Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

雷诺数对大型客机低速气动特性影响的试验研究

在哈尔滨气动院FL-9 增压风洞进行了某大型客机低速高雷诺数半模测力测压风洞试验,来流马赫数为0.2,增压范围为1~4个大气压。基于模型机翼平均气动弦长的雷诺数从2.9×106 到11×106。以此为基础主要分析了雷诺数对机翼纵向气动力特性的影响,结果发现雷诺数对升力线斜率、最大升力系数、失速攻角和失速特性都有影响。相对于增升装置打开后的高升力构型,雷诺数对巡航构型的影响更明显。     

雷诺数对涡桨飞机增升装置气动特性影响的计算研究

雷诺数是表征流体粘性对流动影响的相似参数,对飞机部件的气动性能具有重要的影响.利用商业软件CFX对某民用涡桨飞机增升装置构型进行变雷诺数计算研究,详细分析雷诺数对升力系数、失速特性以及附面层速度特性的影响.结果表明:雷诺数对最大升力系数和失速迎角都有显著的影响;不同雷诺数下机翼分离形态变化显著,大雷诺数下机翼分离区域较小;不同雷诺数下机翼附面层状态不一致,雷诺数增大使得附面层速度型更饱满,机翼的抗分离能力增强.     

Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro air vehicles

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) with wing spans of 15 cm or less, and flight speed of 30–60 kph are of interest for military and civilian applications. There are two prominent features of MAV flight: (i) low Reynolds number (10⁴–10⁵), resulting in unfavorable aerodynamic conditions to support controlled flight, and (ii) small physical dimensions, resulting in certain favorable scaling characteristics including structural strength, reduced stall speed, and low inertia. Based on observations of biological flight vehicles, it appears that wing motion and flexible airfoils are two key attributes for flight at low Reynolds number. The small size of MAVs corresponds in nature to small birds, which do not glide like large birds, but instead flap with considerable change of wing shape during a single flapping cycle. With flapping and flexible wings, birds overcome the deteriorating aerodynamic performance under steady flow conditions by employing unsteady mechanisms. In this article, we review both biological and aeronautical literatures to present salient features relevant to MAVs. We first summarize scaling laws of biological and micro air vehicles involving wing span, wing loading, vehicle mass, cruising speed, flapping frequency, and power. Next we discuss kinematics of flapping wings and aerodynamic models for analyzing lift, drag and power. Then we present issues related to low Reynolds number flows and airfoil shape selection. Recent work on flexible structures capable of adjusting the airfoil shape in response to freestream variations is also discussed.     

Fixed membrane wings for micro air vehicles: Experimental characterization,numerical modeling,and tailoring

Fixed wing micro air vehicles (wingspan between 10 and 15 cm) are aerodynamically challenging due to the low Reynolds number regime (10⁴–10⁵) they operate in. The low aspect ratio wings (typically used to maximize area under a size constraint) promote strong tip vortices, and are susceptible to rolling instabilities. Wind gusts can be of the same order of magnitude as the flight speed (10–15 m/s). Standard control surfaces on an empennage must be eliminated for size considerations and drag reduction, and the range of stable center of gravity locations is only a few millimeters long. Membrane aeroelasticity has been identified as a tenable method to alleviate these issues: flexible wing structures with geometric twist (adaptive washout for gust rejection, delayed stall) and aerodynamic twist (adaptive inflation for high lift, larger stability margins) are both considered here. Recent investigations in static aeroelastic characterization, including flight loads, wing deformation, flow structures, aeroelastic-tailoring studies through laminate orientation, as well as unconventional techniques based on membrane pre-tension, are reviewed. Multi-objective optimization aimed at improving lift, drag, and pitching moment considerations is also discussed.     

低雷诺数下机翼气动特性研究及控制

高空长航时无人飞行器(HALE UAV)由于飞行环境空气稀薄、雷诺数低导致其气动性能恶化,如何通过流动控制改善机翼低雷诺数气动性能受到越来越多的关注。在低速风洞中通过测力、测压和边界层测试等试验技术开展了NACA 633-421直机翼模型气动特性试验和流动控制研究。天平测力结果表明:随雷诺数降低(Re<1.4×10⁵)机翼气动特性迅速恶化;最大升力系数损失严重,失速迎角急剧降低;分析翼面压力分布结果显示,机翼表面产生层流分离泡(LSB),其长度变化、位置前移和最终发生破裂的发展过程是导致机翼低雷诺数气动性能恶化的主要原因。采用合成微射流(Micro-SJ)对翼面层流分离泡进行流动控制,失速迎角推迟了11°,机翼最大升力系数由0.59提升至1.10,最大升阻比增加了13.6%。合成微射流控制具有选频特性,驱动频率f=200~400 Hz的合成微射流控制效果最佳,更易促进分离剪切层提前转捩,形成湍流再附,使得层流分离泡长度缩短。     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

舰载机折叠翼气动特性分析

折叠翼技术是舰载机与航母相匹配的关键,研究折叠翼的气动特性对舰载机飞行动态及安全性具有重要意义。基于离散化的思想对折叠翼进行建模,并利用计算流体力学CAE软件Fluent对其进行数值计算,从升力系数和阻力系数变化及压力分布分析舰载机折叠翼的气动特性。结果表明:当折叠角为75°时,外翼的升力系数及侧向力系数将达到最大,阻力系数最小;一旦折叠机构失效,外翼的折叠将导致机翼整体升力系数及阻力系数大幅度下降,气动特性变差;与折叠机构失效前相比,折叠后的机翼失速迎角变小,且在失速后升力系数有缓慢上升趋势。     

翼吊长涵道发动机短舱内偏角优化和机理研究

翼吊式发动机短舱是现代大中型飞机最常采用的气动布局形式,发动机短舱及挂架相对于机翼的展向位置、弦向位置、垂向位置、内偏角、安装角均会对它们之间的流场产生影响,进而影响全机的气动特性。本文采用CFD数值计算的方法,对翼吊长涵道发动机短舱的内偏角进行优化分析。对比分析了不同内偏角时,高速巡航状态的干扰阻力和低速大迎角状态的失速特性,研究了高速巡航时挂架内侧出现高负压峰值的机理,以及不同剖面形状的挂架对内偏角优化的影响。计算结果表明：内偏角-0.5°、0°和0.5°时,干扰阻力及升力损失较小,不同剖面形状的挂架不会对内偏角优化结果产生较大影响,但可以减小挂架内侧的负压峰值。本文得出的结论对工程上翼下吊挂外挂物有一定的指导意义。     

Recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have the potential to revolutionize our sensing and information gathering capabilities in areas such as environmental monitoring and homeland security. Flapping wings with suitable wing kinematics, wing shapes, and flexible structures can enhance lift as well as thrust by exploiting large-scale vortical flow structures under various conditions. However, the scaling invariance of both fluid dynamics and structural dynamics as the size changes is fundamentally difficult. The focus of this review is to assess the recent progress in flapping wing aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. It is realized that a variation of the Reynolds number (wing sizing, flapping frequency, etc.) leads to a change in the leading edge vortex (LEV) and spanwise flow structures, which impacts the aerodynamic force generation. While in classical stationary wing theory, the tip vortices (TiVs) are seen as wasted energy, in flapping flight, they can interact with the LEV to enhance lift without increasing the power requirements. Surrogate modeling techniques can assess the aerodynamic outcomes between two- and three-dimensional wing. The combined effect of the TiVs, the LEV, and jet can improve the aerodynamics of a flapping wing. Regarding aeroelasticity, chordwise flexibility in the forward flight can substantially adjust the projected area normal to the flight trajectory via shape deformation, hence redistributing thrust and lift. Spanwise flexibility in the forward flight creates shape deformation from the wing root to the wing tip resulting in varied phase shift and effective angle of attack distribution along the wing span. Numerous open issues in flapping wing aerodynamics are highlighted.     

盒式翼无人机气动特性数值计算分析

传统方法求解盒式翼无人机的气动特性有一定的局限性,某无人机采用负交错的盒式翼布局,翼尖高差约为5%展长,翼面系统各部件之间的干扰影响复杂。为了获得其失速特性、升降舵效率等粘性作用强烈的边界气动特性,通过雷诺平均Navior-Stokes方法分析其极曲线、失速特性和俯仰力矩特性。结果表明:诱导阻力相对同等单翼降低约9%,与理论结果接近;后翼采用-4°的有效负安装角,导致配平后最大升力系数降低较多;大迎角失速时出现抬头力矩,与前翼后掠导致的翼尖失速以及后翼位于前翼尾流中效率降低有关。     

一种分布式电动飞机螺旋桨滑流影响机理

提出了一种分布式电推进螺旋桨飞机，采用二阶精度求解RANS方程的k-ω SST （Shear-Stress-Transport）湍流模型，基于多参考系（MRF）方法，针对低速特性进行数值模拟，得到了分布式螺旋桨滑流效应对全机气动特性的影响规律，重点对螺旋桨后方速度场及机翼表面压力分布进行分析。结果表明有滑流状态增加了全机升力和阻力，升力系数最大增量超过65%，且升力增量随迎角的增加而增大，改善了失速性能，增加了低头力矩；螺旋桨旋转增加了周向速度，改变了径向速度分布，增加轴向速度，高能量螺旋桨滑流改变了机翼当地升阻力特性；螺旋桨桨叶向上旋转一侧气流受上洗影响而局部迎角增加，另一侧局部迎角降低，越靠近桨盘位置，受螺旋桨洗流带来的影响越大；螺旋桨的旋转方向对螺旋桨两侧的机翼表面压力分布有较大影响，尤其是翼尖螺旋桨对全机气动性能影响较大。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

可变正弦前缘对直机翼气动性能影响的研究

通过风洞测力实验,研究了可变正弦前缘对直机翼气动性能的影响。可变正弦前缘为平板式,安装于NACA0015直机翼的前驻点处,并能自由伸展与缩回。风洞实验结果表明：加装可变正弦前缘后,直机翼呈现出缓失速特性,失速后的升力系数均有不同程度的提高,大迎角下的气动性能得到改善。可变正弦前缘伸展长度对气动性能的影响研究表明,其伸展长度是影响机翼气动性能的重要参数,只有伸展长度较小时,才能获得较好的气动性能。     

水翼型水上飞机偏转机翼布局数值研究

针对水上飞机水面起飞过程阻力峰值较大,提出一种可偏转机翼水翼型水上飞机,飞机水面滑行时偏转机翼割划水面产生水动升力将飞机抬离水面,空中飞行时偏转机翼根据飞行条件可偏转角度。采用空气动力和水动力耦合求解并结合动力学平衡方程方法分析了该布局水动特性并进行空中巡航气动特性分析,同时计算同尺寸双浮筒型水上飞机,比较两种构型水动与气动特性。数值计算结果表明,水面起飞过程中双浮筒型水上飞机总阻力峰值约为水翼型水上飞机偏转机翼布局的1.97倍；飞机空中飞行时,偏转机翼偏转角为0°时气动性能最优且所受阻力低于双浮筒型水上飞机,从而证明了水翼型水上飞机偏转机翼布局能够有效提高水上飞机的水动与气动性能。     

仿鸟柔性扑翼气动特性与能耗的数值研究

建立了适当的三维仿鸟柔性扑翼模型,并以配平重力和平衡阻力为条件,数值计算了它的低雷诺数非定常流场.研究揭示了翼面初始扭转角度、动态俯仰幅度等重要设计参数与飞行性能的关系,表明扑翼平面的初始扭转程度、扑翼柔性材料的选择以及两者之间的合理搭配对扑翼机的成功飞行至关重要.研究分析了仿鸟扑翼的流场涡结构、升力推力产生原理,下扑过程附着上翼面的前缘涡是升力产生的重要机制.对扑翼气动功率的比较分析也发现,人造扑翼机需要的气动功率明显高出同等大小的鸟类,在效率方面尚不及扑翼飞行生物.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

Effects of coarse riblets on air flow structures over a slender delta wing using particle image velocimetry

This research investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow characteristics of a delta wing with 65° sweep angle and with coarse axial riblets,and then compares with that of a smooth-surface delta wing.Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV)were utilized to visualize the flow over the wing at 6 cross-sections upright to the wing surface and parallel to the wing span,as well as 3 longitudinal sections on the leading edge,symmetry plane,and a plane between them at Angles of Attack(AOA)=20°and 30°and Re=1.2×10~5,2.4×10~5,and 3.6×10~5.The effects of the riblets were studied on the vortices diameter,vortex breakdown location,vortices distance from the wing surface,flow lines pattern nearby the wing,circulation distribution,and separation.The results show that the textured model has a positive effect on some of the parameters related to drag reduction and lift increase.The riblets increase the flow momentum near the wing’s upper surface except near the apex.They also increase the flow momentum behind the wing.     

小展弦比机翼加装格尼襟翼的低雷诺数试验

通过风洞试验研究了在低雷诺数下加装格尼襟翼的小展弦比机翼气动特性,机翼展弦比为1.67,格尼襟翼为1%~4%弦长高度,试验雷诺数分别为2.0×105和5.0×105.天平测力和表面测压的试验结果表明:低雷诺数下小展弦比机翼加装一定高度的格尼襟翼后,升力系数明显提高,加装1%弦长高度的格尼襟翼还能够提高机翼的升阻比.这是因为在试验雷诺数下,合适高度的襟翼在提高了机翼升力的同时并未显著增大机翼阻力.对比不同试验雷诺数下格尼襟翼的作用效果,表明格尼襟翼能够减少低雷诺数气流分离的不利影响,并且在较小的雷诺数下这种作用更加显著.关于格尼襟翼对低雷诺数层流分离现象的影响,还需要通过细致的流场显示技术进行研究.