Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

基于离散协同射流的翼型增升减阻方法

协同射流是一种近壁面流动的高效、低能耗主动控制技术。重点开展了一种应用离散协同射流的二维翼型增升减阻效应的数值模拟研究,分析了离散协同射流的堵塞度和喷口密集度等关键参数对流场结构、气动特性、功率消耗及能量利用率的影响效应与作用规律。在施加离散协同射流措施后,能够使翼型近壁面空间流场更有效地产生较强的相干涡结构,使得射流与主流及边界层充分混合,可显著提高同等迎角下的升力系数、明显减小阻力系数,最大升力系数提高近150%,失速攻角推迟约5°。研究表明:离散协同射流是一种显著提高翼型性能的高效流动控制方法。     

弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响分析

针对弹性变形对前掠翼气动特性的影响,基于改进的CFD/CSD松耦合静气动弹性数值计算方法,在高亚声速条件下,对前掠角χ=10°,20°,30°的前掠翼纵向气动特性和副翼操纵效率进行了计算和分析。结果表明,迎角较小时,弹性翼的升力、升阻比和俯仰力矩较刚性翼大,大迎角时恰恰相反;随着前掠角的增加,机翼的弯扭变形和气动参数变化的程度愈加剧烈;在最大升阻比、迎角α=4°、副翼偏转角δ=20°时,弹性翼的副翼操纵效率略大于刚性翼。该研究可为前掠翼布局的设计提供借鉴。     

地面效应下前/后掠翼气动特性研究

针对飞行器在地效区飞行时复杂的流场特性,通过求解定常可压N-S方程,改变机翼后掠角和地效区飞行高度,研究不同前/后掠角机翼在地效区内的气动特性。结果表明:在地效区内,随着后掠角的增大,机翼的升力系数和阻力系数呈现先增后减的变化规律,后掠角在0°附近时升力系数达到最大值,阻力系数在10°附近达到最大值;俯仰力矩系数随着后掠角增加而减小;展向流动在后掠角为0°时最小,展向流动随着后掠角增大或减小剧烈变化;机翼下洗角随着后掠角增大而减小,随着离地高度的减小而减小。研究结果可为地效飞行器的概念方案设计和优化提供理论依据。     

考虑放宽静稳定度的民用客机气动优化设计

为了更加有效地减小民用客机考虑配平约束后的阻力,针对典型跨声速民用客机机翼-机身-平尾构型研究了不同静稳定度下的气动优化设计,并总结出在民用客机的减阻设计中考虑放宽静稳定度具有较大的减阻潜力。通过自由型面变形(FFD)技术对全机外形进行参数化,实现机翼型面的变形,进行气动优化设计并改变平尾的偏转保证全机能够力矩配平。采用基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程的离散伴随方法求解目标函数对设计变量的梯度,然后基于序列二次规划算法进行基于梯度的气动优化设计。基于CRM(Common Research Model)构型,针对不同参考重心位置进行了考虑配平约束的减阻优化设计研究,验证了优化设计系统的有效性,算例结果表明,随着重心位置后移即放宽静稳定度,优化构型配平阻力减小,外翼段前缘吸力峰值明显降低且双激波的强度得到有效减弱,此外机翼的升力系数分布更加贴合最佳升力系数分布。     

前掠翼纵向气动特性的实验研究

本文基于风洞测力、测压、等试验结果,研究了前掠翼的气动力特点,并与相应的后掠翼做了比较。研究了改进前掠翼根部流动的措施和改进后的收益。在低速情况下,根部适当后掠可以较好地改善前掠翼根部的流动,获得较大的气动力收益。配置鸭翼可以进一步改善前掠翼根部的流动,得到更大的升阻比。例如,根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置鸭翼以后,C_y=0.5时的升阻比可比边条后掠翼配置鸭翼（两种布局升力面面积相等）的升阻比提高24％。 前掠翼在跨音速有较小的零升阻力和诱导阻力。当M_α=1.1,α=6°时,前掠翼的诱导阻力要比后掠翼的小12.5％。低速时改善根部流动的措施在跨音速时仍然有效。前掠翼以及根部适当后掠的前掠翼（整流翼）配置合适的鸭翼,也可使前掠翼的高速性能得到较大改善。     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

涡襟翼及其与前端襟翼组合的气动特性

应用测压、测力、七孔管测速和激光流态显示等方法对三种(等弦长、分段、台阶)型式涡襟冀进行了实验研究,并和基本翼(74°后掠三角翼)作比较。发现单纯改变涡襟翼的形式和参数能提高减阻效果,但不能改变小迎角下升力过小的现象。为此将机翼前端作成襟翼形式(前端襟翼)并配置后缘襟翼,研究了两种前端襟翼对涡襟翼的干扰,实验表明适当控制前端襟翼使分离涡不破裂,可使该布局同时具有减小阻力和增加升力的效果。     

大型运输机动力增升喷流效应数值模拟

参照C-17运输机发动机安装位置,考虑内、外涵道分开排气,建立了外吹式襟翼动力增升全机几何分析模型以及相应的巡航构型.采用结构化多块网格技术,基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方法,分别对全机增升构型和单独发动机动力喷流进行数值模拟验证,在此基础上对外吹式襟翼动力喷流效应展开研究.对于低速动力增升构型,发动机喷流大部分直接冲刷襟翼下表面而后向下偏转,部分高速气流经襟翼缝道引射并加速后吹向襟翼上表面,两部分气流在襟翼后缘汇合并向下游延伸,喷流冲刷襟翼时存在明显展向横流特征.在动力喷流影响下,不仅襟翼环量大幅增加,缝翼和主翼上的环量也均有所增加,全机可用升力系数和最大升力系数均突破了机械式增升装置的极限,达到4.0以上.同时,全机低头力矩大幅增加,为纵向配平带来额外的压力.对于相应的高速巡航构型,发动机喷流主要影响机翼下表面的压力分布,使得全机升力减小,阻力明显增大.动力增升构型在基本翼设计过程中应充分考虑喷流的影响.      

应用协同射流原理的旋翼翼型增升减阻试验研究

协同射流技术作为一种新型主动流动控制技术,是突破旋翼翼型高增升减阻设计的最有潜力的发展方向之一。以 OA312 旋翼翼型作为基准翼型,研制微型涵道风扇组为驱动的旋翼翼型 CFJ 风洞测力模型,开展基于前缘高负压零质量内循环协同射流原理的旋翼翼型高增升减阻低速风洞试验,研究吹气口大小、吸气口大小和上翼面下沉量等基础参数对增升减阻的影响规律,探讨 CFJ 旋翼翼型关键参数最佳取值。结果表明：与OA312 基准翼型相比,小攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著降低阻力系数,甚至出现“负阻力”现象,实现了零升俯仰力矩基本不变;大攻角状态时,CFJ 旋翼翼型可显著提升最大升力系数和失速迎角,其中,最大升力系数可提升约 67.5%,失速迎角推迟了近 14.8°。     

基于联合射流的翼型动态失速流动控制研究

动态失速控制对于提高翼型气动特性具有重要意义。采用联合射流方法对翼型俯仰动态失速控制进行数值模拟,完成两方面的研究:一是射流关闭时射流通道对动态失速特性的影响,二是射流开启时不同射流动量系数对动态失速控制的影响和分析。结果表明:射流关闭时,射流通道的存在对翼型上仰过程中附着流阶段的气动特性产生不利影响,使得升力系数明显下降,但是对翼型下俯过程中失速分离流阶段的气动特性影响不明显;射流开启后,动态失速特性得到极大改善,迟滞环面积显著减小,升力增加,阻力减小,且阻力和力矩的峰值显著减小,原基准翼型力矩曲线的负阻尼区域消失。     

剪切翼梢增升减阻机理

在计算与风洞实验的基础上 ,提出了机翼剪切翼梢气动布局 ,对平面形状与翼型进行了优化设计 ,达到了巡航状态与爬升阶段较高的增升减阻要求。计算采用涡格面元法与涡升力展向分布吸力比拟法相结合的方法 ,既能考虑气动力的非线性因素 ,又有较高的计算精度与速度。计算结果与实验数据十分吻合。通过分析得到 ,在矩形翼翼梢处增加具有较大前缘后掠角的梯形剪切翼梢有不仅增加机翼展弦比 ,且可改变展向环量分布 ,使其接近椭圆分布 ;剪切翼梢上的前缘涡可抑制翼端涡的作用 (使翼端涡强度变弱 ) ,并在剪切翼梢上产生附加升力     

Experimental investigations of a full model with adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings

The morphing wing concept aims to constantly adapt the aerodynamics to different flight stages. The wing is able to adapt to different flight conditions by an adjustable Aspect Ratio (AR) and sweep. A high AR configuration provides high aerodynamic efficiency, while a low AR configuration, with highly swept wings offers a good maneuverability. Additionally, the flexible membrane allows the wing surface to stretch and contract in-plane as well as the airfoil to adapt to different aerodynamic loads. In the context of this work, the aerodynamic characteristics of a full model with form-adaptive elasto-flexible membrane wings are investigated experimentally. The focus is on the high-lift regime and on the analysis of the aerodynamic coefficients as well as their sensitivities. Especially, the lateral aerodynamic derivatives at asymmetric wing positions are of interest.     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

翼身融合无人机外形优化设计研究

翼身融合布局无人机具有较好的升阻特性和隐身特性,拥有广泛的应用前景。为了提高无人机的续航能力,兼顾翼身融合无人机的气动特性和结构重量要求,选择无人机升阻比与全机面积作为优化目标,应用多目标优化方法研究翼身融合无人机的外形设计,提出一种针对翼身融合无人机的外形参数化优化设计方法,并进行实例验证。结果表明:外形优化可以提高无人机升阻比、减轻结构重量,从而获得合理的翼身融合无人机设计方案。     

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

协同射流在垂直尾翼流动控制中的应用研究

飞机垂尾的气动特性直接关系到垂尾尺寸和质量,通过流动控制方法提高垂尾的升力可以进一步减小垂尾尺寸,对减小结构质量具有实际意义。采用计算流体力学方法,对垂尾的协同射流主动流动控制进行数值模拟;研究射流动量系数对连续协同射流的影响规律,以及射流动量系数、堵塞比、喷口数量等参数对离散协同射流的影响规律。结果表明：对于连续型协...     

盒式翼无人机气动特性数值计算分析

传统方法求解盒式翼无人机的气动特性有一定的局限性,某无人机采用负交错的盒式翼布局,翼尖高差约为5%展长,翼面系统各部件之间的干扰影响复杂。为了获得其失速特性、升降舵效率等粘性作用强烈的边界气动特性,通过雷诺平均Navior-Stokes方法分析其极曲线、失速特性和俯仰力矩特性。结果表明:诱导阻力相对同等单翼降低约9%,与理论结果接近;后翼采用-4°的有效负安装角,导致配平后最大升力系数降低较多;大迎角失速时出现抬头力矩,与前翼后掠导致的翼尖失速以及后翼位于前翼尾流中效率降低有关。