平面形状对MAV气动特性的影响

通过风洞测力实验研究了平面形状(后掠角)对展长/根弦长之比为1.0的机翼的气动特性的影响,实验结果表明,模型后掠角在很大程度上影响小展弦比机翼的气动特性,当模型后掠角Λ≤35°时,能增大模型的最大升力系数和失速迎角,推迟失速;当模型后掠角Λ=56°~64°时,能得到较好的升力曲线,改善机翼的失速特性。此外,实验结果表明模型前缘背风面倒角与迎风面倒角相比,有效地提高了模型的最大升阻比和失速后的升力系数。     

小翼羽掠角对机翼增升效果的影响

鸟类会通过抬起其翅膀前缘3至4根长度较短的羽毛（小翼羽）来抑制失速和增加升力,并根据不同飞行状态改变小翼羽与翅膀之间的掠角。为应对大迎角下的机翼失速问题,本文结合风洞测力和粒子图像测速实验研究了小翼羽掠角对机翼增升效果的影响。风洞测力实验结果表明,相比于无前掠的小翼羽,适当前掠的小翼羽对机翼的增升效果更好且不会增加机翼阻力。平面粒子图像测速和体视粒子图像测速实验表明,适当的前掠角能够增强小翼羽产生的前缘涡的强度,并扩大前缘涡增升的有效机翼迎角范围,最终导致适当前掠的小翼羽对机翼的增升效果更好。     

大飞机缝翼滑轨影响研究

通过数值模拟和风洞实验两种手段研究了大飞机缝翼滑轨对飞机气动性能的影响.分析了缝翼滑轨对缝道和机翼表面流动分布的影响,获得了缝翼滑轨参数对飞机气动性能的影响规律.数值模拟结果表明:缝翼滑轨对缝道内的流动形成了阻塞,改变了机翼表面的流动形态,减小了机翼附面层流动速度,降低了飞机的失速性能.实验结果表明:通过减小滑轨宽度、减少滑轨数量、采用圆形截面滑轨和滑轨外弯等能够有效降低滑轨影响,改善飞机失速性能;滑轨参数对小尺度模型实验结果的影响尤为显著.研究结果为3m量级和8m量级风洞缝翼滑轨模型设计提供了参考.     

机翼弹性变形对气动特性影响的实验研究

在低速风洞中研究了弹性对40°切角三角翼气动特性的影响,用激光测振仪测量模型在气动载荷作用下的变形,实验结果表明:相对刚性机翼而言,弹性可以极大地改善低雷诺数下机翼的气动特性,使小迎角下的升力系数和升阻比明显提高,从而有利于飞行。另外,弹性机翼顶点最大平均变形出现的迎角为α=15°,这与刚性机翼前缘涡在机翼顶点破裂的迎角一致;而在失速迎角α=20°附近,机翼顶点和翼梢变形的方差最大。     

运输机T尾布局稳定性影响因素分析

文章重点分析了在NASA进行的T尾布局运输机大迎角气动特性风洞实验研究。实验研究的目的在于探讨并研究T尾布局的运输机变化平尾尺寸、垂尾位置、安定面形状与安装角；发动机短舱的尺寸、位置、发动机挂架形状后的阻力影响；通过改变机翼剖面形状，失速控制装置、襟翼、展弦比以及机翼后掠角；机身剖面形状、尺寸及机身等直段前长度等这些飞机构型设计控制参数对飞机纵向稳定性带来的影响。对研究结果的分析有助于大型军用运输机的初步方案设计工作。     

等离子体气动激励抑制机翼失速分离的实验

进行了等离子体气动激励抑制机翼失速分离的风洞实验,研究了等离子体气动激励频率、电压、占空比和激励位置等对流动控制效果的影响.研究表明:在来流速度35m/s时,等离子体气动激励可以有效地抑制机翼大攻角下吸力面的流动分离,将机翼临界失速迎角由17°提高到19°;施加激励后,机翼最大升力系数提高了9.45%,阻力系数减小20.9%;激励频率在200Hz时,控制效果最好,对应的量纲一激励频率为1;迎角越大,流动分离越严重,需要更大的激励电压才能够有效抑制流动分离;最佳激励位置在流动分离起始点的前缘;在流动控制效果相当时,减小占空比可以降低能耗.      

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

低雷诺数下机翼气动特性研究及控制

高空长航时无人飞行器(HALE UAV)由于飞行环境空气稀薄、雷诺数低导致其气动性能恶化,如何通过流动控制改善机翼低雷诺数气动性能受到越来越多的关注。在低速风洞中通过测力、测压和边界层测试等试验技术开展了NACA 633-421直机翼模型气动特性试验和流动控制研究。天平测力结果表明:随雷诺数降低(Re<1.4×10⁵)机翼气动特性迅速恶化;最大升力系数损失严重,失速迎角急剧降低;分析翼面压力分布结果显示,机翼表面产生层流分离泡(LSB),其长度变化、位置前移和最终发生破裂的发展过程是导致机翼低雷诺数气动性能恶化的主要原因。采用合成微射流(Micro-SJ)对翼面层流分离泡进行流动控制,失速迎角推迟了11°,机翼最大升力系数由0.59提升至1.10,最大升阻比增加了13.6%。合成微射流控制具有选频特性,驱动频率f=200~400 Hz的合成微射流控制效果最佳,更易促进分离剪切层提前转捩,形成湍流再附,使得层流分离泡长度缩短。     

除冰气囊以及简化模型对气动特性影响研究

除冰气囊作为涡桨类飞机常用的除冰系统,评估其对全机气动特性的影响对飞行性能与安全有重要意义。基于某飞机上安装的气囊除冰系统,采用CFD 方法模拟其工作时的全机气动特性,研究气囊简化模型对计算结果的影响。结果表明：随气囊膨胀高度增加,对全机气动特性影响显著,失速迎角提前约10°,最大升力系数损失近60%,最大升阻比降低约2.9;受膨胀气囊外形影响,机翼前缘呈展向流动特征,后缘流动分离区域长度与除冰气囊的安装长度相当;机翼前缘压力分布受膨胀气囊外形的影响出现震荡,从而影响整个翼面的压力分布;随简化气囊膨胀高度增加,失速迎角最大提前约1°,最大升力系数损失约21%,最大升阻比降低约2.2。     

鸭翼-前掠翼气动布局纵向气动特性实验研究

前掠翼布局由于其潜在的优势,在未来战斗机的研制中将占有日益重要的地位.本实验通过可变前掠翼和鸭式前翼布局的风洞测力实验,重点分析比较了平板机翼在不同掠角下的纵向气动性能以及鸭翼的影响.实验结果表明,前掠翼在大迎角时能有效提高模型的升力系数,小迎角时其升阻比也略优于后掠翼.前掠翼布局能有效推迟失速,具有良好的失速特性;前掠角较大时,升力系数曲线在失速迎角附近有一个升力系数的"平台",该布局具有"缓失速"特性.距离主机翼较远的鸭式前翼(模型M2)在主机翼前掠和后掠情况下,均可改善整体布局的失速特性,增大失速迎角,增强前掠翼布局缓失速的特点.近距耦合鸭翼(模型M3)显著提高了模型在大迎角下的升力系数.另外,主翼前掠和鸭式前翼布局飞行器具有较好的机动性.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

GAW-1翼型前后缘变弯度气动性能研究

传统增升装置主要用于提高飞机起降气动性能。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法,引入了通用飞机翼型的前后缘变弯装置的概念,数值模拟了GAW-1翼型在爬升状态时,前缘变弯装置、后缘襟翼/副翼偏转以及前后缘装置综合偏转对翼型气动特性的影响。研究表明,前缘变弯装置可以有效地改善翼型的失速特性,失速迎角提高了3°左右,最大升力系数提高了4.56%;同时提高升阻比50%~120%;但在设计升力系数下,升力系数和阻力系数都略微减小。另一方面,后缘变弯装置可以改变最大升阻比所对应的迎角,以及在小迎角时,提高升力系数6%左右。翼型综合偏转可以在小迎角时增加升力系数,在大迎角时增加升阻比。     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

Effect of surface blowing on aerodynamic characteristics of tubercled straight wing

Recent research proves that wings with leading-edge tubercles have the ability to perform efficiently in post-stall region over the conventional straight wing. Moreover, the conventional straight wing outperforms the tubercled wing at a pre-stall region which is quintessential. Even though tubercled wing offers great performance enhancement, because of the complexity of the flow, the trough region of the tubercled wing is more prone to flow separation. Henceforth, the present paper aims at surface blowing – an active flow control technique over the tubercled wing to enhance the aerodynamic efficiency by positively influencing its lift characteristics without causing any additional drag penalty. Flow parameters like blowing velocity ratios and the location of blowing were chosen to find the optimised configuration keeping the amplitude and frequency of the leading-edge tubercles constant as 0.12 c and 0.25 c respectively. Numerical investigations were carried out over the baseline tubercled wing and tubercled wing with surface blowing at various blowing jet velocity ratios 0.5, 1 and 2 over four different chordwise locations ranging from 0.3 c to 0.8 c.The results confirm that blowing at various x/c with different blowing velocity ratios performs better than the conventional tubercled wing. Comparatively, blowing velocity ratio 2 at 0.3 c shows peak performance of about 28% enhancement in the lift characteristics relative to the baseline model. Particularly, in the pre-stall region, 25–50% increase in aerodynamic efficiency is evident over the tubercled wing with surface blowing compared with the baseline case. Additionally,attempts were made to delineate the physical significance of the flow separation mechanism due to blowing by visualizing the streamline pattern.     

大型民机翼型变弯度气动特性分析与优化设计

为了提高飞机巡航过程中升力系数、马赫数变化后的气动效率,大型民用运输机开始采用机翼变弯度技术。以典型远程宽体客机翼型为例,研究了翼型后缘变弯度对气动性能与压力分布的影响。利用代理模型建立了不同巡航设计工况下,翼型后缘弯度与气动性能的关系。以此为基础,提出了基于代理模型的大型民机翼型变弯度设计优化方法。算例研究表明,在给定巡航升力系数与马赫数下,该方法可以预测出翼型的最佳弯度,从而改善非设计点气动性能。该方法对大型民机机翼变弯度构型设计工作有一定的工程意义。     

齐莫曼翼与反齐莫曼翼空间流场测量对比分析

在低速风洞内,分别对齐莫曼翼和反齐莫曼翼的气动特性进行了测量,并应用PIV测试技术测量了两种微型飞行器机翼的空间流场,给出了空间流场的速度矢量图、涡量图和流线图。通过对比分析给出了两种机翼气动特性产生差别的主要流动机理。     

Design and experiment of concentrated flexibility-based variable camber morphing wing

The morphing wing has a significant positive effect on the aerodynamic performance of the aircraft. This paper describes a leading-edge of variable camber wing with concentrated flexibility based on the geared five-bar mechanism. The driving points of morphing skin formed by the glass fibre composite sheet were optimized to make the skin deformation smooth. A geared fivebar kinematic mechanism rigidly connected to the skin was proposed to drive the leading-edge deformation. Besides, a new kind o...     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。