基于广义Richardson外插方法的阻力预测精度分析

利用计算流体力学(CFD)方法预测阻力是飞行器气动设计中的关键环节。采用广义Richardson外插方法分别对数值方法预测二维简单构型的压差阻力、摩擦阻力和三维复杂构型的总阻力的精度进行了分析。在NACA 0012翼型无黏绕流和平板湍流边界层两个算例中验证了NSAWET程序和广义Richardson外插方法,分别得到数值算法预测压差阻力和摩擦阻力能达到的名义精度。进而模拟三维通用研究模型(CRM)翼身组合体绕流,得到的阻力名义精确值在DPW 5的统计误差带范围之内;综合DPW 5的计算结果来看,不同CFD解算器的结果之间存在一定差别,阻力预测精度总体上不符合二阶。可见,标准Richardson方法采用的二阶精度假设难以普遍适用,有必要采用广义Richardson外插方法得到名义精度。针对不合理的名义精度,采用Roache建议的方法加以限制。广义Richardson外插方法有助于提高误差分析的合理性,可以进一步降低网格对阻力预测的影响。     

A survey on numerical simulations of drag and heat reduction mechanism in supersonic/hypersonic flows

Along with the survey on experimental investigations drawing attention to the drag and heat reduction mechanism, the authors simultaneously focus on the recent advances of numerical simulations on the schemes applied to supersonic/hypersonic vehicles. The CFD study has evolved as an irreplaceable method in scheme evaluation and aircraft optimization. Similar to our previous experimental survey, the advances in drag and heat reduction schemes are reviewed by similar kinds of mechanism in this article, namely the forward-facing cavity, the opposing jet, the aerospike, the energy deposition and their combinational configurations. This review article puts an emphatic eye on the flow conditions, numerical methods, novel schemes and analytical conclusions given in the simulations. Further, the multi-objective design optimization concept has also been illustrated due to the observable advantages of using CFD over experimental method, especially those performances conducted in drag reduction and thermal protection practice, and this would possess reference value in the design of aircraft system.     

The aerodynamic design of multi-element high-lift systems for transport airplanes

High-lift systems have a major influence on the sizing, economics, and safety of most transport airplane configurations. The combination of complexity in flow physics, geometry, and system support and actuation has historically led to a lengthy and experiment intensive development process. However, during the recent past engineering design has changed significantly as a result of rapid developments in computational hardware and software. In aerodynamic design, computational methods are slowly superseding empirical methods and design engineers are spending more and more time applying computational tools instead of conducting physical experiments to design and analyze aircraft including their high-lift systems. The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in aerodynamic design and analysis methods for multi-element high-lift systems on transport airplanes. Attention is also paid to the associated mechanical and cost problems since a multi-element high-lift system must be as simple and economical as possible while meeting the required aerodynamic performance levels.     

变后掠变展长翼身组合体系统设计与特性分析

为了探索可变形飞行器气动、结构和控制关键技术,在可变后掠角及展长的翼身组合体风洞试验模型系统设计与特性分析方面开展了研究。系统设计包括总体方案设计、近似理论分析与计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟、结构与控制技术集成;特性分析包括结构特性、控制特性、定常与非定常气动特性的测试及其分析。结果表明:大尺度变形能显著改变飞行器的升力、阻力和升阻比等气动特性,进而使可变形飞行器能适应多种环境和任务,因而在全飞行周期中比传统固定外形飞行器具有更优的性能。     

超/高超声速飞行器动态稳定性导数极快速预测方法

飞行器设计早期阶段需要预测大量工况下的动导数。本文发展了一种面向超/高超声速飞行器的动导数极快速预测方法：首先基于当地流活塞理论，将飞行器进行小幅非定常运动所受到的气动力分为受自由来流引起的无附加扰动项以及受物面变形或运动引起的附加扰动项；通过当地表面斜度法、激波后等熵关系求解物面当地流动参数，进而结合非定常运动规律求出飞行器所受非定常气动力；再采用待定系数法对非定常气动力进行提取、辨识，最终得到超/高超声速飞行器动导数。该方法克服了传统方法对CFD流场参数的依赖和耦合，具有极高的计算效率；同时典型算例验证表明，该方法在超声速、高超声速工况下都能够很好预测动导数变化趋势。将该方法应用于复杂外形飞行器动导数预测，并讨论了与CFD方法的误差来源。本文方法可作为高速飞行器总体设计阶段布局选型的工具。     

直背式轿车加速行驶气动阻力的计算

用CFD方法对直背式轿车加速过程中非定常外流场进行了数值模拟,计算出不同速度及加速度情况下汽车的气动阻力.结果表明某一速度和加速度情况下气动阻力主要与此刻的速度和加速度有关,其他因素对它的影响较小,并通过两次线性拟合,得出阻力与速度及加速度的计算公式,该公式可以直接计算出汽车在加速行驶时在某一速度和加速度值下的气动阻力.      

一种基于CFD的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法

为了获得一个准确高效的非定常空气动力学模型并将其应用于叶轮机叶片颤振特性分析中去,论文发展了一种基于CFD方法的叶轮机非定常气动力组合建模方法,可以快速计算叶轮机叶片在等相角差振动时的气动阻尼系数。运用小扰动流场的叠加原理,通过不同通道数模型的非定常流场求解(通常需要两次或三次),针对流场的周期性边界条件,组合分析得到一系列更多通道数情况下的非定常气动力低阶模型。基于这种降阶模型计算的气动阻尼系数与直接的CFD方法计算结果吻合很好,计算效率提高10倍以上。     

Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall

The term dynamic stall refers to unsteady flow separation occurring on aerodynamic bodies, such as airfoils and wings, which execute an unsteady motion. The prediction of dynamic stall is important for flight vehicle, turbomachinery, and wind turbine applications. Due to the complicated flow physics of the dynamic stall phenomenon the industry has been forced to use empirical methods for its prediction. However, recent progress in computational methods and the tremendous increase in computing power has made possible the use of the full fluid dynamic governing equations for dynamic stall investigation and prediction in the design process. It is the objective of this review to present the major approaches and results obtained in recent years and to point out existing deficiencies and possibilities for improvements. To this end, potential flow, boundary layer, viscous–inviscid interaction, and Navier–Stokes methods are described. The most commonly used numerical schemes for their solution are briefly described. Turbulence models used for the computation of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, which are of primary interest to industry, are presented. The impact of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the dynamic stall phenomenon is discussed and currently available methods for its prediction are summarized. The main computational results obtained for airfoil and wing dynamic stall and comparisons with available experimental measurements are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of existing deficiencies and possibilities for future improvements.     

基于隐式嵌套重叠网格技术的阻力预测

 采用一种多层多块隐式嵌套重叠网格技术,对美国国家航空航天局通用化研究模型(NASA-CRM)翼身平尾(WBT)组合体进行了数值模拟与分析。多层多块隐式嵌套重叠网格技术是结合多层多块嵌套重叠网格处理策略和隐式切割方法,在建立重叠网格之间的流场信息传递关系时,基于网格单元切割准则选择"最优"重叠单元而无需人工设定插值边界。对美国AIAA委员会召开的第4届阻力预测研讨会(DPW-4)提供的CRM WBT组合体生成4种不同密度的结构化多层多块嵌套重叠网格,并采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法进行数值计算和阻力预测,计算结果与CFL3D和OVERFLOW的结果进行了对比。数值模拟结果表明:计算得到的压力分布和极曲线与CFL3D和OVERFLOW的结果几乎相同,说明了隐式嵌套重叠网格技术的有效性,同时也验证了流场求解方法与程序的可靠性。当迎角增大到3°左右时,在机身与机翼、尾翼连接处出现明显的分离涡,影响CRM WBT组合体的气动特性。在阻力预测方面,增加网格密度能够提高阻力预测的精度。采用不同的湍流模型会导致升、阻力系数的计算结果存在一定的差异,因此,湍流模型的选择也是阻力预测需要考虑的因素。     

高超声速轴对称流道冷流特征及气动力特性研究

对一种轴对称形式的高超声速飞行器全流道开展了风洞实验和数值模拟研究, 分析了不同来流总压、飞行攻角全流道的流场结构和气动力特性.研究结果表明:(1)一定范围内雷诺数的变化对全流道的流动结构和模型的气动力特性无显著影响, 因此所获得的风洞实验结果有望通过某种形式推广到飞行状态下使用;(2)飞行攻角对全流道的流动结构和升力系数有着显著影响, 但阻力系数的影响并不明显;(3)研究范围内来流马赫数的变化对全流道的流动结构有着一定影响, 但研究范围内, 阻力系数随马赫数的变化幅度较小;(4)由于轴对称流道的浸润面积较大, 研究范围内该类飞行器的摩擦阻力在全机阻力中占据了较大的比重, 设计状态下达全机气动力的62%;(5)与实验结果的对照表明, 所采用的数值模拟方法具有较高的精度.      

基于 CFD 和推阻分解技术的全机溢流阻力预测与分析

飞机在飞行过程中,根据性能需求,需要不断调整发动机活门流量系数,因此发动机短舱唇口的压力分布形态会发生很大变化,前方外流作用于进气道内流管上的合力也将改变,从而引起溢流阻力变化。本文基于某型号飞机,结合 CFD 动力模拟和推阻分解方法,获得不同流量系数下的溢流阻力,并分析流量系数、马赫数、高度、迎角对溢流阻力的影响。溢流阻力预测方法和影响研究可为飞机/涡扇发动机一体化设计、大涵道比短舱设计和气动力预测提供参考。     

A new efficient technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven optimization

This paper describes a new technology of aerodynamic design based on CFD driven constrained optimization to minimum drag. Within an aircraft development project we focus on the aerodynamic design of wings and show how the design process has been advanced with the new capabilities achieved through the use of the recently developed in-house optimization tool OPTIMAS. The optimization method of the present work is based on the use of Genetic Algorithms and accurate full Navier–Stokes drag prediction. The results include a variety of optimization cases for aerodynamic design of transport-type aircrafts.     

盒式布局飞机的纵向气动参数优化研究

采用CFD方法探讨了纵向布局参数对飞机纵向气动特性的影响规律,可为盒式机翼气动布局设计提供参考。示例计算结果表明,盒式布局可减小飞机的巡航阻力,改善气动效率,但是其设计参数的选取需要进行多学科综合设计优化。     

翼伞平面形状对翼伞气动性能的影响

对带气室的展弦比为3的不同平面形状翼伞模型的流场进行了三维定常数值模拟,详细考察了平面形状对翼伞气动性能的影响.运用有限体积法对三维坐标系下不可压雷诺时均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程进行了直接求解,采用剪切应力输运(SST)k-ω二方程湍流模型进行湍流模拟.数值模拟得出的原始翼伞的气动性能参数与试验数据在...     

一种减小再入飞行器侧向气动非线性的布局优化方法

为改善升力式再入飞行器在跨声速段出现的侧向气动特性非线性问题,发展了一种基于Kriging代理模型的自适应迭代气动布局优化方法。设计了一种常规升力式再入飞行器布局,计算了该布局在跨声速段的侧向气动力,分析了可能影响侧向气动特性的机翼布局参数。根据气动布局优化流程,计算了气动布局样本气动特性,建立了布局参数到侧向力矩系数导数的代理模型,完成了以减小飞行器侧向非线性为目标的布局优化设计。优化布局的气动特性计算结果表明,所发展的方法是可行和有效的。该项研究为再入飞行器减小侧向气动非线性提供了新的布局设计途径,有利于降低控制系统设计难度,保障飞行安全。     

Supersonic drag reduction technology in the scaled supersonic experimental airplane project by JAXA

Anticipating the international cooperative development of a next generation supersonic transport (SST), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed an advanced drag reduction technique as one of the key technologies that will be required. JAXA's technique is based on an aerodynamically optimum combination of well-known pressure drag reduction concepts and a new friction drag reduction concept. The pressure drag reduction concepts are mainly grounded in supersonic linear theory and involve the application of an arrow planform, a warped wing with optimum camber and twist, and an area-ruled body. The friction drag reduction concept is a world-first technical approach that obtains a natural laminar flow wing with a subsonic leading edge at supersonic speed. An ideal pressure distribution is first designed to delay boundary layer transition even on a highly swept wing, then an original CFD-based inverse design method is applied to obtain a wing shape that realizes the pressure distribution. An unmanned and scaled supersonic experimental airplane was flown at the Woomera test field in Australia in October 2005 to prove those concepts. Flight data analysis and comparison of flight data with CFD design data validated the drag reduction technique both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

高超声速飞行器高温流场数值模拟面临的问题

随着高超声速飞行器目标光辐射和电磁散射特性研究的发展和深入,高温流场特性日益引起人们的关注。由于高温流场特性研究中涉及到非常多的复杂气动现象,如气动加热、烧蚀、辐射、燃烧、化学反应以及湍流等,因此其数值模拟面临着诸多挑战。这里基于连续流计算流体力学(CFD)技术和稀薄气体蒙特卡罗直接仿真(DSMC)方法,从化学物理模型建模、方法稳定性与数值求解效率出发,分析了高超声速飞行器外部绕流、尾迹和发动机喷焰三方面的流场特性数值模拟在不同弹道、热防护手段和飞行流域环境下所面临的问题。在此基础上提出了数值求解技术和化学物理模型建模今后需要发展的方向,为有效提高高超声速高温流场特性数值模拟效率、增加流场特性预测精度提供了指导,从而为研究流场对高超声速飞行器目标光辐射和电磁散射特性影响提供有效的基础数据。     

栅格翼外形特征对减阻影响的研究

栅格翼相对平板翼有其独特的优越性,对其气动特性进行优化很有必要。采用风洞实验和数值计算的方法,分别对不同翼弦格宽比的栅格翼及不同后掠方式的栅格翼进行了研究,风洞实验结果显示,栅格翼的翼弦格宽比存在一个气动性能的最佳值,使得升阻比最大;数值计算结果证明栅格翼前缘局部后掠能有效减小波阻,是一种新的减小栅格翼阻力的方式。     

DLR-F4翼身组合体的阻力计算

为了考察自行研发的CFD软件的计算能力和阻力计算精度，本文采用LU—SGS方法、MUSCL差分格式和Baldwin—Lomax代数湍流模型，数值模拟了AIAA阻力计算工作室提供的DLR—F4翼身组合体的绕流流场，综合分析了easel和case2的气动力的计算结果，并与NASA Christopher L．Rumsey采用CFL3D6．0和AFRL/VAAC Don W．Kinsey采用Cobalt60提供的两组计算结果以及AGARD提供的两种不同风洞的测力试验结果作了比较。计算结果表明，本文计算精度与国外CFD软件相当。为了提高激波，边界层干扰的模拟精度，今后要重点加强湍流模型的应用研究。     

Preliminary study on heat flux measurement data of TT-0 flight test

With the explosive development of aerospace science, the design of the new generation airliner at higher speeds is attracting more attentions. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to achieve accurate prediction of the aerodynamic heating / force loads and successful reduction of drag and heat flux. As a remedy for the existing studies which are based upon the CFD and wind tunnel tests, this study presents a flight test for the drag and heat reduction spike technology. The principal goals of this flight test were to provide reference for verifying the accuracy of the prediction technology on ground and promote the development of the drag and heat reduction technology. By adopting the OS-X rocket, the TT-0 test vehicle designed by Shenyang Aircraft Design & Research Institute reached a maximum Mach number of 5.8 and a maximum altitude of 38 km. Hypersonic and supersonic pressure data by pressure scanning valves and heat fluxes by gauges at different locations were obtained successfully. Also, heat fluxes obtained by in-house CFD code are illustrated in comparison with the flight data. The results indicate that the numerical errors are large in most cases. More technologies, such as more CFD codes and more numerical procedures, should be adopted to conduct studies on this issue in the future.