值研究

更高、更快、减阻是飞机设计三大永恒的追求。传统的固定翼飞机在进行优化设计时需兼顾各种飞行条件,寻求一个折中的最优解,而变弯度机翼的概念能有效解决这个问题,符合上述飞机设计的三大追求。着重研究大型宽体客机后缘襟翼刚性变弯度对巡航气动效率及跨声速抖振边界的影响。首先基于下垂式铰链襟翼机构,编制了机构引导下带扰流板联合偏转的后缘襟翼运动仿真程序,以自动生成不同襟翼偏角的巡航构型。在此基础上对巡航构型进行非稳态气动计算,获得跨声速区机翼抖振边界。以该抖振边界作为约束条件,以襟翼偏角、迎角为双变量,获得Cl-K关系图,得到最优升阻比曲线。本文中襟翼偏角变化为0°~±3°,间隔1°;迎角范围为-2°~5°,间隔1°。计算结果表明,变弯度构型较不变弯度构型升阻比有所提高,抖振边界约提高10%;变弯度构型可提高不同设计点的气动效率,实现减阻省油;跨声速区机翼抖振边界的提高扩大了飞行包线,使得飞机能飞得更高、更快。