水上电动飞机浮筒设计及起飞滑行

水上飞机起飞滑跑时低速滑行阶段的阻力变化规律对于其设计研究十分重要,而电动水上飞机正常起飞所需最大拉力是否匹配现有电推进系统是飞机改型设计的关键。首先,针对基准浮筒水阻力较大引起的纵向不稳定问题进行了优化设计,优化后浮筒水动性能有明显提高。其次,基于Fluent中的多相流（VOF）模型对水上电动飞机起飞滑跑阶段的力学特征进行了数值模拟计算,着重分析了不同速度下的姿态变化规律、阻力变化及流场特性。最后,对"阻力峰"这一节点下所需电推进系统功率进行了验证计算,结果显示现有装置满足起飞的动力要求;将实际起飞滑跑试验与仿真结果进行对比,结果显示力学特性变化规律基本一致,所得误差在15%之内,验证了仿真计算的可行性,所得结论可为电动水上飞机的研究设计提供借鉴。     

水上飞机起飞历程的水动力特性研究

水上飞机能够在水面高效起降得益于船体布局的精细化设计,而深入掌握水上飞机的水面起飞滑行规律对于飞机的研制至关重要。采用水池拖曳试验和数值模拟方法两种研究方法探寻流动机制,分析大型两栖水上飞机滑行过程中的水动力特性。结果表明:利用计算流体动力学技术可以较为精确地模拟复杂外形的两相流耦合六自由度运动,与水池拖曳试验的流场形态和模型动力学特性吻合,在起飞全过程中阻力误差均在10%以内;对于带起落架舱的大型两栖水上飞机,前体舭弯产生的强烈喷溅是阻力峰产生的根本原因。     

水上飞机起飞历程的水动力特性分析

水上飞机能够在水面高效起降得益于船体布局的精细化设计,而深入掌握水上飞机的水面起飞滑行 规律对于飞机的研制至关重要。采用水池拖曳试验和数值模拟方法两种研究方法探寻流动机制,分析大型两 栖水上飞机滑行过程中的水动力特性。结果表明:利用计算流体动力学技术可以较为精确地模拟复杂外形的 两相流耦合六自由度运动,与水池拖曳试验的流场形态和模型动力学特性吻合,在起飞全过程中阻力误差均在 10%以内;对于带起落架舱的大型两栖水上飞机,前体舭弯产生的强烈喷溅是阻力峰产生的根本原因。     

一种可变形跨介质航行器气动/水动特性分析

由于海水和空气物理性质存在巨大差异,航行器很难以单一外形满足在两种环境下的航行要求.为此,提出一种通过改变外形来实现水空介质跨越的航行器,并通过计算流体力学对其空中和水中两种外形的气动/水动特性进行研究.仿真结果表明,通过改变外形,航行器能够同时满足水下航行和空中飞行的要求.水下航行时,航行器在较小的仰角范围内通过收缩机翼减小阻力;空中飞行时,通过展开机翼增大升力.     

一种提高载重量的新型气动布局设计研究

为了兼顾大载重飞机的气动性能和结构特性,针对刚度特性较好的厚翼型提出和发展了一种新型气动布局形式,在有限的翼展限制下,通过多排翼的设计思路,提高主机翼的升力性能。数值模拟结果表明,采用新的气动布局后,与传统较薄机翼的单翼布局比较,升力特性可普遍提高50%左右。通过加装偏转角、缩小后翼弦长等进一步优化,升阻比性能也优于传统薄翼,从而表明所提出的设计方案对大载重飞机的设计和发展具有重要的参考价值。     

对前掠机翼外侧水平稳定面飞机气动布局的研究

一种高亚音速Ma数、前掠机翼、带有外侧水平稳定面(OHS)的飞机气动布局方案．通过风洞试验对其进行了试验性研究。由于风洞模型使用的翼面是对称翼型，增加了一项理论研究．来分析把机翼换成非对称翼型．例如换成常常作为高亚音速飞行使用的所谓超临翼型，对OHS飞行性能的影响。该翼型产生明显的负俯仰力矩系数。风洞试验表明．OHS方案与正常式气动布局相比较获得了非常好的减阻收益．基本上与较早验证的无前掠机翼OHS飞机的情况相同。根据理论研究可以得出．对于两种OHS气动布局和对应的正常式布局飞机．负俯仰力矩系数降了飞机升阻比性能．而OHS气动布局保持了明显的总体优势。     

翼梢小翼后缘舵面偏转对机翼气动特性影响研究

以大型客机某方案机翼为基本翼,基于N-S方程数值模拟的方法,研究融合式翼梢小翼后缘操纵舵面偏转对机翼空气动力特性影响。研究发现,翼梢小翼舵面偏使得机翼气动特性发生显著变化。一方面,偏转舵面导致了机翼最大升阻比的降低,然而它可以优化不同飞行阶段升阻比。其中,舵面外偏,机翼在阻力增加不大的条件下,升力明显增大,有利于提高起飞、爬升性能;舵面不偏条件下升阻比最大,有利于提高巡航效率;舵面内偏,机翼阻力明显增大,有利于提高飞机着陆性能。另一方面,舵面偏转可以控制机翼翼梢涡的发展,有助于耗散机翼尾涡及激发翼梢涡自身的不稳定性而加速耗散。     

盒式机翼布局大型飞机横航向飞行品质研究

经计算并和常规布局大型飞机对比分析,给出了盒式机翼布局大型飞机的气动特点;然后研究了盒式机翼布局大型飞机本体横航向飞行品质;针对盒式机翼布局本体飞机横航向飞行品质较差的问题,研究了提高盒式机翼布局飞机横航向飞行品质的有效方法.研究结果表明:盒式机翼布局大型飞机具有良好的升阻特性和特殊的横航向气动特性;修改布局参数对提高...     

旋转机翼飞机旋翼飞行验证平台设计

为了更好地研究旋转机翼飞机旋翼模式下的飞行性能,针对旋转机翼飞机的特点,开展旋转机翼飞机旋翼飞行验证平台的设计,主要包括旋转机翼的结构设计、动力系统设计.通过数值计算的方法,对不同相对厚度椭圆翼型气动特性进行分析研究.建立旋转机翼悬停气动特性的估算方法,地面试验结果和计算结果的对比表明所建立的估算方法是有效的,该方法对今后开展旋转机翼飞机研究具有一定的参考价值和意义.     

民用飞机二维增升装置设计

为满足民机市场对飞机高效、经济的需求,飞机在巡航飞行阶段必须具有飞行速度高、阻力小等特性,具体到气动设计方面,就要求飞机的机翼具有较大的翼载荷,即减小机翼面积以减小阻力,这给飞机起飞着陆阶段使用的增升装置的设计提出更高的要求。运用计算流体力学的方法进行了民用飞机二维增升装置,即多段翼型的设计,得到了良好的设计结果,并验证了在二维增升装置设计过程中采用前缘缝翼外形设计——带前缘缝翼进行后缘襟翼外形设计——前后缘增升装置缝道参数优化——起飞、着陆构型协调的设计路线图的可行性与有效性。     

Aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with simple high-lift devices

Numerical investigations are conducted to explore the aerodynamic characteristics of three-dimensional Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) wing with simple high-lift devices during low-speed takeoff and landing. Effects of three crucial parameters of CFJ wing, i.e., angle of attack, jet momentum and swept angle, are comprehensively examined. Additionally, the aerodynamic characteristics of two CFJ configurations, i.e., using open and discrete slots for injection, are compared. The results show that applying CFJ technique to a wing with simple high-lift device is able to generate more lift, reduce drag and enlarge stall margin with lower energy expenditure due to the super-circulation effect. Increasing the jet intensity can reduce the drag significantly, which is mainly contributed by the reaction jet force. The Oswald efficiency factor is, in some circumstances, larger than one, which indicates the potential of CFJ in reducing induced drag. Compared with clean wing configuration, using CFJ technique allows the aerodynamic force variation less sensitive to the swept angle, and such phenomenon is better observed for small swept angle region. Eventually, it is interesting to know that the discrete slotted CFJ configuration demonstrates a promising enhancement in aerodynamic performance in terms of high lift, low drag and efficiency.     

Continuous morphing trailing-edge wing concept based on multi-stable nanomaterial

Morphing technology is one of the most effective methods to improve the flight efficiency of aircraft. Traditional control surfaces based morphing method is mature and widely used on current civil and military aircraft, but insufficiently effective for the entire flight envelope. Recent research on morphing wing still faces the challenge that the skin material for morphing should be both deformable and stiff. In this study, a continuous morphing trailing-edge wing with a new multi-stable nano skin material fabricated using surface mechanical attrition treatment technology was proposed and designed. Computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to study the aerodynamic performance of the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing. Results show that the lift coefficient increases with the increase of deflection angle and so does the lift-drag ratio at a small angle of attack. More importantly, compared with the wing using flaps, the continuous morphing trailing-edge wing can reduce drag during the morphing process and its overall aerodynamic performance is improved at a large angle of attack range. Flow field analysis reveals that the continuous morphing method can delay flow separation in some situations.     

Delaying stall of morphing wing by periodic trailing-edge deflection

Morphing wings can improve aircraft performance during different flight phases. Recently research has focused on steady aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible trailing-edge, and the unsteady aerodynamic and stall characteristics in the deflection process of the morphing wing are worthy further investigation. The effects of the angle of attack and deflection rate on aerodynamic characteristics were examined, and based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing, a method was developed to delay stall by using the flexible periodic trailing-edge deflection. The numerical results show that the lift coefficients in the deflection process are smaller than those in the static situation at small angles of attack, and that the higher the deflection rate is, the smaller the lift coefficients will be. On the contrary, at large angles of attack, the lift coefficients are higher than those in the static case, and they become larger with the increase of the deflection rate. Further, the periodic deflection of the flexible trailing-edge with a small deflection amplitude and high deflection rate can increase lift coefficients at the critical stall angle.     

Aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wing with flexible leading-edge

The morphing wing can improve the flight performance during different phases. However, research has been subject to limitations in aerodynamic characteristics of the morphing wing with a flexible leading-edge. The computational fluid dynamic method and dynamic mesh were used to simulate the continuous morphing of the flexible leading-edge. After comparing the steady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing and conventional wings, this study examined the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of morphing wings with upward and downward deflections of the leading-edge at different frequencies. The numerical results show that for the steady aerodynamic, the leading-edge deflection mainly affects the stall characteristic. The downward deflection of the leading-edge increases the stall angle of attack and nose-down pitching moment. The results are opposite for the upward deflection. For the unsteady aerodynamic, at a small angle of attack, the transient lift coefficient of the upward deflection, growing with the increase of deflection frequency, is larger than that of the static case. The transient lift coefficient of the downward deflection, decreasing with the increase of deflection frequency, is smaller than that of the static case. However, at a large angle of attack, an opposite effect of deflection frequency on the transient lift coefficient was demonstrated. The transient lift coefficient is larger than that of the static case when the leading edge is in the nose-up stage, and lower than that of the static one in the nose-down stage.     

Aerodynamic optimization and mechanism design of flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap

Trailing-edge flap is traditionally used to improve the takeoff and landing aerodynamic performance of aircraft.In order to improve flight efficiency during takeoff,cruise and landing states,the flexible variable camber trailing-edge flap is introduced,capable of changing its shape smoothly from 50% flap chord to the rear of the flap.Using a numerical simulation method for the case of the GA(W)-2 airfoil,the multi-objective optimization of the overlap,gap,deflection angle,and bending angle of the flap under takeoff and landing configurations is studied.The optimization results show that under takeoff configuration,the variable camber trailing-edge flap can increase lift coefficient by about 8% and lift-to-drag ratio by about 7% compared with the traditional flap at a takeoff angle of 8°.Under landing configuration,the flap can improve the lift coefficient at a stall angle of attack about 1.3%.Under cruise state,the flap helps to improve the lift-todrag ratio over a wide range of lift coefficients,and the maximum increment is about 30%.Finally,a corrugated structure–eccentric beam combination bending mechanism is introduced in this paper to bend the flap by rotating the eccentric beam.     

基于LBM-LES方法两栖水翼航行器水动特性分析

目前,国内外对于两栖航行器气动/水动特性的研究仍处于探索与发展阶段。结合鱼雷及水翼船的特点,提出一种通过改变外形实现水下、水面航行的新型两栖水翼航行器。基于LBM-LES方法对航行器水动特性进行数值仿真,得到航行器在水下、水面航行时的升力、阻力曲线。结果表明:在水下航行时,收缩水翼的航行器在较小的迎角范围内阻力较小,适合高速航行;在水面航行时,展开的水翼增大了航行器的升力、减小了阻力;通过改变外形航行器能够满足在水下、水面的航行要求,其外形设计及两栖航行性能还有较大的优化空间。     

舰载机折叠翼气动特性分析

折叠翼技术是舰载机与航母相匹配的关键,研究折叠翼的气动特性对舰载机飞行动态及安全性具有重要意义。基于离散化的思想对折叠翼进行建模,并利用计算流体力学CAE软件Fluent对其进行数值计算,从升力系数和阻力系数变化及压力分布分析舰载机折叠翼的气动特性。结果表明:当折叠角为75°时,外翼的升力系数及侧向力系数将达到最大,阻力系数最小;一旦折叠机构失效,外翼的折叠将导致机翼整体升力系数及阻力系数大幅度下降,气动特性变差;与折叠机构失效前相比,折叠后的机翼失速迎角变小,且在失速后升力系数有缓慢上升趋势。     

Water takeoff performance calculation method for amphibious aircraft based on digital virtual flight

Owing to the strong coupling among the hydrodynamic forces, aerodynamic forces and motion of amphibious aircraft during the water takeoff process, the water takeoff performance is difficult to calculate accurately and quickly. Based on an analysis of the dynamics and kinematics characteristics of amphibious aircraft and the hydrodynamic theory of high-speed planing hulls, a suitable mathematical model is established for calculating the hydrodynamics of aircraft during water takeoff. A pilot model is designed to illustrate how pilots are affected by the lack of visual reference and the necessity to simultaneously control the pitch angle, flight velocity and other parameters during water takeoff. Combined with the aerodynamic model, engine thrust model and aircraft motion model, a digital virtual flight simulation model is developed for amphibious aircraft during water takeoff, and a calculation method for the water takeoff performance of amphibious aircraft is proposed based on digital virtual flight. Typical performance indicators, such as the liftoff time and liftoff distance, can be obtained via digital virtual flight calculations. A comparison of the measured flight test data and the calculation results shows that the calculation error is less than 10%, which verifies the correctness and accuracy of the proposed method. This method can be used for the preliminary evaluation of airworthiness compliance of amphibious aircraft design schemes, and the relevant calculation results can also provide a theoretical reference for the formulation of flight test plans for airworthiness certification.     

航天器返回地球的气动特性综述

航天器返回地球的飞行过程中,气动特性是实现将宇宙飞行速度减到落地前速度、保证再入飞行得到有效控制以及再入防热安全可靠的关键因素。针对简单旋成体气动外形、半弹道式再入控制、烧蚀防热类返回航天器,综述了返回地球过程中变化的空气流域特性、航天器周围的气体绕流环境、空气与航天器作用产生的动力学与热效应等。系统地给出了该类航天器的再入气动特性参数与飞行性能的共性规律,包括:气动阻力与再入减速、气动升力与再入轨迹控制、配平攻角与飞行稳定性、气动加热与防热,以及再入过程中不同气动特性航天器、气象条件变化等对再入飞行性能的影响规律。为航天器开展返回飞行过程的跨流域气动性能工程研制提供设计参考。     

民用飞机ADHF构型升阻特性研究

采用计算流体力学方法,针对伴随扰流板下偏铰链襟翼典型二维多段翼进行数值模拟,研究了扰流板下偏对小襟翼起飞构型多段翼气动升阻特性的影响。结果表明:在所研究范围内,1)固定扰流板偏度及缝道,增大襟翼偏度,可明显提升多段翼升力,并增加1.13V_SR-1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;2)固定襟翼位置,增加扰流板偏度,可产生机翼弯度增大与缝隙量减小两个效果;3)机翼弯度增大,可提升多段翼小迎角下的升力,但最大升力影响有限,弯度增加效应可明显降低1.13V_SR ~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;4)在0.3%c~1.3%c范围内,减小缝隙量,各迎角下升力均随之下降,但减小缝隙量也可明显降低1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内的阻力;5)固定襟翼,随着扰流板下偏,升力在小迎角下有所提升,进失速段呈现下降现象,而阻力在1.13V_SR~1.25V_SR升力范围内可明显降低。