应用协同射流控制的临近空间螺旋桨高增效方法

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程与多块搭接网格技术,数值模拟了协同射流(CFJ)翼型及桨叶的黏性绕流,分析了CFJ技术的增升减阻效果及工作机理。研究了CFJ的功率及效能比的分析方法,量化分析了CFJ的能量利用率。开展了喷口大小、喷口动量系数等参数对CFJ翼型性能的影响规律研究,并在此基础上开展了应用CFJ的临近空间螺旋桨高增效方法研究。结果表明:数值模拟结果与实验值吻合良好,在不同状态下,CFJ控制技术均能显著改善翼型气动性能。其中,最大升力系数提高了60%~130%;阻力系数降低了100%~440%,部分小迎角工况甚至出现负阻力系数,升阻比显著提高;翼型失速特性明显改善,失速迎角提高了近10°;能量利用率高,效能比可达440%。最终,在最优参数条件设置下,采用基于CFJ控制技术的临近空间螺旋桨可提高效率5%以上。     

基于离散协同射流的翼型增升减阻方法

协同射流是一种近壁面流动的高效、低能耗主动控制技术。重点开展了一种应用离散协同射流的二维翼型增升减阻效应的数值模拟研究,分析了离散协同射流的堵塞度和喷口密集度等关键参数对流场结构、气动特性、功率消耗及能量利用率的影响效应与作用规律。在施加离散协同射流措施后,能够使翼型近壁面空间流场更有效地产生较强的相干涡结构,使得射流与主流及边界层充分混合,可显著提高同等迎角下的升力系数、明显减小阻力系数,最大升力系数提高近150%,失速攻角推迟约5°。研究表明:离散协同射流是一种显著提高翼型性能的高效流动控制方法。     

基于零质量射流技术的旋翼翼型流场主动控制研究

旋翼翼型经常工作在大迎角来流条件下,流动分离普遍存在。通过在具有分离流动的翼型表面施加零质量射流控制,可以实现对流动分离的抑制,达到增升减阻、推迟失速的目的。本文通过对某旋翼翼型的流动控制的计算,采用数值模拟方法研究了零质量射流主动流动控制机理,并对影响零质量射流控制效果的射流喷角、动量系数和无量纲频率三个控制参数进行了分析比较,得出了一些有意义的结论。     

扇翼飞行器翼型附面层控制数值模拟

基于扇翼飞行器翼型特殊的几何形状及流场特性,在原有翼型的弧形槽下方和后缘加装控制阀门,通过调节阀门开启及开启尺寸的大小,利用弧形槽低压涡所产生的吸力对翼型后缘的附面层进行一定的控制,达到增升减阻的效果。通过采用计算流体力学的方法对其机理及阀门开启尺寸的影响进行了详细计算和分析,研究表明当阀门开启的尺寸为10 mm时,修改翼型的最大升力系数、失速迎角及相同迎角下的升力系数和推力系数均大于基本翼型;随着阀门开启尺寸的增大,修改翼型的最大升力系数和失速迎角均减小,但是在失速前,修改翼型在相同迎角下的升力系数大于基本翼型。此方法可以改变先前通过增大横流风扇的转速来提高其气动性能的做法,减小了能量的消耗,增大了整个飞行器的航程,为扇翼飞行器能够早日投入实际运用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

等离子体激励用于两段翼型增升的试验研究

在NACA23018两段翼型上安装等离子体激励器,通过风洞测力和丝线流态试验,研究了等离子体对翼型最大升力和失速迎角的影响。研究表明,等离子体激励可以显著地增加NACA23018两段翼型的最大升力系数和失速迎角,来流风速20m/s时,最大升力系数增加52%,失速迎角增加12.4°。等离子体激励和前缘缝翼的作用类似,并且可以和后缘增升装置配合使用,在运输类飞机设计中有潜在的应用前景。     

GAW-1翼型前后缘变弯度气动性能研究

传统增升装置主要用于提高飞机起降气动性能。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,引入了通用飞机翼型的前后缘变弯装置的概念,数值模拟了GAW-1翼型在爬升状态时,前缘变弯装置、后缘襟翼/副翼偏转以及前后缘装置综合偏转对翼型气动特性的影响。研究表明,前缘变弯装置可以有效地改善翼型的失速特性,失速迎角提高了3°左右,最大升力系数提高了4.56%;同时提高升阻比50%~120%;但在设计升力系数下,升力系数和阻力系数都略微减小。另一方面,后缘变弯装置可以改变最大升阻比所对应的迎角,以及在小迎角时,提高升力系数6%左右。翼型综合偏转可以在小迎角时增加升力系数,在大迎角时增加升阻比。     

缝道几何构型对翼型气动特性的影响

为深入研究翼型开缝抑制翼型吸力面流动分离的被动流动控制技术，在探讨开缝依据的基础上，针对NACA4421翼型设计了7种缝道构型，并给出了缝道构型之间的几何联系，对比分析了曲线、折线及直线3种形式的缝道对翼型失速的控制效果，发现曲线缝道能够显著提高翼型的最大升力系数和失速迎角；分析了曲线缝道构型升力系数“双峰”现象的机理，提出了一种新型导流片缝道构型，该构型利用“科恩达效应”能够全面改善基准翼型的失速特性，失速迎角推迟可达14°，最大升力系数提高122%，达到2.785，可为增升装置设计提供新的思路和参考。     

Gurney襟翼的单段翼型动态气动特性的影响

在西北工业大学NF－3风洞中对OA212MK旋翼翼型加装Gurney襟翼进行了静、动态的测压实验。研究了不同高度的Gurney襟翼在翼型后缘有、无平板（TAB）状态时的增升效果。实验结果表明，高度为0．010c的Gurney襟翼使OA212MK旋翼翼型的最大静态和动态升力系数分别增加了22％和16％，而使OA212MK＋TAB的最大静态和动态升力系数分别增加了19％和5％。     

内吹式襟翼控制机理和失速特性

短距起降运输机对增升装置提出了更高要求,常规机械式增升装置已无法满足,内吹式襟翼系统是当今固定翼飞机最有效的动力增升形式.为推动该技术的工程应用,基于雷诺平均N-S方程,对某加装60°偏角无缝襟翼的亚声速翼型在环量控制作用下的流场进行数值模拟,研究了其在不同吹气动量系数下的气动特性及流动形态,分析了不同环量控制阶段增升机理、失速特性和吹气动量系数对失速特性影响规律.结果表明:内吹式襟翼增升控制效率(升力系数增量与吹气动量系数的比值)较高,在临界吹气动量系数下可达70,此时相较于无吹气状态,升力增加约125％;主翼上由于环量增加产生的升力增量是翼型升力增量的主要来源,约占总升力增量的78％;吹气动量系数增加可造成翼型气动中心后移;附面层分离控制区主要通过消除襟翼上的流动分离增加升力,超环量控制区升力的增加是由于尾缘下游的射流效应使流线进一步偏转而实现的;随吹气动量增加,附面层分离控制区的失速迎角提前,超环量控制区失速迎角略微推迟.     

平均攻角和振幅对振荡翼型气动特性的影响

采用一种基于k-ωSST模型和γ-θ转捩模型的雷诺平均N-S方程数值方法,对雷诺数Re=1.35×105下的NACA0012振荡翼型和静态翼型非定常流场和升力特性进行模拟,在缩减频率K=0.1的条件下研究了翼型振荡运动中平均攻角和振幅对平均升力系数的影响,并与静态翼型的升力特性及实验结果进行了对比。结果表明:当平均攻角小于临界攻角时,翼型的振荡运动会降低平均升力系数,当平均攻角大于临界攻角同时最小攻角小于临界攻角时,翼型的振荡可以提高平均升力系数。在平均攻角为12°~17°时,翼型振幅为6°左右时可获得最大平均升力系数,与静态翼型相比,平均升力系数可提高30%~45.7%。当振荡过程中最小攻角对应静态翼型轻失速攻角时,翼型上仰阶段前缘涡的产生和集中涡的稳定附着是平均升力系数大幅度阶跃式提升的原因,静态翼型与振荡翼型的组合可提高升力并拓宽攻角范围。     

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter. However, little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack. The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ) is nume...     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

基于联合射流的翼型动态失速流动控制研究

动态失速控制对于提高翼型气动特性具有重要意义。采用联合射流方法对翼型俯仰动态失速控制进行数值模拟,完成两方面的研究:一是射流关闭时射流通道对动态失速特性的影响,二是射流开启时不同射流动量系数对动态失速控制的影响和分析。结果表明:射流关闭时,射流通道的存在对翼型上仰过程中附着流阶段的气动特性产生不利影响,使得升力系数明显下降,但是对翼型下俯过程中失速分离流阶段的气动特性影响不明显;射流开启后,动态失速特性得到极大改善,迟滞环面积显著减小,升力增加,阻力减小,且阻力和力矩的峰值显著减小,原基准翼型力矩曲线的负阻尼区域消失。     

Numerical investigation of co-flow jet airfoil with parabolic flap

Both the Active Flow Control (AFC) and the variable-camber technology are considered as efficient ways to enhance the aerodynamic performance of an aircraft. The present study investigated the feasibility of the combination of a Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) airfoil and a parabolic flap, where the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model were exploited for the numerical simulation. Several significant geometric parameters, including the injection slot location, the suction slot location, the injection slot angle, the suction slot angle and the airfoil Suction Surface Translation (SST), were selected to study their effects on the aerodynamics of the proposed configuration. Then, an optimized design was created and compared with the baseline airfoil. The results show that the CFJ airfoil combined with the parabolic flap is more beneficial to the aerodynamic performance enhancement at small angles of attack. It is preferable to locate the injection slot at a 2% chord-wise location and the suction slot at a 75% chord-wise location. Both the decrease of the injection slot angle and the augmentation of the suction slot angle could reduce the drag. Furthermore, the SST of 0.5% chord is selected due to its high gain in the corrected aerodynamic efficiency at small angles of attack. Compared with the baseline, the optimized design could increase the lift coefficient and the corrected lift-to-drag ratio by 32.1% and 93.8% respectively at the angle of attack α = 4°.     

直升机动态失速研究

本文简要介绍了旋翼和翼型的动态失速特性、动态失速主动和被动控制、旋翼综合法预测使用的一些动态失速模拟方法.UH-60A直升机飞行试验11029飞行是一个典型的旋翼动态失速实例,表演出旋翼后行桨叶上出现高攻角引起的动态失速,而前行桨叶上则出现因为激波诱导前缘分离引起的动态失速.翼型的动态失速特性方面介绍了典型的动态失速迟滞回线(攻角正弦变化和锯齿变化)、缩减频率和雷诺数对翼型动态失速特性的影响等.动态失速主动控制介绍可动前缘翼型的情况,被动控制则是使用前缘涡发生器的情况.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

飞机着陆过程中提高气动性能的一种新方法

为了提高飞机在着陆过程中的气动性能,提出了一种新方法:将翼型上翼面的一段表面设计为活动部分。当飞机进入着陆阶段的较大迎角时,通过活动部分在上翼面形成一个台阶产生稳定的驻涡,再联合Gurney襟翼,达到同时提高翼型的升力、失速迎角及增加翼型阻力的目的。在NACA2415翼型上对上述方法进行了验证。结果表明,翼型最大升力系数从原始翼型的1.548 232提高到2.160 687,最大升力系数所对应的迎角可以从原始翼型的17°提高到20°。可见,所提出的新方法对提高飞机的着陆性能是有效的。