运输类飞机高升力构型数值模拟研究

高升力装置对大多数运输机的大小、吨位、经济性及安全性都有重要的影响。由于复杂的流动机理、几何外形、支撑机构及驱动系统之间的矛盾关系,导致高升力系统的设计周期很长并且很大程度上依赖于试验[1]。然而,随着计算机软件和硬件的迅速发展,近几年的工程设计中N-S方程应用日趋广泛。在空气动力学设计领域,计算机辅助设计手段已经逐步替代了过去的经验设计手段,并且国内飞机设计单位的科研人员也开始花费越来越多的时间应用流体仿真软件来达到设计目标,而不是像过去那样完全依赖试验结果去设计和分析飞机气动力特性,高升力装置设计也是如此。本文着重对著名的MSES软件和CFX软件在高升力装置模拟中的工程应用进行探索,并和风洞试验结果进行比较,初步研究了高升力装置数值模拟在飞机设计工程应用中存在的一些问题。     

翼吊发动机短舱对增升装置气动特性影响研究

增升装置的气动效率对于全机整体性能有重要影响,而当代大多数跨音速运输类飞机均采用翼吊发动机布局。通过对有、无翼吊短舱的两个三维增升装置的数值模拟,研究了翼吊发动机短舱对于增升装置气动性能的影响。结果表明,翼吊发动机短舱会严重恶化增升装置的气动性能。流动机理分析表明,短舱挂架与机翼前缘结合处的缝翼缺口及大迎角时绕过短舱的分离气流是造成增升装置气动性能恶化的两个主要原因。     

Aerodynamic design of the high-lift-wing for a Megaliner aircraft

A ‘Megaliner’ aircraft configuration like the Airbus A380 will become a civil transport aircraft lager than all existing designs. Its wing had to be designed not only to give the required cruise performance but also to be compatible with the given airport infrastructure. The aerodynamic design of the high-lift system has to fulfil the resulting targets for the take-off and landing configuration but is also required to have the minimum possible mechanical and structural system complexity, i.e. resulting in a minimum possible weight and cost. After an introduction to constraints of a Megaliner configuration a summary of high-lift wing solutions and the constraints driving the high-lift wing design is given. The experiences in high-lift design on previous Airbus aircraft and the major tools (computational fluid dynamics and windtunnel testing) for the design work and its verification are presented. Also a side view is given to the importance of research programs for the development of new high-lift concepts for future aircraft. The described development work for the Megaliner high-lift wing was driven by the strong requirement for an optimised overall design. Various interactions with the cruise wing design and the design of the support and actuation system are highlighted, which were leading to the best possible balanced solution.     

大展弦比运输机标模高升力构型设计与评估

介绍了中国航空工业空气动力研究院基于分层策略遗传算法的多段翼型优化设计工具和高升力构型计算评估方法,参照国内外大展弦比运输机指标为FL-9增压风洞设计了高升力构型标模,为检验标模气动性能,在法国ONERA F1风洞进行了一系列风洞试验和采用UNSMB平台进行了数值模拟。结果显示计算结果与试验结果有着较好的一致性,设计方案具有较好的增升效果。     

Recent experience with different methods of drag prediction

During the recent past the process of engineering design has changed entirely because of rapid developments in computational simulations. In aerodynamic design, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are slowly superseding empirical methods and design engineers are spending more and more time applying CFD tools to analyze and predict the aerodynamic characteristics of vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to review recent experiences in CFD-based drag prediction with an emphasis on flow solutions governed by the Euler and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. For these types of flow solutions, various drag analysis methodologies are outlined and applied to determine the drag of components of as well as whole-body airplanes, helicopters, and ground-based vehicles at subsonic and transonic flow conditions. The review demonstrates that although significant progress has been made, CFD-based drag prediction still faces a number of hurdles that must be dealt with before it will become more widely accepted.     

增升装置多段翼型气动声学风洞实验研究

随着航空运输业的蓬勃发展,飞机的噪声污染受到越来越多的关注。在大型飞机起降阶段,增升装置作为主要的机体部件,其辐射出的噪声量级已经占据飞机总体噪声的很大一部分,是未来飞机能否进一步降低噪声达到适航标准的关键性因素。针对增升装置多段翼型30P30N的气动噪声问题进行实验研究,实验在北航D5气动声学风洞中开展,使用Kevlar布和穿孔板对实验段进行了气动声学改造,以满足透声不透气的气动声学实验要求。通过远场传声器和麦克风阵列测量得到30P30N模型的远场气动噪声特性和定位主要声源位置,引进小波变换的信号分析方法得到噪声的时频特性,全面揭示多段翼型的气动噪声产生机理。     

大型飞机增升装置气动机构一体化设计技术进展

增升装置设计作为大型客机设计的关键技术之一,其设计水平的提升将极大提高飞机的整体性能。虽然先进增升装置方案朝着简单形式发展,但其设计目标将结合气动、机构、结构、噪声等复杂考虑因素,以达到最优的综合性能和提高飞行的安全性、经济性和舒适性,是个高难度多学科多约束耦合的设计问题。结合气动优化、机构设计、一体化研究等多方面增升装置设计难点进行论述,并提出相应解决方案,最终完成气动/机构一体化设计。分别回顾了干净构型到巡航构型的外形设计方法;起降构型的气动评估、优化方法;增升装置位置表达方法和机构设计研究现状。最后阐述了气动/机构一体化设计方法的思想,总结了国内外在该方向所进行的研究和取得的成果。     

外吹式襟翼动力增升效果评估方法

外吹式动力增升襟翼可以有效地缩短运输类飞机的起降距离,其增升效果评估方法是运输机动力增升设计的关键技术之一。本文采用基准气动力耦合速度修正方法,发展了一套适用于外吹式襟翼动力增升效果快速评估的计算方法;该方法充分考虑了动力增升飞机性能计算对气动力数据的需求,解决了传统推力系数法的小速度大推力系数求解限制问题、无法准确求解离地速度以及多速度点气动力求解引起的计算效率问题。以某运输机为例,分析了其气动力及起飞性能,对其外吹式襟翼动力增升效果进行了评估,验证了方法的正确性。研究表明:通过优化动力增升襟翼偏转角,起飞滑跑距离最大减小量可达到25%;过大的襟翼偏转角将显著地增加飞机阻力,不利于缩短起飞滑跑距离。研究工作对运输机的外吹式动力增升襟翼设计,具有一定的工程指导价值。     

低速增升装置失速特性预测研究

民机低速增升装置失速特性是具有挑战性的空气动力学难题之一,决定着飞机起、降阶段机翼处于流动分离或尾迹干扰状态时的操纵稳定性,是气动设计必须关注的重要方面。利用基于N-S方程的自研多块结构网格计算软件和混合网格计算软件,对NASA高升力梯形机翼标准模型开展了失速特性计算研究,系统评估了计算软件、计算网格、湍流模型等主要因素对失速特性的影响,获得了有效预测高升力构型失速特性的计算方案,并将其成功应用于工程实际,为增升装置失速特性计算评估提供了有意义的参考。     

翼身融合布局民机克鲁格襟翼设计

翼身融合（BWB）布局是"绿色航空"发展目标的下一代大型民用飞机的理想布局。由于高度融合的外形特点，BWB布局难以通过应用传统增升装置实现低速增升与配平的协调设计。本文采用开缝钝头克鲁格襟翼提高BWB布局低速失速特性。首先，构建了克鲁格襟翼二维参数化方法，该方法符合克鲁格襟翼运动机构特点，可准确描述几何外形与缝道配置。其次，开展克鲁格襟翼几何参数与偏转角度的影响规律研究，分析流动形态与增升机理，提出设计原则。综合考虑外形、运动机构与遮蔽效应等设计约束，以提高增升能力为目标，开展前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼优化设计。优化设计结果满足设计约束，数值分析表明其增升能力比初始外形与经典缝翼均有明显提高。最终，采用前缘开缝克鲁格襟翼与后缘简单襟翼构建BWB增升构型，数值模拟与风洞试验结果表明，增升方案能够实现升力系数要求，降低了对配平能力的需求，减小了增升装置和高升力配平设计压力。提出的克鲁格襟翼设计方法不仅适用于BWB布局，也为传统布局民机增升装置设计提供了技术支持。     

HiLiftPW-3高升力构型数值模拟

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和拼接网格技术，采用MUSCL-Roe格式和Spalart-Almaras一方程湍流模型，对第3届高升力构型性能预测会议提供的两组高升力标模进行了数值模拟，主要目的是确认本文计算方法模拟复杂高升力构型的能力。研究内容主要包括高升力构型网格生成技术、网格收敛性研究及气动特性数值模拟。通过与JAXA （Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency）提供的测压、测力试验结果的对比分析，表明，在失速迎角之前，数值模拟得到的气动力系数和压力分布均与试验结果吻合；较好地模拟了局部外形变化引起的气动特性差量。本文建立的数值模拟方法对典型运输机三段翼布局的低速问题具有良好的适用性，可以为大飞机低速构型的气动设计及评估提供技术支撑。     

后缘装置LET对多段翼型气动特性的影响研究

采用求解N-S方程的方法,分别对安装后缘装置(Lift Enhancing Tabs,LET)中的传统形式Gurney襟翼(Gurney Flap,GF)和新型后缘装置(Mini-Trailing Edge Device,Mini-TED)后的多段翼型气动特性进行了分析研究。以带有30%弦长富勒襟翼的NACA632-215B两段高升力翼型为基础,分析了不同安装位置的GF对气动特性的影响。结果表明,在中等襟翼偏角下主翼尾缘安装GF对气动特性是不利的,而GF在襟翼尾缘的安装则有实际应用的可能。针对某真实飞机起飞、着陆构型多段翼型,研究了襟翼后缘不同偏角的Mini-TED对气动特性的影响。计算结果表明,通过对Mini-TED安装偏角的优化,对于不同的构型和飞行状态可以增大其改善飞机气动特性的使用范围。     

Aerodynamic optimization of a high-lift system with adaptive dropped hinge flap

The Adaptive Dropped Hinge Flap (ADHF) is a novel trailing edge high-lift device characterized by the integration of downward deflection spoiler and simple hinge flap, with excellent aerodynamic and mechanism performance. In this paper, aerodynamic optimization design of an ADHF high-lift system is conducted considering the mechanism performance. Shape and settings of both takeoff and landing configurations are optimized and analyzed, with considering the kinematic constraints of ADHF mechanism, and the desired optimization results were obtained after optimization. Sensitivity analysis proves the robustness of the optimal design. Comparison shows that the ADHF design has better comprehensive performance of both mechanism and aerodynamics than the conventional Fowler flap and simple hinge flap design.     

基于放大因子与Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型的转捩预测

为了验证放大因子输运方程与Spalart-Allmaras(S-A)湍流模型耦合对转捩现象的模拟精度,选取Schubauer and Klebanoff(S-K)平板、S809低速翼型、30p30n多段翼型以及复杂的三维HiLiftPW-1构型进行自由转捩计算,并将计算结果与实验进行比较分析,其中针对S809算例,还与Langtry-Menter(L-M)转捩模型进行了比较.算例结果表明:放大因子输运方程与S-A湍流模型的耦合能够较好的捕捉转捩位置以及转捩发展过程,对分离泡诱导的转捩的模拟相比L-M转捩模型更精确,转捩位置的捕捉精度提升了10%;对比实验,多段翼转捩位置的捕捉误差最大为6.5%;针对三维高升力增升构型,以实验作为参考,全湍流计算与考虑边界层转捩的对比显示考虑边界层转捩能够更加精确的模拟气动力系数,升力和表面摩擦阻力系数的模拟精度精度提升1%.      

高升力下二维构型阻力准确测量研究

翼型风洞试验阻力测量常使用尾迹流场测量积分求取阻力的方法,但各积分公式均建立在一定的假设基础上,有一定适用范围。在多段翼型流场N-S方程数值模拟和风洞试验的基础上,研究高升力情况下低速风洞阻力精确测量技术。通过N-S方程数值模拟求解多段翼型绕流场,分析尾迹流场的特点和常规风洞试验阻力计算公式推导时所作假设,提出新的更为准确的型阻计算公式;利用多段翼型绕流的数值模拟结果,积分表面压力和摩擦力求得翼型的气动特性,并利用计算得到的尾迹流场信息按照常规和新提出的风洞试验型阻计算公式计算阻力,将三者进行比较,检验提出的新型阻计算公式的准确性;通过风洞试验检验数值模拟得到的流场特点和新型阻计算公式。研究表明：在高升力条件下,传统型阻计算公式有很大的局限性,必须进行改进;提出的考虑尾迹区流动特点的新型阻计算公式能够得到更准确的阻力值。     

外吹式襟翼动力增升绕流数值分析

基于Euler方程来数值模拟运输机吹气襟翼的流动机理,通过优化发动机及襟翼系统的安装,以此评估其动力增升效果.计算结果分析表明本文方法对动力增升概念设计有很好的适用性.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement of co-flow jet airfoil with simple high-lift device

The present study performed a numerical investigation to explore the performance enhancement of a co-flow jet (CFJ) airfoil with simple high-lift device configuration, with a specific goal to examine the feasibility and capability of the proposed configuration for low-speed take-off and landing. Computations have been accomplished by an in-house-programmed Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solver enclosed by k-ω shear stress transport turbulence model. Three crucial geometric parameters, viz., injection slot location, suction slot location and its angle were selected for the sake of revealing their effects on aerodynamic lift, drag, power consumption and equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Results show that using simple high-lift devices on CFJ airfoil can significantly augment the aerodynamic associated lift and efficiency which evidences the feasibility of CFJ for short take-off and landing with small angle of attack. The injection and suction slot locations are more influential with respect to the aerodynamic performance of CFJ airfoil compared with the suction slot angle. The injection location is preferable to be located in the downstream of the pressure suction peak on leading edge to reduce the power expenditure of the pumping system for a relative higher equivalent lift-to-drag ratio. Another concluded criterion is that the suction slot should be oriented on the trailing edge flap for achieving more aerodynamic gain, meanwhile, carefully selecting this location is crucial in determining the aerodynamic enhancement of CFJ airfoil with deflected flaps.     

Optimization of multi-element airfoil settings considering ice accretion effect

Almost half of all flight accidents caused by inflight icing occur at the approach and landing phases when high-lift devices are deployed. The present study focuses on the optimization of an ice-tolerant multi-element airfoil. Dual-objective optimization is carried out with critical horn-shaped ice accumulated during the holding phase. The optimization results show that the present optimization method significantly enhances the iced-state and clean-state performance. The optimal multi-element airfoil has a larger deflection angle and wider gap at the slat and the flap compared with the baseline configuration. The sensitivity of each design parameter is analyzed, which verifies the robustness of the design. The design is further assessed when ice is accreted during the approach and landing phases, which also shows performance improvement.     

基于遗传算法多段翼型外形优化设计

为提高多段翼型增升效能,开展襟翼外形和缝道参数同时优化设计研究。优化算法采用遗传算法,以求解RANS方程为气动特性分析方法,通过椭圆方程控制生成多段翼型外形,同时优化缝宽、搭接量、襟翼偏角等位置参数和襟翼外形控制参数,实现多段翼型优化设计。设计实践表明,与只优化位置参数相比,同时优化襟翼外形和位置参数得到的多段翼型有更大的升力系数,方法是可行的,具有一定的工程应用前景。     

民用飞机增升构型前缘下垂参数影响分析

采用计算流体力学方法,针对基于典型二维多段翼型NACA0410设计的带前缘下垂构型的多段翼型进行数值模拟,研究了前缘下垂四种参数对多段翼升力特性的影响。在所研究的范围内,结果表明:1)在线性段,弦长增加与偏度增大对线性升力均有负面影响,但转轴高度与尾缘夹角对线性升力几乎没有影响;2)在近失速及失速段,弦长增加与尾缘夹角的提升,可明显提升升力;下垂偏度增加,以26°为界,小于该角度可提升升力,但大于该角度后,影响不再明显;随转轴高度下降,升力出现一定提升,但到2 mm后反而有所下降;前缘下垂尾缘夹角增大,可提升近失速段升力;3)四参数对升力影响主要体现在头部两段吸力峰的消长,设计中需综合考虑吸力峰特征,并加以应用。