Performance of wavecatcher intakes at angles of attack and sideslip

A wavecatcher type scramjet intake, that reduces the Mach number number from 4 to 1.552, is used as the basis for a study of flow starting/unstarting as affected by freestream angles of attack and sideslip. The intake design is based on a morphed streamtube consisting of two conical flow streamlines using streamline tracing and osculating axisymmetric design theory. Intake flow and performance is modeled using the numerical CFD code and the k-ε turbulence model. The intake unstarts at a sideslip angle of 2°, a positive angle of attack of 1°. Both positive angle of attack and sideslip angle have an adverse effect on the startability of the MBus intake. At negative angles, the intake initially unstarts at −5° angle of attack, due to the thickened shear layer induced by the streamwise vortex. Then it re-starts at −8° angle of attack, mainly due to the expansion fan formed at the leading edge, causing the shock wave structures inside the intake to be re-established.     

双后掠鸭翼气动特性的数值模拟

首先针对具有中等前缘后掠角梯形鸭翼的缺点提出双后掠鸭翼概念,然后分别对安装梯形鸭翼和双后掠鸭翼的近距耦合鸭式布局的气动性能进行数值模拟研究,分析影响双后掠鸭翼气动性能的流动机理。研究表明：在大迎角时,对于双后掠鸭翼,具有较大前缘后掠角的外翼段可以使鸭翼涡在涡核破裂后仍能形成稳定集中涡并保持较高的强度,增加鸭翼本身的失速迎角,并通过诱导作用改善机翼外翼段流场,进而提高全机大迎角性能,但在小迎角时会破坏鸭翼附着流或前缘气泡涡的发展,造成略微的升力损失。拥有较大失速迎角的双后掠鸭翼在小迎角时具有较大的可用偏度,可以增强布局的抬头控制能力。双后掠鸭翼在满足隐身约束的前提下,超声速阻力较小,具有较好的超声速性能。     

Transonic wing stall of a blended flying wing common research model based on DDES method

Numerical simulation of wing stall of a blended flying wing configuration at transonic speed was conducted using both delayed detached eddy simulation(DDES) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) equations methods based on the shear stress transport(SST) turbulence model for a free-stream Mach number 0.9 and a Reynolds number 9.6 × 10~6. A joint time step/grid density study is performed based on power spectrum density(PSD) analysis of the frequency content of forces or moments, and medium mesh and the normalized time scale0.010 were suggested for this simulation. The simulation results show that the DDES methods perform more precisely than the URANS method and the aerodynamic coefficient results from DDES method compare very well with the experiment data. The angle of attack of nonlinear vortex lift and abrupt wing stall of DDES results compare well with the experimental data. The flow structure of the DDES computation shows that the wing stall is caused mainly by the leeward vortex breakdown which occurred at x/x_(cr)= 0.6 at angle of attack of 14°. The DDES methods show advantage in the simulation problem with separation flow. The computed result shows that a shock/vortex interaction is responsible for the wing stall caused by the vortex breakdown. The balance of the vortex strength and axial flow, and the shock strength, is examined to provide an explanation of the sensitivity of the breakdown location. Wing body thickness has a great influence on shock and shock/vortex interactions, which can make a significant difference to the vortex breakdown behavior and stall characteristic of the blended flying wing configuration.     

旋成体大迎角分离流的Euler方程数值模拟

用三维Euler方程计算旋成体的大迎角绕流,我们发现:亚声速自由流时,计算得到的是无分离流动,与实际的分离流不相符合,因而计算的法向力大大小于有分离的实验值;而当自由流为超声速,且横向自由流M数较高时,由于背风表面出现激波,无粘Euler方程的数值计算能自动捕捉到背风面上的分离涡,计算法向力与实验值接近。为了对亚声速自由流用Euler方程数值模拟大迎角旋成体背风面上分离涡,根据问题的物理图像,在假设的分离线上,提出强加Kutta条件的方法,成功地计算出有分离流动,使计算的法向力与实验值接近。     

底排装置空腔干扰下的火箭燃气流场数值模拟

从二维轴对称Euler方程出发,应用隐式有限体积TVD格式和分区技术数值模拟来流马赫数Ma=2 0,攻角α=0°时超声速绕流与底排装置空腔内的火箭燃气流相互干扰的复杂流场,计算得到了清晰的流场波系结构,包括底排装置空腔中的激波,火箭燃气流在底排装置空腔外底部与外来绕流作用后形成的相交激波、反射激波等,其结果可为底排火箭复合增程弹丸的结构设计和气动特性研究提供理论依据。     

Experimental and numerical investigation of threedimensional vortex structures of a pitching airfoil at a transitional Reynolds number

This research examines the vortex behaviors and aerodynamic forces in dynamic stall phenomena at a transitional Reynolds number(Re = 90000) using experimental and numerical approaches.Periodic sinusoidal pitching motion at two different reduced frequencies is used to achieve the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 airfoil.Several leading edge vortices form and detach in the dynamic stall stage.The flow then quickly transitions to a full separation zone in the stall stage when the angle of attack starts to decrease.There is discrepancy between the phaseaveraged and instantaneous flow field in that the small flow structures increased with angle of attack, which is a characteristic of the flow field at the transitional Reynolds number.The interaction between the streamwise vortices in the three-dimensional numerical results and the leading edge vortex are the main contribution to the turbulent flow.In addition, the leading edge vortex that supplies vortex lift is more stable at higher reduced frequency, which decreases the lift fluctuation in the dynamic stall stage.The leading edge vortex at higher reduced frequency is strong enough to stabilize the flow, even when the airfoil is in the down-stroke phase.     

流向涡与斜激波相互作用的试验研究和数值模拟

为研究流向涡与斜激波相互作用在超声速燃烧中的应用,进行了由翼产生的流向涡与楔块产生的二维斜激波相互作用的燃烧室冷流试验研究.在不同激波强度下,纹影仪捕捉到了强、中、弱不同的涡/波作用现象.仿真与试验结果符合得较好.试验结果表明:对马赫数为2.3流场,在翼攻角10°时,能产生强流向涡,此工况下,锲角越大,涡/波作用越强.仿真结果表明:马赫数对涡/波作用影响较大,总压影响不明显,总温可影响亚声速回流区的尺寸.      

超音速多圆弧(MCA)叶型叶珊的研究

本文提出了含脱体激波的叶栅有旋超音速流场的特征线起始线计算方法。采用激波嵌入法解完全的欧拉方程,计算了含脱体激波的多圆弧叶栅的超音速进口流场。本文发展了一种将超音速流场计算与亚音速扩散损失计算的尾迹法相关联的计算超音速叶栅损失的方法,可分别确定激波损失和亚音速扩散损失。      

超音速细长梯形翼背风面流型

给出了前缘后掠６５°、双弧形剖面的细长梯形翼背风面流动显示结果。实验Ｍａｃｈ数为１．１０,１．５３,２．５３,３．０１和４．０１,攻角范围为５°～２５°。应用蒸汽屏、纹影和油流技术拍摄了空间和表面流型照片。蒸汽屏显示表明：在机翼背风面三角形区域的空间流型随法向攻角αＮ（在垂直于前缘的平面内流速与弦线间的夹角）和法向Ｍａｃｈ数ＭａＮ（来流Ｍａｃｈ数在垂直于前缘平面内的分量）变化,并可在αＮ和ＭａＮ为坐标的平面上划分出７种流型存在的区域。侧缘区有侧缘分离涡形成;后缘有尾涡拖出。从纹影照片与横截面上的蒸汽屏照片对照可获得机翼锥面激波位置随Ｍａｃｈ数的变化;以及激波－诱导分离线位置随Ｍａｃｈ数和攻角变化曲线。机翼表面油流谱显示出了主再附线、二次分离线、二次再附线和侧缘涡区。显示出的流型与其他有关实验和数值计算结果比较符合得很好     

超声速侧向多喷流干扰特性数值模拟

为了研究多个喷流喷管对导弹控制力的干扰影响,本文通过数值求解N-S方程来模拟超声速外流场中横向喷流的干扰流场,采用分块对接网格和"O"型网格技术,精确模拟喷口截面及弹翼形状,生成高质量的贴体计算网格。通过对多种喷管控制组合的超声速横向喷流干扰流场的数值模拟,研究和分析了喷口附近流场的涡系结构和波系结构,并将喷管几种排列组合对导弹喷流干扰力放大因子的影响进行了分析研究,得出一些多喷流干扰的结论。     

超声压气机叶型设计方法

在设计超声叶型时,为使得叶栅进口马赫数和气流角等于给定值,提出一种新的叶型参数化方法。该方法以经典唯一进气角计算方法为基础,将超声叶栅的唯一进气角和叶型几何形状关联起来,由进口马赫数和气流角确定吸力面进口段叶型;根据喉部面积、前后缘小圆半径、最大挠度和最大厚度等特征参数确定其他部分叶型。用此参数化方法设计了6个超声叶型,并用Fluent对设计结果进行了验证。结果表明,来流马赫数及进气角的设计值与Fluent求解结果基本一致,进气角最大误差仅为0.7°,进口马赫数最大误差仅为0.01;并且实现了多激波增压和减小激波损失等效果。     

二维喷管的初始流动

基于可压缩Navier-Stokes方程,采用大涡模拟方法与高精度混合WENO/TCD格式,对Ma=1.4的超声速平面射流初始流场进行了数值研究.数值结果清晰地描述了超声速平面射流初始流场的结构特征,包括主涡环与激波结构以及它们演变过程.因主涡环内存在涡导激波对,激波与涡相互作用加速射流剪切层失稳,使剪切层首次卷起形成小涡的位置出现在涡导激波对后,此与亚声速射流情况不同.小涡串卷起成后,相继与涡导激波对相互作用,使激波出现明显的变形并加速主涡环失稳.      

Application of Tandem Cascade to Design of Fan Stator with Supersonic Inflow

This article proposes a tandem cascade constructed to tackle the thorny problem of designing the high-loaded stator with a supersonic inflow and a large turning angle.The front cascade adopts a supersonic profile to reduce the shock wave intensity turning the flow into subsonic,while the rear cascade adopts a subsonic profile with a large camber offering the flow a large turning angle.It is disclosed that the losses would be minimized if the leading edge of the rear cascade lies close to the pressure side of the front cascade at a distance of 20% pitch in pitch-wise direction without either axial spacing or overlapping in axial direction.The 2D numerical test results show that,with the inflow Mach number of 1.25 and the turning angle of 52°,the total pressure loss coefficient of the tandem cascade reaches 0.106,and the diffusion factor 0.745.Finally,this article has designed and simulated a high-loaded fan stage with the proposed tandem stator,which has the pressure ratio of 3.15 and the efficiency of 86.32% at the rotor tip speed of 495.32m/s.     

喉道对压气机超声叶栅流态及性能的影响

为更深入认识超声叶栅流动机理,以ARL-SL19、CM-1.2和SM-1.5叶栅为研究对象,采用数值模拟和理论分析相结合的方式开展喉道对超声叶栅激波结构和性能影响的研究。研究结果表明:超声叶栅存在两种稳定工作状态,起动状态和溢流状态;在来流马赫数较高时,叶栅只工作于起动状态;在来流马赫数较低时,叶栅只工作于溢流状态;存在一个马赫数区间,叶栅的工作状态由前一个状态决定;对于低马赫数C形超声叶栅,高压比下气动喉道起决定因素;对于高马赫数S形超声叶栅,真实喉道起决定因素;若为气动喉道导致溢流,溢流实现更大的裕度和更低的损失,进口马赫数和气流角会受压比影响;若为真实喉道引进的溢流,溢流会降低裕度并增加损失,叶栅保持唯一进气角流动,但进口气流角和马赫数与起动状态不同。     

Hypersonic starting flow at high angle of attack

Compressible starting flow at small angle of attack(Ao A) involves small amplitude waves and time-dependent lift coefficient and has been extensively studied before. In this paper we consider hypersonic starting flow of a two-dimensional flat wing or airfoil at large angle of attack involving strong shock waves. The flow field in some typical regions near the wing is solved analytically. Simple expressions of time-dependent lift evolutions at the initial and final stages are given. Numerical simulations by compuational fluid dynamics are used to verify and complement the theoretical results. It is shown that below the wing there is a straight oblique shock(OSW) wave,a curved shock wave(CSW) and an unsteady horizontal shock wave(USW), and the latter moves perpendicularlly to the wing. The length of these three parts of waves changes with time. The pressure above OSW is larger than that above USW, while across CSW there is a significant drop of the pressure, making the force nearly constant during the initial period of time. When, however, the Mach number is very large, the force coefficient tends to a time-independent constant, proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.     

弧形翼的动态气动特性研究

 对带弧形尾翼某导弹模型的实验研究表明,具有该种配置的导弹在以平衡攻角为中心俯仰振荡时,动稳定形态随来流马赫数 Ma∞ 变化,呈现非线性特点;亚音速时,稳定在平衡攻角状态;超音速时,存在临界马赫数 Macr,出现极限环运动。对俯仰振荡过程中的实验模型进行了流态显示。     

开式风洞超声速压气机流场起动的数值研究

在开式风洞超声速平面叶栅试验中,从试验启动到叶栅建立超声速流动状态的过程,即超声速流场起动问题,已成为公认的难题。为建立可行的开式风洞超声速流场起动方法,奠定开式超声速风洞的使用基础,基于某超声速风洞,以超声速压气机平面叶栅为研究对象,开展三维数值仿真研究;分析试验条件下超声速流场起动失败的原因,制定三种流场起动方案。结果表明：起动失败的原因为叶栅前缘形成了一道强正激波;仅提高风洞进口总压无法建立叶栅超声速流动状态;仅增大下壁溢流缝宽度可起动超声速叶栅流场,但有效叶栅流道数量减少,壁面附面层增厚;保持上、下壁溢流缝宽度在1 倍栅距以上,在栅前上、下壁设置超声速墙并进行抽吸,可有效起动超声速流场,相邻流道出口马赫数最大波动0.01,出口气流角最大波动0.09°,周期性可满足试验需求。     

Computations of unsteady transonic flow over airfoil at low Reynolds number

Transonic flow over a thin airfoil at low Reynolds number was studied numerically by directly solving two-dimensional full Navier-Stokes equations through 5th order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme without using any turbulence model.A series of distinguished unsteady phenomena for a thin 2-D transonic airfoil flow were presented.Due to continuous adverse pressure gradient in the subsonic flow downstream of the sonic line, the unsteady separated boundary layer with main vortex and secondary vortex was developed at the rear of the airfoil.At the trailing edge,the vortex-shedding was characterized by periodical connection of the main vortex and secondary vortex on the other side of the airfoil.The unsteady separation and vortex-shedding occurred with the same period.On the airfoil surface,the average pulse pressure related to the unsteady supersonic region was obviously smaller than that related to the vortex-shedding at the trailing edge.With the attack angle increasing from 0° to 2°, the frequency of vortex-shedding decreases about 4.2%.At last, the turbulence intensity and many second-order statistics in the wake region were investigated.      

前缘下垂结合内吹式襟翼失速特性研究

内吹式襟翼具有高效的增升能力,但失速迎角在较高的吹气动量系数下下降明显,为改善其失速特性,研究内吹式襟翼加装前缘下垂后的失速特性。对前缘下垂结合无缝襟翼的亚声速翼型在环量控制作用下的流场进行数值模拟,研究吹气动量系数对失速特性的影响规律,前缘刚性偏转、弯度变化和厚度变化对失速特性的改善作用,以及改变襟翼偏角研究前缘下垂...     

亚音轴流压气机近失速时叶尖流动的数值研究

以西北工业大学亚音轴流压气机实验台的孤立转子为研究对象,对其进行了单通道定常、非定常的全三维数值模拟,研究了轴流压气机近失速工况下转子叶尖流动特性。通过对比分析转子在最高效率工况和近失速工况下的定常模拟结果,发现在近失速工况下转子叶顶流线变得更加切向,来流攻角不断增大,最终导致失速的发生。非定常模拟指出,在失速先兆区转子叶顶出现了前缘溢流和尾缘回流的现象,这满足突尖型失速先兆出现的两个准则,所以压气机为突尖型失速。