The Detection Performance of a Modified Moving Window Detector

The modified moving window detector for binary integration has a shorter window length compared with the ordinary moving window detector because of the addition of a third threshold. When the second threshold is reached, a counter begins to count until the third threshold is reached. A graphical method using a probability chain is developed here to analyze and to calculate the detection performance of this type detector. The detection performances for some practical cases are calculated by computer and are compared with the ordinary moving window detector.     

Performance of the Analog Moving Window Detector

A type of analog integrating moving window detector for use with a scanning pulse radar is examined. A performance analysis is carried out, which takes into account both the radiation pattern of the antenna and the dynamic character of the detection process due to the angular scanning of the antenna. An expression for the false alarm rate of the detector is first derived and evaluated numerically. The detection performance and angular accuracy are next determined in a direct Monte Carlo simulation of the detector on a digital computer for both no fading and pulse-to-pulse Rayleigh fading. Finally the influence on detection performance of the width used for the moving window is investigated.     

Evaluation of Collapsing Losses in Digital Radar Detection

The collapsing losses, due to multiple channel combinations, are evaluated for some digital radar detection schemes including the moving window detector.     

Separation of target rigid body and micro-doppler effects in ISAR imaging

Micro-Doppler (m-D) effect is caused by moving parts of the radar target. It can cover rigid parts of a target and degrade the inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) image. Separation of the patterns caused by stationary parts of the target from those caused by moving (rotating or vibrating) parts is the topic of this paper. Two techniques for separation of the rigid part from the rotating parts have been proposed. The first technique is based on time-frequency (TF) representation with sliding window and order statistics techniques. The first step in this technique is recognition of rigid parts in the range/cross-range plane. In the second step, reviewed TF representation and order statistics setup are employed to obtain signals caused by moving parts. The second technique can be applied in the case of very emphatic m-D effect. In the first step the rotating parts are recognized, based on the inverse Radon transform (RT). After masking these patterns, a radar image with the rigid body reflection can be obtained. The proposed methods are illustrated by examples     

分层嵌套重叠网格自适应树结构动态组装方法

采用重叠网格可以有效地进行复杂流动的大规模数值模拟,特别是包含运动部件(如旋翼、投弹)的动态模拟。本文将树结构的自适应直角网格用于重叠网格组装过程中的切割和贡献单元的搜索,大大加快重叠网格的组装速度。通过二叉树自适应直角网格对物体外形进行离散,实现切割过程的快速定位;采用八叉树自适应直角网格对流场区域进行离散,高效地搜索贡献单元。使用基于壁面距离准则的重叠区域最小化方法和分层嵌套重叠策略,能提高重叠网格组装的效率和质量。对于具有运动部件的动态重叠网格问题,采用多个二/八叉树减少组装过程中信息更新的冗余计算,从而大幅度减少重叠网格组装的时间消耗。实际算例的重叠网格组装结果说明本文发展的重叠网格组装方法具有很高的计算效率,可以满足运动边界复杂流动问题的动态计算要求。     

Comparison of Two Scanning Radar Detectors: The Moving Window and the Feedback Integrator

A comparison is made between the moving window and feedback integrator detectors for a scanning radar. Detection probabilities and position estimates are calculated by using a Monte Carlo simulation. The moving window is a slightly better detector than the feedback integrator: it provides 0.5-dB better detection capability and 8 percent more accurate estimate of position. However, the feedback integrator can be implemented more easily.     

准同步窗及其在高精度失真度测量中的应用

主要介绍了准同步窗方法及其在失真度测量中的应用情况。该方法有效地降低了基于DFT失真度测量方法中非整周期采样引起的频谱泄漏对测量的影响，实验结果表明该方法有效地提高了失真度测量的准确度。     

Jump detection/estimation using stepwise regression

The detection and estimation of jumps with unknown time and magnitude in specific states of a dynamic process is addressed. Unlike most of the techniques described in the literature, the method can handle multiple jumps within the data window. This allows the use of longer data spans with consequently improved jump estimation. Jumps are treated as bias states, and the innovations and innovation sensitivities from a jump-free filter are used as data for regression. Forward stepwise regression provides the means to systematically search all the jump possibilities. Removal of other bias states from the filter and inclusion in the regression improves the performance of the method. A realistic inertial navigation example with multiple jumps is given to demonstrate the advantages of the technique. The method works best offline using the entire data span, but the performance of the online moving window version is only slightly degraded     

一种关于目标与安全管道相对位置估算方法

针对靶场试验安全控制中目标与安全管道位置估算的实际需求,结合靶场实时数据处理要求,提出了利用滑动窗口技术,动态载人理论弹道数据,并采用折半查找和KNN查询相结合的思想实现了目标与理论弹道最近邻点查询,完成了飞行目标与理论规划航迹间的位置等参数偏差查询。利用区间估计原理,给出了目标与安全管道相对位置估算方法,解决了传统试验中无法对目标与管道边界的接近程度进行量化的问题。     

基于可变滑动窗口与3σ准则的脉冲星信号去噪算法

针对地面接收射电观测脉冲星信号较弱、信噪比较低的问题,提出了基于可变滑动窗口与两层3σ准则的信号去噪算法。该算法引入可变滑动窗口,对信号进行分步连续处理,同时在筛选噪声时使用两层3σ准则算法,解决了噪声遗漏及过度去噪问题。为证明算法可靠性与实用性,利用佳木斯66 m观测站实测数据进行算法验证,针对J1939+2134与J1744—1134脉冲星的实测数据进行分析处理。结果表明,该算法能够对脉冲星数据进行有效去噪,普遍提高信噪比约10dB。     

Adaptive False Alarmrm Regulation in Double Threshold Radar Detection

In practical situations the false alarm probability in double threshold radar detection, sometimes known as binary integration with sliding window detection, is dependent on the nonstationarity and azimuthal correlation of the clutter which is present. Control of the false alarm probability can be achieved, to a certain extent, by the adjustment of the second threshold in the detection process. In this study two adaptive control techniques which are based on the statistical characteristics of the data are compared. Comparing the results for a technique based on first-order statistics with one based on second-order statistics, it is shown that the second-order, or correlation sensitive, technique can give a reduction of 30 to 45 percent in the false alarm probability with no corresponding loss in the detection probability. An interesting aspect of the results is the fact that the effects of the size of the sample area and the bias in the correlation estimator are clearly evident.     

动态间断装配法模拟斜激波壁面反射

基于非结构动网格技术和边界装配思想提出了动态间断装配法,该方法能够应用于求解含有间断的流动问题。无论入射激波还是反射激波都是作为边界进行处理,激波运动速度由兰金-许贡纽(Rankine-Hugoniot)关系确定。激波作为动网格的一部分,其运动由动网格技术实现。采用该方法模拟了超声速二维流场中激波与壁面相交问题,并且与捕捉法进行比较,二者的流场结构符合良好,但是在细节上还是存在明显差异。通过对流动结构的分析,得出采用装配方法得到的流场要优于捕捉方法的结论。激波壁面反射的问题模拟,也说明了边界激波装配方法对于复杂的激波相交问题是具有处理能力的。     

Time windowing for highly focused ISAR image reconstruction

In several applications long recorded live inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) data are used to obtain one or more ISAR images. In order to reconstruct a well-focused ISAR image, a suitable selection of the echoes to be coherently processed must be provided. Such a selection can be made by defining a time window. We propose a technique for the automatic selection of the position and length of the time window that provides the ISAR image with the highest focus. The technique, namely the maximum contrast based automatic time window selection (MC-ATWS), is based on the definition of image contrast (IC). Due to the fact that the IC is a measure of the image focus, the time window is selected by maximizing the IC. The technique effectiveness is tested by using simulated and real data.     

模拟存在运动激波流场的无网格自适应算法

将无网格自适应算法发展用于求解存在运动激波的非定常流动问题。为了降低初始布点要求,同时提高对运动激波的分辨率,提出了一种结合点云加密和点云粗化的动态点云技术。采用该技术,在非定常计算的每一个时间步,首先通过基于压强梯度的流场探针识别出激波所在位置,然后对激波附近点云进行加密,从而提高对激波的分辨率,同时对远离激波的点云进行粗化,尽可能减少冗余节点,提高计算效率。采用所提出的无网格自适应算法求解了N-S方程,首先对一维运动激波问题进行了数值模拟,通过将数值模拟结果与精确解比较,验证了所提算法求解存在运动激波的非定常流动的可行性,在此基础上,将方法推广用于二维非定常流动问题的求解,分别对瞬时激波碰撞圆柱以及双弧翼型激波振荡流动进行了数值模拟,计算结果表明,方法可以显著提高对激波的分辨率,同时相对于直接采用较密布点的非自适应算法,自适应算法在计算效率上具有优势。     

红外窗口不同冷却方式下的结构传热和热应力特性计算研究

对外冷喷流和内冷管流等不同冷却方式下的红外窗口传热和热应力进行了数值计算研究.窗口结构传热和热应力采用有限元方法求解,带外部冷喷流窗口外表面气动加热率则通过对带冷源项的N-S方程求解给出,当采用管流冷却时,管流液体温度和窗口结构温度通过耦合迭代方式统一求解,管流和壁面间的换热系数采用工程关联公式估算.研究表明,在达到来流总温以前,窗口各点温度和热应力随加热时间单调上升,各时刻最大温度发生在外表面;而最大热应力则发生在合金材料内部.两种冷却方式对比表明,外冷方式对于窗口整体温度和热应力的降低十分有效,但具体到局部重要部位,外冷方式效果不如内冷,内冷方式对于管道附近部位具有更好的降温和降低热应力效果.因红外窗口尺度限制,冷却管道流动雷诺数偏小,流动为层流态,这限制了冷却管换热效率的提高,因此建议增加管道数目和管壁粗糙度来强化冷却.     

Spatio-temporal pattern recognition using hidden Markov models

A spatio-temporal method for identifying objects contained in an image sequence is presented. The Hidden Markov Model (HMM) technique is used as the classification algorithm, making classification decisions based on a spatio-temporal sequence of observed object features. A five class problem is considered. Classification accuracies of 100% and 99.7%, are obtained for sequences of images generated over two separate regions of viewing positions. HMMs trained on image sequences of the objects moving in opposite directions showed a 98.1% successful classification rate by class and direction of movement. The HMM technique proved robust to image corruption with additive correlated noise and had a higher accuracy than a single-look nearest neighbor method. A real image sequence of one of the objects used was successfully recognized with the HMMs trained on synthetic data. This study shows the temporal changes that observed feature vectors undergo due to object motion hold information that can yield superior classification accuracy when compared with single-frame techniques     

基于改进滑动窗多项式拟合法的 航空器4D航迹预测

准确的航迹预测是提升无人机飞行防相撞空中威胁态势预警能力的基础,针对入侵机,提出一种改进滑动窗多项式拟合航迹预测方法。主要进行两方面改进:一是对当前值之后的数个未来值预测时,为各个预测值在滑动窗内构建合适的多项式拟合方程;二是依据当前航迹值与此前有限个连续航迹值所反映出的目标运动模式信息,自适应调整拟合多项式阶数与滑动窗长度。结果表明:较之传统滑动窗多项式拟合法,本文方法具有更高的航迹预测精度,能够在一定程度上改善非合作航空器的航迹预测精度,验证了其在航迹预测中的可行性和有效性。     

Minimal-Order Models for False-Alarm Calculations on Sliding Windows

A procedure is developed to obtain practical numerical results in connection with the m-out-of-n sliding-window detection problem. This effort was motivated by difficulties with previous approaches involving approximation, Markov models, and Monte Carlo simulation. Generating-function methods were found to be unsatisfactory for window lengths greater than 6 due to their complexity. Instead, a Markov model is described that is then constructively reduced to the minimum number of state variables. The results are derived for binary strings with intersymbol correlation. Computational aids are discussed for obtaining design information, such as quantiles, from the minimal-order Markov models. Numerical results are given comparing the methods of the paper with a "jumping" window approximation for an 8/10 problem.     

Maximum likelihood azimuth estimation applied to SSR/IFF systems

A conventional (nonmonopulse) secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is significantly cheaper than a monopulse SSR but exhibits much greater azimuthal error, especially when some of the replies are missing. Estimation techniques and their performance are discussed with special reference to SSR applications, and a novel estimator for conventional SSR is described. The proposed technique is a close approximation of the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE), taking into account the receiver characteristics as well as the missed replies. Estimator performance obtained by analysis and computer simulation is compared with that of conventional estimators that are based on the leading and trailing edges of binary sequences and shows significantly improved accuracy     

基于速度积分匹配的旋转调制惯导系统动基座对准方法

卫星导航信息辅助动基座对准过程中,速度噪声会影响对准精度和快速性,制约了旋转调制惯导角秒级高精度快速对准的实现.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于旋转调制惯导速度积分匹配的快速动基座对准方法,通过建立旋转调制惯导动基座对准误差方程和卡尔曼滤波观测模型,以消除动基座对准对载机特殊运动的要求.最后,在实验室静态环境和车载环境下,分别开展了速度积分匹配和速度十位置组合导航动基座对准仿真实验.仿真结果表明,提出的速度积分匹配方法具有误差估计量收敛速度快的特点,在对准精度不降低的情况下相对组合导航匹配方式能有效缩短动基座对准时间,并能基于旋转调制惯导取消动基座对准对载机的机动需求.