Angular Accuracy of a Scanning Radar Employing a Two-Pole Filter

A two-pole filter is proposed as a detector for a scanning radar. The optimum values of the filter coefficients are found and are approximated by a simple expression. The optimum two-pole filter requires a 0.15-dB increase in signal-to-noise ratio in order to provide the same detection capability as the optimum detector, and yields azimuth estimates whose standard deviation are within 15 percent of the Cramér-Rao lower bound. The estimator is simple to implement, avoiding the storage requirements of the moving window detector and the bias complications of the feedback integrator.     

The Effect of Integrator Pole Position on the Performance of an Adaptive Array

The LMS adaptive array requires an integrator in each weight feedback control loop. In practice the integrator is often replaced by a low-pass filter, i.e., by a filter with a single pole at s = - ? (where s is complex frequency). The effect of this pole position on array performance is examined. It is shown that to obtain optimal performance from the array, ? must be less than k?2, where k is the loop gain and ?2 is the thermal noise power per element. When at exceeds k?2, the output signal-to-inter ference-plus-noise ratio from the array is degraded for intermediate values of interference power.     

The Detection Performance of a Modified Moving Window Detector

The modified moving window detector for binary integration has a shorter window length compared with the ordinary moving window detector because of the addition of a third threshold. When the second threshold is reached, a counter begins to count until the third threshold is reached. A graphical method using a probability chain is developed here to analyze and to calculate the detection performance of this type detector. The detection performances for some practical cases are calculated by computer and are compared with the ordinary moving window detector.     

电动汽车空调无位置传感器的内置式永磁同步电机控制研究

针对内置式永磁同步电机(IPMSM)无位置传感器的转子位置和速度估计的难点,提出了一种基于改进定子磁链观测器的转子位置、速度的估计方法。该方法结构简单,涉及电机参数少。通过引入有效磁链概念对IPMSM的电压方程进行等效变换,对两相静止坐标系下的反电动势进行积分。为了抑制反电动势的积分环节带来的积分饱和和直流漂移问题,设计了截止频率可以自动调节的低通滤波器来代替积分器。对于在低速时低通滤波器所带来的磁链幅值衰减和相位超前问题,利用饱和反馈对观测误差进行补偿。最后通过锁相环进行位置的估计。搭建了MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台。仿真表明:该方法能够实现对IPMSM全速度范围内的转子位置的高精度估计。     

Analysis and prediction of regulation in a multiple-outputcurrent-mode controlled DC-to-DC converter

A technique is developed for predicting the closed-loop steady state output voltage regulation of a multiple-output current-mode controlled converter. The proposed model accounts for the current loop, the voltage loop, and the integrator in the compensation scheme. This method allows tradeoffs with respect to regulation between different components or feedback configurations to be evaluated during the design of a converter. Experimental verification on a three-output current-mode controlled push-pull converter with single output voltage feedback is provided     

Exact Formulation of Window Functions for Analog Network Spectral Analyzers

An equation for the spectral window function for analog network analyzers is derived without assumptions on length of data interval available. The equation, given in terms of filter pole-zero locations for both the filter-bank and heterodyned-input type analyzers, can be programmed on a digital computer without difficulty. As an illustration, the "growth" of a spectral window with increasing length of available data is shown for a special case: a single-tuned circuit followed by a squaring circuit and perfect integrator. The error in using the usual approximation also is indicated. Use of the derived equation for quantitative comparisons of analog and digital analyzers is noted.     

Angular Accuracy of the Binary Moving Window Radar Detector

The angular accuracy of a search radar depends on the extraction technique. For the case of a binary moving window extractor, the accuracy is evaluated in different operational conditions including target scintillation. A beam-splitting technique that was devised to improve the accuracy is also evaluated and compared with the binary moving window.     

MTI Loss with Coherent Integration of Weighted Pulses

A moving target indicator (MTI) preceding a coherent integrator causes a degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This negative effect can be reduced by weighting of the MTI output pulses before the integration process. Two examples are given which show the improvement in SNR and detection probability as a result of this weighting.     

Performance of the Analog Moving Window Detector

A type of analog integrating moving window detector for use with a scanning pulse radar is examined. A performance analysis is carried out, which takes into account both the radiation pattern of the antenna and the dynamic character of the detection process due to the angular scanning of the antenna. An expression for the false alarm rate of the detector is first derived and evaluated numerically. The detection performance and angular accuracy are next determined in a direct Monte Carlo simulation of the detector on a digital computer for both no fading and pulse-to-pulse Rayleigh fading. Finally the influence on detection performance of the width used for the moving window is investigated.     

基于可变滑动窗口与3σ准则的脉冲星信号去噪算法

针对地面接收射电观测脉冲星信号较弱、信噪比较低的问题,提出了基于可变滑动窗口与两层3σ准则的信号去噪算法。该算法引入可变滑动窗口,对信号进行分步连续处理,同时在筛选噪声时使用两层3σ准则算法,解决了噪声遗漏及过度去噪问题。为证明算法可靠性与实用性,利用佳木斯66 m观测站实测数据进行算法验证,针对J1939+2134与J1744—1134脉冲星的实测数据进行分析处理。结果表明,该算法能够对脉冲星数据进行有效去噪,普遍提高信噪比约10dB。     

Time windowing for highly focused ISAR image reconstruction

In several applications long recorded live inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data are used to obtain one or more ISAR images. In order to reconstruct a well-focused ISAR image, a suitable selection of the echoes to be coherently processed must be provided. Such a selection can be made by defining a time window. We propose a technique for the automatic selection of the position and length of the time window that provides the ISAR image with the highest focus. The technique, namely the maximum contrast based automatic time window selection (MC-ATWS), is based on the definition of image contrast (IC). Due to the fact that the IC is a measure of the image focus, the time window is selected by maximizing the IC. The technique effectiveness is tested by using simulated and real data.     

一种包含运动边界的高精度流场数值计算方法

为了准确快速地模拟运动边界的流场,提出一种反馈力源形式的包含运动边界的非定常流场数值计算方法。该方法采用完全正交的网格,以反馈力源作用点的运动来模拟边界的运动。采用物理量及其各阶导数在边界两侧的突跃修正中心差分格式,使之达到二阶精度,以此离散求解二维不可压Navier-Stokes方程。并且提出了与运动边界相适应的反馈力源构造方法及对边界上速度进行插值的方法。基于此数值计算方法,对低雷诺数的圆柱绕流、静止流体中的振荡圆柱以及昆虫振翅运动的二维非定常流场进行了数值计算,计算结果与以往的数值及实验结果非常吻合,表明本文方法与Peskin的浸入式边界方法在处理运动边界问题时具有同样的高效率,且精度高于浸入式边界方法。     

弹道导弹中段防御的拦截窗口分析

根据弹道导弹中段飞行近似为二体运动的特点，应用二体运动理论分析了弹道导弹中段防御的拦截窗口。假设最低拦截点由拦截弹末段寻的飞行正常工作的最低地面高度决定，最高拦截点由拦截弹投射能力决定，给出了根据当前时刻弹道导弹位置和速度求解拦截窗口的算法。对采用最小能量弹道飞行的弹道导弹，给出了根据射程求解拦截窗口的算法，并对不同射程的最小能量弹道，给出了求解拦截窗口的算例。     

船载天线伺服系统稳定回路分析与设计

为提高方位俯仰型船载天线伺服系统的船摇隔离度,稳定环是常采用的策略,但是选择传统的PID(Proportional Integral Derivative,比例积分微分)调节器往往不能获得满意的控制效果,针对该问题,提出了PID+积分+滞后校正环节作为稳定环调节器的具体实现形式。另外,通过对伺服系统内各环路带宽及响应速度的分析,将稳定环阶跃响应的上升时间作为参数调节依据。上述设计完成后,在实际系统中添加周期10s,幅值8°的正弦波信号模拟船摇扰动,此时添加稳定环后,方位轴的船摇隔离度提高了6dB,俯仰轴的船摇隔离度提高了13dB。这表明,采用PID+积分+滞后校正环节作为稳定环调节器的设计形式是正确且简单有效的。     

一种基于最小二乘拟合的数据关联算法

针对点航关联在多目标跟踪中精度与实时性难兼顾的问题,提出了一种基于最小二乘拟合的点航关联算法。首先采用滑窗将历史航迹截断,采用最小二乘法在不同维度分别拟合、外推融合航迹历史信息条件下的航迹点,增加外推点的多样性及信息量。同时定义了5种全概率关联事件,提取传统滤波方法的预测点,将拟合外推点与滤波预测点融合,使归属判决更加准确。最后分别推导了不同事件发生时的状态更新方程与误差协方差更新方程,给出了其中参数的确定方法。经仿真数据验证,与经典的最近邻域法和联合概率数据互联算法相比,所提算法能够更好地兼顾精度与实时性,且计算复杂度较低,易于工程实现。     

Optimum Steady-State Position and Velocity Estimation Using Noisy Sampled Position Data

The Kalman filtering technique is used to obtain analytical expressions for the optimum position and velocity accuracy that can be achieved in a navigation system that measures position at uniform sampling intervals of T seconds through random noise with an rms value of ?x. A one-dimensional dynamic model, with piecewise-constant acceleration assumed, is used in the analysis, in which analytic expressions for position and velocity accuracy (mean square), before and after observations, are obtained. The errors are maximum immediately before position measurements are made. The maximum position error, however, can be bounded by the inherent sensor error by use of a sufficiently high sampling rate, which depends on the sensor accuracy and acceleration level. The steady-state Kalman filter for realizing the optimum estimates consists of a double integrator, the initial conditions of which are reset at each observation.     

A CFD-based numerical virtual flight simulator and its application in control law design of a maneuverable missile model

A CFD-based Numerical Virtual Flight (NVF) simulator is presented, which integrates an unsteady flow solver on moving hybrid grids, a Rigid-Body Dynamics (RBD) solver and a module of the Flight Control System (FCS). A technique of dynamic hybrid grids is developed to control the active control surfaces with body morphing, with a technique of parallel unstructured dynamic overlapping grids generating proper moving grids over the deflecting control surfaces (e.g. the afterbody rudders of a missile). For the flow/kinematic coupled problems, the 6 Degree-Of-Freedom (DOF) equations are solved by an explicit or implicit method coupled with the URANS CFD solver. The module of the control law is explicitly coupled into the NVF simulator and then improved by the simulation of the pitching maneuver process of a maneuverable missile model. A nonlinear dynamic inversion method is then implemented to design the control law for the pitching process of the maneuverable missile model. Simulations and analysis of the pitching maneuver process are carried out by the NVF simulator to improve the flight control law. Higher control response performance is obtained by adjusting the gain factors and adding an integrator into the control loop.     

基于动态混合网格的多体分离数值模拟方法

在以往发展的动态混合网格技术的基础上,耦合六自由度运动方程计算和非定常流场计算,建立了一种多体分离问题的非定常数值模拟方法。首先采用刚体运动的六自由度运动方程,建立刚体运动轨迹计算模块,然后以该模块为纽带将以往建立的非定常计算方法与改进的基于Delaunay背景网格插值方法和局部网格重构方法相结合的动态混合网格生成方法耦合起来,形成了精度较高、效率较快的多体分离数值模拟方法。利用该方法对典型多体分离问题进行了数值模拟,计算结果与风洞实验结果吻合较好。     

动态背景下基于金字塔LK光流的运动目标检测

提出了一种动态背景下基于金字塔LK光流的运动目标检测方法。首先采用Shi-Tomasi角点检测法提取图像的强角点,再用金字塔LK光流法计算下一时刻这些特征点的对应位置,得到匹配的多组特征点对。利用这些特征点对建立仿射变换模型并计算仿射参数,对图像做仿射变换消除背景运动带来的误差,最后用帧间差分法处理得到前景目标。实验结果表明,本方法能够以较好的实时性、稳定地检测和提取动背景下的运动目标。     

Evaluation of Collapsing Losses in Digital Radar Detection

The collapsing losses, due to multiple channel combinations, are evaluated for some digital radar detection schemes including the moving window detector.