机翼掠角对前掠翼布局气动性能影响的流动机理

采用N-S方程和SST模型数值模拟方法,对比了前掠翼和后掠翼飞机气动性能的差异,对不同前掠角前掠翼布局的飞机纵向气动性能进行了比较,分析了其流动特性,总结了前掠角对前掠翼布局气动性能的影响.研究结果表明,前掠翼与后掠翼气动性能差异的根源是展向速度的不同;小迎角(α<16°)时,前掠角较小的模型气动效率较高,升力系数和升阻比也较大;大迎角(α>16°)时,随着前掠角的增大,前缘涡和侧缘涡增强,对翼面流动产生有利控制,因而前掠角大的模型升力系数较大.该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供理论依据.     

展向动量测定法与前掠翼流动机理研究

为揭示前掠翼与后掠翼的流动差异,研究前掠翼流动的特点和机理,设计了可进行直接比较的具有相同翼型剖面、相同展弦比、无根梢比的前掠45°(Λ=-45°)与后掠45°(Λ=45°)机翼模型,采用基于雷诺平均N-S方程流场求解器对前掠和后掠翼低速纵向气动性能进行数值模拟计算,并提出了展向动量测定法前掠翼流动机理进行了深入分析,研究结果表明:1)前掠翼展向动量输运使得升力向翼根汇聚,前掠翼展向升力分布更接近于椭圆分布,致使前掠翼诱导阻力更小;2)黏性对前掠翼的流场计算影响很大,文献中基于势流理论得到前掠翼比后掠翼气动性能好的结果是不准确的;3)在小迎角时,前掠翼气动效率与后掠翼相当,仅在最大升阻比迎角时前掠翼优于后掠翼,中等迎角下前掠翼翼根分离导致气动效率下降,但前掠翼具有更好的大迎角失速特性,有利于前掠翼大迎角飞行;4)相同总升力的情况下,前掠翼的翼根弯矩只有后掠翼的翼根弯矩的89.4%,采用前掠翼更有利于减轻机翼的结构重量。     

弹性飞行器大机动飞行气动特性分析

针对两种不同气动布局的前、后掠翼无人机,采用CFD/CSD松耦合方法,对弹性飞行器承受过载为10和20情况下的气动特性与刚性飞行器进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,与刚性飞行器假设情况相比,考虑过载作用下的弹性前掠翼飞机升力减小、阻力减小;而弹性后掠翼飞机的升力增大、阻力增大;两种气动布局的弹性飞行器与刚性情况相比,升阻比都略微增大,而且俯仰力矩系数明显增大。这对于飞行器纵向气动操纵特性会产生较大影响,同时也说明在大机动飞行过程中计入飞行器的弹性变形是非常必要的。     

一种新的变前掠翼无人机气动布局

研究了一种新的变前掠翼无人机气动布局概念,在低、亚、跨和超声速状态下可通过改变机翼的前掠角来获取最佳的气动性能。根据设计指标和翼身融合技术初步设计了其几何外形,并采用三维Navier-Stokes方程数值模拟和对比分析了5种不同任务构型的气动特性。结果表明：①在Ma=0.6巡航时,平直翼加挂副油箱构型最大升阻比为14.55,而三角翼构型仅为8.29;②在Ma=0.4机动时,45°前掠翼构型失速迎角达到38°且具有最大的升力系数2.455,较平直翼构型提高了4.9%;③在Ma=1.5高速突防时,三角翼零升阻力系数最小,比平直翼加挂副油箱构型减小了14.4%,最大升阻比提高了34.6%;④所有计算状态下俯仰力矩特性均良好。研究结果验证了变前掠翼无人机气动布局新概念的合理性和先进性,可为高性能无人机的设计提供参考。     

鸭翼-前掠翼气动布局纵向气动特性实验研究

前掠翼布局由于其潜在的优势,在未来战斗机的研制中将占有日益重要的地位.本实验通过可变前掠翼和鸭式前翼布局的风洞测力实验,重点分析比较了平板机翼在不同掠角下的纵向气动性能以及鸭翼的影响.实验结果表明,前掠翼在大迎角时能有效提高模型的升力系数,小迎角时其升阻比也略优于后掠翼.前掠翼布局能有效推迟失速,具有良好的失速特性;前掠角较大时,升力系数曲线在失速迎角附近有一个升力系数的"平台",该布局具有"缓失速"特性.距离主机翼较远的鸭式前翼(模型M2)在主机翼前掠和后掠情况下,均可改善整体布局的失速特性,增大失速迎角,增强前掠翼布局缓失速的特点.近距耦合鸭翼(模型M3)显著提高了模型在大迎角下的升力系数.另外,主翼前掠和鸭式前翼布局飞行器具有较好的机动性.     

机翼弹性变形对气动特性影响的实验研究

在低速风洞中研究了弹性对40°切角三角翼气动特性的影响,用激光测振仪测量模型在气动载荷作用下的变形,实验结果表明:相对刚性机翼而言,弹性可以极大地改善低雷诺数下机翼的气动特性,使小迎角下的升力系数和升阻比明显提高,从而有利于飞行。另外,弹性机翼顶点最大平均变形出现的迎角为α=15°,这与刚性机翼前缘涡在机翼顶点破裂的迎角一致;而在失速迎角α=20°附近,机翼顶点和翼梢变形的方差最大。     

前掠翼纵向气动特性的实验研究

本文基于风洞测力、测压、等试验结果,研究了前掠翼的气动力特点,并与相应的后掠翼做了比较。研究了改进前掠翼根部流动的措施和改进后的收益。在低速情况下,根部适当后掠可以较好地改善前掠翼根部的流动,获得较大的气动力收益。配置鸭翼可以进一步改善前掠翼根部的流动,得到更大的升阻比。例如,根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置鸭翼以后,C_y=0.5时的升阻比可比边条后掠翼配置鸭翼（两种布局升力面面积相等）的升阻比提高24％。 前掠翼在跨音速有较小的零升阻力和诱导阻力。当M_α=1.1,α=6°时,前掠翼的诱导阻力要比后掠翼的小12.5％。低速时改善根部流动的措施在跨音速时仍然有效。前掠翼以及根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置合适的鸭翼,也可使前掠翼的高速性能得到较大改善。     

前掠翼气动布局及低速纵向实验分析

本文依据低速风洞实验、载荷分布计算和跨超音速面积律计算,分析了前掠翼布局飞机的气动特性,提出了提高前掠翼气动特性的措施,并用对称性原理解决面涡法和面积律计算方法对前掠翼布局的应用。实验研究和计算表明:前掠翼布局有较好的气动特性,翼梢小翼可提高前掠翼的升力及升阻比。近距耦合的鸭翼及前掠翼翼根填块对改善前掠翼根的气流分离有显著效果。前掠冀比后掠翼更接近最佳载荷分布。有鸭翼的前掠翼组合体的轴向截面分布较易接近最佳当量截面分布,因而可显著减小零升波阻。     

翼尖连接机翼布局弹性气动力探讨

翼尖连接机翼(Joined Wing)布局将后掠的前翼和前掠的后翼在翼尖处用端板相连,后掠翼和前掠翼互相依存,克服平直机翼的局限,提高飞行临界M数,减小诱导阻力,抑制前掠翼的发散倾向.但是该布局的设计参数选择需要气动,结构强度,气动弹性等多学科综合分析,多学科设计优化还需要提供相对于气动设计参数的敏度.探讨了一种翼尖连接机翼布局包含发散速压和变形在内的刚性和弹性气动特性,以及对气动设计参数的敏度,可供该布局的多学科设计优化参考.     

高超声速可变形双翼气动特性

为研究高超声速可变形双翼在不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的气动特性,并针对在给定的迎角和马赫数条件下可变形双翼的舵面偏转角选取困难的问题,通过结合二分法、遗传算法和高斯牛顿算法对处于不同迎角和不同马赫数条件下的可变形双翼的舵面偏转角进行了选取确定,分析了可变形双翼的气动特性和舵面偏转角对其气动特性产生影响的机理。研究表明:当来流马赫数为5,迎角从1°~8°变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比明显大于Busemann双翼的升阻比,最大可达4.2倍;当迎角为3°,来流马赫数从0.5~5变化时,可变形双翼的升阻比最大可达Busemann双翼升阻比的3.4倍。结果表明可变形双翼在大迎角和大速度范围内均能保持高升阻比,在高超声速飞行中将具有更好的应用价值和前景。     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

地面效应下前/后掠翼气动特性研究

针对飞行器在地效区飞行时复杂的流场特性,通过求解定常可压N-S方程,改变机翼后掠角和地效区飞行高度,研究不同前/后掠角机翼在地效区内的气动特性。结果表明:在地效区内,随着后掠角的增大,机翼的升力系数和阻力系数呈现先增后减的变化规律,后掠角在0°附近时升力系数达到最大值,阻力系数在10°附近达到最大值;俯仰力矩系数随着后掠角增加而减小;展向流动在后掠角为0°时最小,展向流动随着后掠角增大或减小剧烈变化;机翼下洗角随着后掠角增大而减小,随着离地高度的减小而减小。研究结果可为地效飞行器的概念方案设计和优化提供理论依据。     

钝前缘三角翼无人机气动特性研究

三角翼布局因其优良的气动特性在军用飞机和无人机上获得了广泛应用.为了研究钝前缘三角翼无人机的气动特性,首先采用求解雷诺平均N-S方程的方法对NASA钝前缘三角翼标模进行对比计算,以验证计算方法的可靠度;然后对无人机四个升降舵偏角的气动力和流场特性进行分析研究.结果表明:三角翼无人机在升力系数较小时具有较高的升阻比,当迎角小于1 5°时,钝前缘三角翼前缘气流附体、吸力较高,翼面的横向流动不明显,使飞机的升阻比提高;当迎角大于15°后,涡流特征起主导作用,使得飞机在直到40°迎角范围内没有出现大面积气流分离,具有良好的俯仰稳定性,升降舵效率较高.钝前缘三角翼气动布局在翼展受限、翼载较小的条件下具有一定的气动特性优势.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

Experimental validation of a new morphing trailing edge system using Price – Païdoussis wind tunnel tests

This paper presents the design and manufacturing of a new morphing wing system carried out at the Laboratory of Applied Research in Active Controls, Avionics and AeroServoElasticity(LARCASE) at the ETS in Montréal. This first version of a morphing wing allows the deformation of its trailing edge, denote by Morphing Trailing Edge(MTE). In order to characterize the technical impact of this deformation, we compare its performance with that of a rigid aileron by testing in the LARCASE's price-Pa?doussis subsonic wind tunnel. The first set of results shows that it is possible to replace an aileron by a MTE on a wing, as an improvement was observed for the MTE aerodynamic performances with respect to the aileron aerodynamic performances.The improvement consisted in the fact that the drag coefficient was smaller, and the lift-to-drag ratio was higher for the same lift coefficient.     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

近耦鸭式布局干扰气动力实验研究

 使用能单独测量鸭翼部分气动力的“鸭翼天平”及全机气动力天平,对一可组拆的鸭式布局模型进行了干扰气动力的实验研究。发现在α<20°时鸭翼与主翼间的干扰是不利的,使升力下降。α>32°时干扰变得有利。α=32°时干扰升力可占到总升力的24％。若主翼为前掠翼,构成鸭式布局的气动特性更好。     

基于试验气动力的弹性飞机舵面效率分析

基于非线性试验气动力和线性理论气动力对某飞机进行了气动导数和飞行载荷计算,分析了舵面操纵效率受气动力类型、飞行动压和迎角的影响,重点研究了舵面操纵效率、舵面操纵反效与翼面弹性载荷、弹性压差分布以及弹性气动压心之间的关系。研究表明：使用非线性试验气动力和线性理论气动力所分析得到的舵面效率具有较大的差别;受到结构弹性变形的影响,随着飞行动压的增加,舵面的操纵效率不断下降,副翼甚至会出现操纵反效现象;在使用非线性试验气动力进行分析时,飞行迎角对于舵面操纵效率具有较大的影响,这是在使用线性理论气动力进行分析时所不能考虑的。