面向高超声速飞行器的宽速域翼型优化设计

宽速域气动设计是水平起降高超声速飞行器研制的瓶颈问题之一.水平起降高超声速飞行器在飞行过程中需要经历亚、跨、超和高超声速多个速域,而适应不同速域的最佳气动外形相互矛盾,使得实现良好的宽速域气动设计面临极大挑战.首先,针对高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型气动设计问题,发展了基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计方法,并设计出一种相对厚度为4％、有一定弯度、下表面具有双"S"形特征的宽速域翼型.将新翼型与常规四边形和双弧形翼型进行了气动特性对比,并进行了流动机理分析,结果表明新翼型的宽速域综合气动特性显著优于常规翼型,从而证明发展兼顾亚、跨、超和高超声速气动性能的宽速域翼型是可行的.其次,开展了宽速域翼型的多目标优化设计,通过分析Pareto解集中翼型的宽速域气动性能随几何外形变化的演化规律,进一步解释了有一定弯度、下表面呈双"S"形的薄翼型能够协调亚、跨、超声速与高超声速气动性能的原理.最后,采用平面外形为梯形的机翼,进行了三维机翼构型下的宽速域翼型多目标优化设计.三维优化设计结果与二维结果具有相似的几何特征和压力分布,说明这种通过下表面双"S"形小弯度薄翼型来兼顾亚、跨、超和高超声速气动性能的宽速域流动机理同样适用于三维情况,也证实了翼型设计对于宽速域高超声速飞行器仍然具有重要意义.     

空天飞行器机翼/翼型的需求分析及应用

空天飞行器飞行空域大,速域宽,经历亚/跨/超/高超声速飞行,气动特性变化大,传统翼型难以同时满足低速、高速时的设计要求,给机翼/翼型设计提出了新的挑战.本文围绕飞行环境特点,分析了低速高升力与高速高升阻比、升重匹配、结构热防护等设计要求,提出了空天飞行器对机翼/翼型设计的新需求.基于一种新的宽速域翼型,采用数值模拟方法,开展三维流动下翼型与机翼平面形状的一体化优化设计,获得了一种翼型沿展向变化的新机翼,相对优化前,低速时机翼产生的升力效率提高了36.3％,超声速和高超声速升重平衡升阻比分别提高了33.4％和12.9％,新机翼能更好地兼顾低速、跨声速、超声速和高超声速气动性能的要求.将新机翼应用于典型空天飞行器,再通过全机气动外形优化设计,进一步提高了宽速域飞行时升重平衡下的使用升阻比,高亚声速时提高了5.9％,超声速时提高了10.3％,高超声速时提高了0.7％,解决了低速飞行时高升力与高速飞行时高升阻比的需求矛盾,并获得了一种满足宽速域总体设计要求的空天飞行器气动布局.研究成果具有一定工程指导意义.     

宽速域高超声速飞行器设计与气动特性研究

为了提升高超声速飞行器在低速和超声速条件下的气动特性,提出了一种新型宽速域类乘波体机身加可变菱形连接翼的气动构型,飞行器通过连接翼的收放变化来实现展弦比和掠角的增减,提高全速域范围的气动性能。采用CFD方法,对低(超声)速和高超声速时的气动特性进行了数值计算。通过分析计算得出结论:在低速和高超声速时,飞行器的气动特性良好。结果表明,该设计方法是可行的,符合水平起降、宽速域飞行的发展趋势。     

吸气式高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术研究进展及分类对比分析

为了探索吸气式高超声速飞行器机体/推进一体化设计技术新理念,按照高超声速飞机和SSTO/TSTO分类对其一体化设计技术主要研究进展进行了对比分析,结果表明:高超声速弹用一体化设计技术采用将进气道直接作为前体的方案较多;高超声速飞机一体化设计技术需重点兼顾宽速域整体气动性能;SSTO/TSTO一体化设计技术则由于火箭发动机的引入在一定程度上改善了其对一体化设计的具体需求;同时,近年来高超声速内/外流"弱干涉"和"无干涉"等新型一体化设计技术已逐渐成为一个重要发展方向。对背负式进气的内/外流"无干涉"一体化和常规腹部进气的前体预压缩内/外流"强干涉"一体化方案开展初步对比,研究表明"无干涉"一体化方案升阻比等气动性能更优,同时整体气动特性对飞行条件变化不敏感,具有更好的宽速域适应性,值得进行深入研究。     

高空长航时飞行器机翼跨声速气动优化设计

高空长航时飞行器应具有升阻比高和俯仰力矩小的气动特性.基于遗传算法的随机性和隐含并行性,结合适用于多目标处理的Pareto方法,在低雷诺数和跨声速条件下,展开了高空长航时飞行器机翼外形的多目标、多设计点的数值优化设计.仿真计算结果表明,所设计的机翼具有较高的升阻比和较低的俯仰力矩,同时在设计马赫数附近升阻比的变化比较平稳,具有良好的综合气动性能.     

新型乘波体设计及其研究现状

将乘波体设计方法与常规飞行器成熟的设计方法和智能变形等新技术进行结合,可以设计出新型的乘波体,如多级压缩乘波体、双(多)级乘波体和可变形乘波体。对近几年出现的几类新型乘波体的设计及其研究进展进行了总结。新型乘波体的总体性能得到了显著提高,多级压缩乘波体可充分发挥其预压缩性能,两(多)级乘波体在设计点和非设计状态下均具有良好的气动性能,可变形乘波体在宽马赫数条件下始终能保持优良的气动性能。新型乘波体增强了实用性,可用于宽速域高超声速飞行器的气动外形设计中。应进一步拓展这些新型乘波体设计方法的应用范围,并深入开展宽速域高超声速乘波飞行器气动外形设计和性能分析,以期为乘波飞行器的研制打下坚实的基础。     

涡波效应宽速域气动外形设计

拓展了密切锥乘波体设计方法的应用,推导了设计方法中激波出口型线、流线追踪起始线与平面形状轮廓线之间的几何关系,建立了定平面乘波体设计方法。通过定制乘波体的平面形状引入涡效应,提出涡波效应宽速域气动布局的概念,即在高超声速状态下使用激波效应、在低速状态下使用漩涡效应提升布局的总体性能。以双后掠布局为例,使用CFD方法评估其高速和低速状态的气动性能,与带锥体的平板进行对比,分析了升阻比、升力系数以及流场特性,初步给出了非线性增升效果。计算结果表明：当前定平面乘波体布局在低速状态和高超声速状态均具有较好的气动性能,弥补了传统乘波体的性能缺陷,为宽速域气动布局的设计提供了新的思路。     

高超声速乘波构型气动特性数值模拟研究

乘波构型是突破常规"升阻比屏障"的有效途径,已成为高超声速飞行器设计的一种重要参考.在锥导和吻切锥乘波构型生成方法分析的基础上;针对两种设计外形开展了无粘和有粘气动性能的数值分析,获得了基本的气动性能参数.计算结果表明:锥导和吻切锥乘波构型不仅在设计状态下具有良好的升阻比特性,而且在较宽范围非设计状态下仍然具有良好的升阻比特性.锥导乘波构型容积率高,结构紧凑,可作为无动力滑翔式飞行器的设计参考;吻切锥乘波构型底部流动均匀,且外形调整方便,是超燃动力飞行器机身/进气道一体化构型的良好参考.     

上/下反翼对双后掠乘波体高超特性的影响

从密切锥乘波体理论提出给定前缘型线的乘波体设计方法,通过给定三维前缘型线分别生成具有上反和下反机翼的双后掠乘波体.使用CFD技术评估不同上/下反机翼乘波体的高超声速气动性能,并选取稳定性判据,研究机翼上下反对纵向和横侧向稳定性的影响.结果表明,上/下反机翼对"乘波"性能影响很小,在高超声速状态仍然保持了高升阻比特性;机...     

基于连续伴随方法的高超声速飞行器高精度气动优化

高精度气动优化是改善高超声速飞行器气动性能的必要途径。基于Navier-Stokes方程推导了连续伴随方程以及与气动力目标函数对应的边界条件和壁面灵敏度公式,考虑了层流输运系数变分对伴随方程的贡献,采用基于二阶熵修正Roe格式的伴随对流项离散形式,构造了适用于高超声速流动的连续伴随求解器;结合FFD （Free Form Deformation）参数化方法和SQP （Sequential Quadratic Programming）优化算法构建了高精度梯度优化框架;在高超声速来流条件下对二维翼型和Sanger飞行器机翼优化开展了验证和应用。结果显示,在高超声速流动条件下所采用的伴随对流项离散形式具有较好的鲁棒性和低耗散性;连续伴随求解器能够较好地给出气动力目标函数梯度;优化后Sanger机翼构型通过二次激波压缩实现了减阻增升,升阻比提高5.0%;验证了连续伴随优化作为高超声速飞行器高精度气动优化方法的可行性。     

基于Busemann双翼的三维高超声速机翼研究

为研究Busemann双翼翼型在高超声速机翼上的应用,构建了一种基于Busemann双翼翼型的高超声速机翼,研究其在高超声速流动中的气动特性和温度对其前6阶模态固有频率的影响。针对高超声速流动的复杂性和高超声速机翼涉及学科的多样性,首先从理论上证明高超声速Busemann双翼能够提高升阻比,然后通过数值模拟研究了Busemann双翼在高超声速流动中的气动特性,及其增升减阻和减小翼尖涡的机理,并使用分层理论简化高超声速机翼所涉及学科之间的复杂耦合关系,研究了温度对高超声速Busemann双翼模态的影响。结果表明：在高超声速流动中,Busemann双翼能够显著提高升阻比并减小翼尖涡的强度,相对于菱形单翼,Busemann双翼的升力系数增加了28.95%,阻力系数增大了13.58%,升阻比提高了13.53%,升阻比提高较为明显;同时,在1 300℃时,相对于菱形单翼的一阶固有频率,Busemann双翼的一阶固有频率提高了99.8%,说明Busemann双翼具有更好的抗弯能力;相对于在20℃时的一阶固有频率,Busemann双翼在1 300℃时的一阶固有频率下降了34.2%,说明不能忽略高温对Busemann双翼结构性能的影响。     

超声速翼型气动优化设计

首先分析了几何外形和相对厚度对超声速翼型气动特性的影响。基于遗传算法(GA)和气动力快速工程算法,对于相对厚度为3.5%的多边形翼型进行优化设计,多边形翼型的优化外形趋于四边形,最大厚度点后移到翼型弦线的60%左右,随着迎角或者马赫数增大下翼面会变薄,上翼面变厚,最大厚度点相应稍有后移。对于相对厚度为4%的双圆弧翼型,采用两步优化设计方法,第1步优化结合基于B样条的类别形状函数变换(CST)参数化方法与小波分解方法,实现几何外形的局部控制与光顺处理,并且采用本征正交分解(POD)代理模型降低优化过程中流场计算的工作量;第2步优化采用基于Navier-Stokes方程的最速下降法(SDA),修正第1步优化中代理模型和小波光顺引入的误差;优化设计得到的翼型近似为四边形,其相对厚度最大点后移到翼型弦线的60%~65%处,升阻比可以提高7%。     

低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计

以临近空间太阳能无人机研究为背景,针对高空低雷诺数状态下多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行了耦合气动设计研究。首先,通过对典型多螺旋桨/机翼构型进行气动特性及流动特性分析,提出了以在多螺旋桨滑流影响下构建机翼近壁面理想流态分布形式为核心的低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想;然后,基于该耦合设计思想,依次进行了多螺旋桨布局参数设计研究、低雷诺数流态区域二维翼型设计研究以及近似高雷诺数流态区域耦合螺旋桨滑流影响的机翼翼段设计研究;最后,通过相关设计结果的对比分析验证了所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合气动设计思想及设计方法的有效性和可靠性。结果表明：与常规仅进行低雷诺数翼型优化得到的设计结果相比较,基于所提出低雷诺数多螺旋桨/机翼耦合设计思想设计得到的多螺旋桨/机翼构型气动特性得到显著改善,在设计状态下,多螺旋桨滑流影响下的机翼阻力相对降低达8.8%,升阻比相对增大达12.1%,由多螺旋桨滑流为机翼气动特性带来的不利影响亦得到约64.5%的补偿和改善。     

现代超临界翼型设计及其风洞试验

开展了现代超临界翼型的设计研究,对现役飞机的压力分布形态进行了分析,针对现役飞机在巡航状态和阻力发散点的压力分布进行对比,提取了现役飞机超临界剖面设计的要点。采用类函数/型函数变换(CST)参数化方法、基于二阶震荡及自然选择的随机权重混合粒子群算法(RwSecSelPSO)、雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程、Kriging代理模型结合定期望值型的目标函数建立了优化设计系统。针对提高阻力发散马赫数和降低巡航低头力矩的设计指标,利用优化设计系统通过调整目标期望值设计了一系列满足设计指标但阻力发散马赫数不同的超临界翼型,并选择了其中具有典型特性的翼型进行了对比分析,验证了提高阻力发散马赫数和低速失速特性的设计方法,指出了在阻力发散点形成平顶形压力分布的超临界翼型具有较好的综合性能。对设计的超临界翼型进行了高、低速风洞试验验证,试验结果表明:设计结果达到了设计指标要求,提出的低速改进方案有效,层流对超临界翼型失速特性影响较大。     

大展弦比机翼模型设计对翼型流场气动特性的影响

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了大展弦比机翼风洞模型振动条件下的翼型流场,总结了翼型不同振动状况下的流场和气动力特点,分析了模型设计中的不同振动情况对风洞试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：在大展弦比机翼风洞模型的设计中,将翼型的重心设计在机翼的弹性轴之后,对风洞试验的精度较为有利。此结论对大展弦比机翼的风洞实验模型设计有指导意义。     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标，层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言，超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力，提升气动性能，减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先，基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统，实现超临界自然层流翼型设计；经过合理的翼型配置，形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明，超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后，以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验，使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后，通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果，探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律，总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外，该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。     

Supersonic biplane—A review

One of the fundamental problems preventing commercial transport aircraft from supersonic flight is the generation of strong sonic booms. Sonic booms are the ground-level manifestation of shock waves created by airplanes flying at supersonic speeds. The strength of the shock waves generated by an aircraft flying at supersonic speed is a direct function of both the aircraft’s weight and its occupying volume; it has been very difficult to sufficiently reduce the shock waves generated by the heavier and larger conventional supersonic transport (SST) configuration to meet acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. It is our dream to develop a quiet SST aircraft that can carry more than 100 passengers while meeting acceptable at-ground sonic-boom levels. We have started a supersonic-biplane project at Tohoku University since 2004. We meet the challenge of quiet SST flight by extending the classic two-dimensional (2-D) Busemann biplane concept to a 3-D supersonic-biplane wing that effectively reduces the shock waves generated by the aircraft. A lifted airfoil at supersonic speeds, in general, generates shock waves (therefore, wave drag) through two fundamentally different mechanisms. One is due to the airfoil’s lift, and the other is due to its thickness. Multi-airfoil configurations can reduce wave drag by redistributing the system’s total lift among the individual airfoil elements, knowing that wave drag of an airfoil element is proportional to the square of its lift. Likewise, the wave drag due to airfoil thickness can also be nearly eliminated using the Busemann biplane concept, which promotes favorable wave interactions between two neighboring airfoil elements. One of the main objectives of our supersonic-biplane study is, with the help of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, to find biplane configurations that simultaneously exhibit both traits. We first re-analyzed using CFD tools, the classic Busemann biplane configurations to understand its basic wave-cancellation concept. We then designed a 2-D supersonic biplane that exhibits both wave-reduction and cancellation effects simultaneously, utilizing an inverse-design method. The designed supersonic biplane not only showed the desired aerodynamic characteristics at its design condition but also outperformed a zero-thickness flat-plate airfoil. (Zero-thickness flat-plate airfoils are known as the most efficient monoplane airfoil at supersonic speeds.) Also discussed in this paper is how to design 2-D biplanes, not only at their design Mach numbers but also at off-design conditions. Supersonic biplanes have unacceptable characteristics at their off-design conditions such as flow choking and its related hysteresis problems. Flow choking causes rapid increase of wave drag and it continues to be kept up to the Mach numbers greater the cruise (design) Mach numbers due to its hysteresis. Some wing devices such as slats and flaps, which could be used at take-off and landing conditions as high-lift devices, were utilized to overcome these off-design problems. Then supersonic-biplane airfoils were extended to 3-D wings. Because that rectangular-shaped 3-D biplane wings showed undesirable aerodynamic characteristics at their wingtips, a tapered-wing planform was chosen for the study. A 3-D biplane wing having a taper ratio and aspect ratio of 0.25 and 5.12, respectively, was designed utilizing the inverse-design method. Aerodynamic characteristics of the designed biplane wing were further improved by using winglets at its wingtips. Flow choking and its hysteresis problems, however, occurred at their off-design conditions. It was shown that these off-design problems could also be resolved by utilizing slats and flaps. Finally, a study on the aerodynamic characteristics of wing-body configurations was conducted using the tapered biplane wing. In this study a body was chosen in order to generate strong shock waves at its nose region. Preliminary parametric studies on the interference effects between the body and the tapered biplane wing were performed by choosing several different wing locations on the body. From this study, it can be concluded that the aerodynamic characteristics of the tapered biplane wing are minimally affected by the disturbances generated from the body, and that the biplane wing shows promise for quiet commercial supersonic transport.     

大型民机翼型变弯度气动特性分析与优化设计

为了提高飞机巡航过程中升力系数、马赫数变化后的气动效率,大型民用运输机开始采用机翼变弯度技术。以典型远程宽体客机翼型为例,研究了翼型后缘变弯度对气动性能与压力分布的影响。利用代理模型建立了不同巡航设计工况下,翼型后缘弯度与气动性能的关系。以此为基础,提出了基于代理模型的大型民机翼型变弯度设计优化方法。算例研究表明,在给定巡航升力系数与马赫数下,该方法可以预测出翼型的最佳弯度,从而改善非设计点气动性能。该方法对大型民机机翼变弯度构型设计工作有一定的工程意义。     

Robust design of NLF airfoils

 A robust optimization design approach of natural laminar airfoils is developed in this paper. First, the non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) free form deformation method based on NURBS basis function is introduced to the airfoil parameterization. Second, aerodynamic characteristics are evaluated by solving Navier-Stokes equations, and the γ-Re_θt transition model coupling with shear-stress transport (SST) turbulent model is introduced to simulate boundary layer transition. A numerical simulation of transition flow around NLF0416 airfoil is conducted to test the code. The comparison between numerical simulation results and wind tunnel test data approves the validity and applicability of the present transition model. Third, the optimization system is set up, which uses the separated particle swarm optimization (SPSO) as search algorithm and combines the Kriging models as surrogate model during optimization. The system is applied to carry out robust design about the uncertainty of lift coefficient and Mach number for NASA NLF-0115 airfoil. The data of optimized airfoil aerodynamic characteristics indicates that the optimized airfoil can maintain laminar flow stably in an uncertain range and has a wider range of low drag.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).